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Issue A Slide 1
Causes of failure:
Environment
System
Mal operation
Wrong design
Manufacture
Material
Maintenance
Issue A Slide 2
Transformer failures classification :
1. Internal failure
Causes:
Overheating faults
Issue A Slide 3
Transformer failures classification :
2. External failure
Causes:
Issue A Slide 4
Vector Groups
Group 1 Yy0
Dd0
0 Phase displacement Zd0
Group 2 Yy6
Dd6
180 Phase displacement Dz6
Group 3 Yd1
Dy1
30 Lag phase displacement Yz1
Group 4 Yd11
Dy11
30 Lead phase displacement Yz11
Issue A Slide 5
Vector Configurations
12
11
300
300
Issue A Slide 6
Vector Configurations
A
a
C B
c
Issue A Slide 7
Vector Configurations
A
a
a2
A2
a1
b
A
1
C B
c
Issue A Slide 8
Vector Configurations
A
a
a
2
C1 A2
a1
c b
b1 b2
C A 1
2 1
c
B B
C B 2
1 2 c
Issue A Slide 9
Fault current distribution
V2 V1
X
Fig.N
R
Fig.3 If
Issue A Slide 10
Fault current distribution
Therefore C.T.secondary current ( on primary side of transformer) =, X2
√3
20%
20% 41%
30%
30% 28%
40%
40% 17%
50%. 7%
Issue A Slide 11
Fault current distribution
If Transformer star winding is solid earthed,
9
If as
8
multiple of
7
I F.L.
6
5
4
3 Delta side
2
1
Issue A Slide 12
Basic Protection
Differential
Restricted Earthfault
Overfluxing
Issue A Slide 13
Differential Protection
Applied
Issue A Slide 14
Differential Protection
Consideration for applying differential
protection
Phase correction
Filtering of zero sequence currents
Ratio correction
Overfluxing
Issue A Slide 15
Differential Protection - Principle
I Diff = 0 : No tripping
R I diff = 0
Issue A Slide 16
Differential Protection - Principle
• Through fault current
I Diff = 0 : No tripping
R I diff = 0
Issue A Slide 17
Differential Protection - Principle
• Internal Fault
I Diff = 0 : Tripping
R I diff = 0
Issue A Slide 18
Biased differential protection
• Fast operation
• Adjustable characteristic
• CT ratio compensation
Issue A Slide 19
Biased differential protection
R 0A
I1 I2
R
0.1 A
Issue A Slide 21
Biased differential protection
100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1
9A 10 A
2000 A
R
1A
2
Differential current (x In) Operate pe
o
= I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4 Sl
%
80
1
Restrain
Setting range
lo pe
(0.1 - 0.5) 20% S
0 1 2 3 4
Issue A Slide 23
USE OF ICT
Dy1(-30 )
Interposing CT provides
Vector correction
Yd11(+30 ) Ratio correction
Zero sequence
compensation
R
R
R
PROTECTION TRANSFORMATEUR
CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
sur défaut interne: Protection différentielle
Vector Group Correction - Static Relays
Yd11
Dy1(-30 ) R
R
R
R
R
R
Dy1 (-30 )
Yy0 Yd11
0 87 +30
Dy11 (+30 )
Yy0 Yd1
87
0 -30
CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION
33kV : 11kV
200/1 I L = 175A 10 MVA I L = 525A 400/1
+VE SEQUENCE
CURRENTS
BALANCE
REQUIRE ZERO
SEQUENCE
CURRENT
TRAPS FOR A B C
STABILITY
High Impedance Principle
Issue A Slide 24
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM
RCT
2RL
M
2RL
TC
RCTsaturé
Issue A Slide 25
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM
Issue A Slide 26
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM
M
TC saturé
Issue A Slide 27
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM
Issue A Slide 28
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM
M
TC saturé
Issue A Slide 29
High Impedance Principle
ZM A ZM
Issue A Slide 30
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
ZM A ZM
TC saturé
Issue A Slide 31
High Impedance Principle
ZM A ZM=0
False tripping
RCT
2RL
M
CT Saturation
2RL
RCT
TC saturé
Issue A Slide 32
High Impedance Principle
M
RCT 2RL 2RL RCT
RS
ZM A ZM=0
RCT
2RL
M
2RL
RCT
TC saturé
Issue A Slide 33
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
RS
ZM A ZM=0
Stabilising resistor
RCT
2RL
M
2RL
RCT
TC saturé
Issue A Slide 34
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
RS
ZM A ZM
RCT Vset
2RL
M
2RL
RCT
Issue A Slide 35
High Impedance Principle
RCT 2RL M 2RL RCT
RS
ZM A ZM=0
RCT
2RL ZM = 0
Vset
M (CT "short
2RL
RCT circuited" )
Issue A Slide 36
High Impedance Principle
RS
ZM A ZM
RCT RCT
2RL 2RL
M
Vset
Issue A Slide 37
High Impedance Principle
RS
ZM A ZM
RCT RCT
2RL 2RL
M
Vset
Issue A Slide 38
High Impedance Principle
RC 2R 2R RC
M
T L L T
RS
ZM A ZM
Metrosil may be
required for voltage
limitation RC RC
M
T 2R 2R T
L M L
Vset
Issue A Slide 39
Restricted Earthfault Protection
Uses high impedance principle
Increased sensitivity for earth faults
REF elements for each transformer winding
64
64
64
Issue A Slide 40
Restricted Earthfault Protection
REF Case I : Normal Condition
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of transformer
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
P1 S1
P2 S2
External earth fault - Current circulates between the phase & neutral CTs;
no current thro’ the relay
So, No Operation
Issue A Slide 42
Restricted Earthfault Protection
REF Case III : Internal Earth Fault
For an internal earth fault the unbalanced current flows thro’ the relay
Issue A Slide 44
Restricted Earthfault Protection
Issue A Slide 46
Restricted Earthfault Protection
√2 √VK (VF - VK)
3) Peak voltage = 2√
VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For ‘Earth’ CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
√2 √330 (13946 - 330)
∴ VPEAK = 2√
= 6kV
Thus, metrosil voltage limiter will be required.
Issue A Slide 47
Magnetising Inrush
• Transient condition - occurs when a
transformer is energised
Issue A Slide 48
Magnetising Inrush
Transformer Magnetising Characteristic
Twice
Normal
Flux
Normal
Flux
Normal
No Load Current
No Load Current
at Twice Normal
Flux
Issue A Slide 49
Magnetising Inrush
Inrush Current
V
+ Φm Φ
Im
STEADY STATE
- Φm
Im
2 Φm
Φ SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE
V ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX
Issue A Slide 50
Magnetising Inrush
Issue A Slide 51
Magnetising Inrush
Effect of magnetising current
Issue A Slide 52
Magnetising Inrush
IR
P1 P2
IS S1 S2
P1 P2
IT S1 S2
P1 P2
S1 S2
IR + IS + IT = 3Io = 0
Issue A Slide 53
Magnetising Inrush
Effect of magnetising current
Issue A Slide 54
Magnetising Inrush Restrain
Issue A Slide 55
Magnetising Inrush Restrain
Differential input
Comparator output
T1
Trip
T2 Reset
Issue A Slide 56
Overfluxing - Basic Theory
Overfluxing = V/F
Causes
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
Issue A Slide 57
Overfluxing - Basic Theory
2Φm
V = kfΦ
Φm
Ie
Effects
Issue A Slide 58
Overfluxing - Condition
Differential element should be blocked
for transient overfluxing-+
Overfluxing waveform
contains very high 5th
Harmonic content
V α KΦ
f
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Oil conservator
Bucholz Relay
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
76 mm typical
Transformer
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Alarm bucket
Mercury switch
To oil
conservato
r
From
transformer Trip bucket
Deflector plate
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Severe winding faults
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of Gaz
Interturn faults
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Inter-Turn Fault
CT
E
Shorted Load
turn
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Inter-Turn Fault
CT
E
Shorted
turn
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Interturn Fault Current / Number
of Turns Short Circuited
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
100
Fault current
(multiples of
80
rated current)
60
40
20
Turn short-
circuited
5 10 15 20 25
(percentage of
winding)
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Interturn Fault Current / Number
of Turns Short Circuited
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
100
Fault current
(multiples of
80
rated current)
20
Primary phase current very low
5 10 15 20 25
Not detected by current
operated relays
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of Gaz
Interturn faults
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
100
80
Fault current
60
40
20
Turn short-
circuited
5 10 15 20 25
(percentage of
Issue A winding) Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of Gaz
Operating principle
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Accumulation
of gaz
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Accumulation
of gaz
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Accumulation
of gaz
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
of gaz
White or Yellow :
Insulation burnt
Grey :
Dissociated oil
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Gaz can be extracted
Accumulation for detailled analysis
of gaz
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Severe winding faults
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Oil Leakage
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Accumulation of gaz
Oil Leakage
Severe winding faults
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Severe winding fault
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Severe winding fault
Issue A Slide 60
BUCCHOLZ PROTECTION
Buchholz Relay
Severe winding fault
Issue A Slide 60
CONCLUSION
51 50
200/5 51 50 N N P121
1MVA
1500/5
3.3/0.44kV
51
P120 N
64 1500/5
MCAG14
CONCLUSION
51 50 P121
64 MCAG14
5MVA
1000/5
11/3.3kV
51
P120 N
64 1000/5
MCAG14
3.3kV
CONCLUSION
51 50 P141
200/5
P120
10MVA
33/11KV 51
N 87
600/5
P631
64 MCAG14
600/5
5/5A
CONCLUSION
50MVA
33KV
1000/5