MiCOM P740

Topology algorithms

February 2005

MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Introduction

3 > MiCOM P740 phase 1 - Topology Algorithms - February 2005 3

Introduction

This presentation explained the topology algorithms (current

node, dead zone and check zone element) in the P740 phase 1

There are 3 topology schemes:

X Double busbars with a bus-coupler equipped with 1 CT

X Double busbars with a bus-coupler equipped with 2 CTs

X 4 busbars with isolator and CB bus-section and bus-couplers

equipped with 1 CT or 2 CTs

X Breaker and a half scheme

The followings cases are detailed:

X Normal operation

X Circuitry fault conditions

X Problems with auxiliary contacts

X PU problem or communication error

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 How to read the tables

Differential current of CZ is the sum of differential current in each measurement node

It is compared to the threshold ID>2
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x
DZ 1 x x

Idiff CZ = Idiff Z1 + Idiff Z2 + Idiff DZ1

Idiff CZ = Idiff Z1

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x
DZ 1 x

CTs of PU7, PU9, and PU10 are used to

calculated the Idiff & Ibias for zone 1
CTs of PU7 and PU12 are used to
calculated the Idiff & Ibias for zone 2
CT of PU11 should not have any
current. The current in the CT is
compared to threshold ID>2

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Double busbars with bus-coupler

equipped with 1 CT

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT
Normal operation - Bus-coupler is closed

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT

Normal operation - CB of bus-coupler is opened

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
DZ 1 x x

⇒ If a fault is detected in DZ 1, the CB of PUs connected BB2 will trip

DZ1

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT
Normal operation - Bus-coupler is opened

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x
Zone 2 x x x
DZ 1 x x
DZ 2 x x

⇒ Even, if no current can exist in the DZ1 or DZ2, there are 2 current nodes, and
the value of the current in the CT7 is monitored

DZ1 DZ2

No CT => no control

Monitored because there is CT 7

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT

Normal operation - Both isolators of feeder 11 are closed

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x x x

⇒The CT of PU7 is removed from the current node of zone 1 because both
boundaries of the CT are connected to the same current node

Both isolators are closed

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT
Normal operation - CB of feeder 9 is opened

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
DZ 1 x x

⇒ If a fault is detected in DZ 1, the Dead Zone Signal in PU can be used for remote trip
(connected to relay and sent to the other side of the line)

DZ1

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT

Normal operation - Both isolators of feeder 9 is opened

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
DZ 1 x x

⇒That is an application case when CB auxiliary contacts are not available

(CB forced to closed in the PSL)
⇒ If a fault is detected in DZ 1, the Dead Zone Signal in PU can be used for remote trip
(connected to relay and sent to the other side of the line)

DZ1

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT
Problem on feeder 11 - Auxiliary contacts no more energised (1/2)

The DDB signal “Aux Volt Superv” is not used. When the Auxiliary Voltage
disappears, the status of auxiliary contacts is 0 and 0, so the CB and isolators are
considered closed in the topology
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x x

⇒The CT of PU7 is removed from the current node of zone 1 because both
boundaries of the CT are connected to the same current node

Isolator closed because auxiliary

contacts are not energised

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT

Problem on feeder 11 - Auxiliary contacts no more energised (2/2)
The Auxiliary Voltage is connected to an opto-input connected to the DDB signal “Aux
Volt Superv”.
When the Auxiliary Voltage disappears, the positions of CB and isolators are
memorised, the topology is calculated with the last positions before the problem.
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x

In the topology, positions of isolators and CB are blocked to

the last one. Customer should not modify the topology of
this feeder to avoid any circuitry fault conditions

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT
Problem on feeder 11 - Circuitry fault (1/2)
The CT of PU 11 is short-circuit. Idiff will be highest that ID>1 on zone 2.
Before the end of the circuitry fault timer
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x

After the end of the circuitry fault timer.

The zone 2 is blocked for circuitry fault. Differential current of zone 2 is removed from
the check zone element.
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x

When circuitry fault timer is elapsed,

this area is removed from CZ
CT short-circuit

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT

Problem on feeder 11 - Circuitry fault (2/2)
There is a problem with auxiliary contacts of the isolator 2, the isolator is closed when
the auxiliary contacts indicated open.
In the topology, the isolator is considered open when there is flowing current in PU11.
There is the same differential current in zone 2 and feeder 11 which is highest that ID>1
Before the end of the circuitry fault timer
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x
DZ 1 x x
After the end of the circuitry fault timer.
The zone 2 and the dead zone are blocked for circuitry fault. Differential current of
zone 2 and dead zone are removed from the check zone element.
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x
DZ 1 x

DZ1

When circuitry fault timer is elapsed,

this area is removed from CZ
Closed but seen open
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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT
Problem on feeder 11 - PU switch-off or Communication error
The CU detects a problem of communication with the PU 11 (PU switch-off or
problem on optical fibre). There is a fibre com alarm.
As the feeder 11 was connected to busbar 2 before the problem, the differential
element is blocked on zone 2.
If the problem of communication is present during a delay greater than the circuitry
fault timer, the zone 2 will be blocked. The alarm is circuitry fault alarm even if the
problem is due to communication error. That is true even if there is no flowing current
in the feeder 11, the blocking is due to communication error, not to Idiff > (ID>1)
CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x

This area is removed from CZ

because there is communication
error with a PU connected to zone 2 Communication error between
CU and PU11

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 1CT

Problem on feeder 11 - PU switch-off or Communication error

The CU detects a problem of communication with the PU 11 (PU switch-off or

problem on optical fibre). There is a fibre com alarm.
As the feeder 11 was not connected to any busbar before the problem, the other part
of the system is protected correctly, the CZ is correct and included zone 1 and zone 2.

CZ PU7 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x

Communication error between CUU and PU11

Feeder disconnected before com error

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Double busbars with bus-coupler
equipped with 2 CTs

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 2CTs

Normal operation - Bus-coupler is closed

CZ PU7 PU8 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
Zone 3 x x x

⇒ If a fault is detected in zone 3, in the bus-coupler, all the CB of PUs connected

to BB1 and BB2 will trip

Zone 3

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 2CTs
Normal operation - CB of bus-coupler is opened

CZ PU7 PU8 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12

Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
Zone 3 x x
DZ 1 x x

⇒ If a fault is detected in DZ 1, the CB of PUs connected BB1 will trip

⇒ The zone 3 is equivalent to a second Dead Zone but it was a link between 2
PUs, so a virtual zone is created. In this case, CB open, only one CT is connected
to this zone.
⇒ If a fault is detected in zone 3, the CB of PUs connected BB2 will trip

Zone 3
DZ 1 =DZ2

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2 Busbars and 1 bus-coupler with 2CTs

Problem with auxiliary contacts of the CB in bus-coupler

»There is a problem with auxiliary contacts of the CB in bus-coupler, the CB is closed when the
auxiliary contacts indicated open.
In the topology, the CB is considered open when there is flowing current in the bus-coupler PU7
and PU8. There is the same differential current in zone 3 and DZ 1 which is highest that ID>1
»After the end of the circuitry fault timer.
The zone 3 and the dead zone are blocked for circuitry fault. Differential current of zone 3 and
dead zone are removed from the check zone element.
CZ PU7 PU8 PU9 PU10 PU11 PU12
Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
Zone 3 x
DZ 1 x

DZ 1 Zone 3

This area is removed from CZ

because there is a circuitry fault

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 4 Busbars with
1 bus-coupler equipped with 1 CT
1 bus-coupler equipped with 2 CTs
1 bus-section by isolator
1 bus-section by circuit breaker

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4 Busbars and 2 bus-coupler and 2 bus-section

Normal operation - Bus-couplers & bus-sections closed

CZ PU7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ⇒ With isolator bus-section, there is no CT on

Zone 1 x x x x x
PU19 so the BB2 and BB3 are included one single
Zone 2 x x x x x x x
measurement area “zone 2”
Zone 3 ⇒ If a fault is detected in zone 5, in the bus-
Zone 4 x x x x x coupler, all the CB of PUs connected to BB1and
Zone 5 x x x BB2/BB3 will trip

Zone 5

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 4 Busbars and 2 bus-coupler and 2 bus-section
Normal operation - Isolator bus-section opened

CZ PU7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ⇒ When isolator bus-section is opened, the BB2

Zone 1 x x x x x and BB3 are in separate zones
Zone 2
Zone 3
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
⇒ If a fault is detected in zone 5, in the bus-
coupler, all the CB of PUs connected to BB1 and
Zone 4 x x x x x
BB2 will trip
Zone 5 x x x

Zone 5

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4 Busbars and 2 bus-coupler and 2 bus-section

Problem with the auxiliary contacts of the isolator bus-section

CZ PU7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Zone 1 x x x x x
»There is a problem with auxiliary contacts of Zone 2 x x x
the isolator bus-section, the isolator is closed Zone 3 x x x
when the auxiliary contacts indicated open. Zone 4 x x x x x
In the topology, the isolator is considered Zone 5 x x x
open when there is flowing current between
BB2 and BB3
»After the end of the
circuitry fault timer.
The BB2 and BB3 will be Zone 5
blocked for circuitry fault
and remove from check
zone element

This area is removed

from CZ because there
is a circuitry fault

Problem on
isolator position

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Breaker and a half scheme

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Breaker and a half scheme

Only one CU for both busbar - Normal operation

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b

Zone 1 x x x x
Zone 2 x x x x

»There are 2 node of current, one for

each busbar
»As there is only one CU, the 2 busbars
BB1 and BB2 are included in one single
check zone element
»The area with the central breaker and
the feeders is not protected by P740

This area is not protected

by P740

This is the area protected by the CZ

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Breaker and a half scheme
Two CU, one for each busbar - Normal operation

» As there is two CU, there are independent CZ for each busbar

First CU, zone 1 = BB 1

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x x

CZ of the first CU

This area is not protected

by P740

Second CU, zone 1 = BB 2

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x x

CZ of the second CU
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Breaker and a half scheme

Only one CU - Normal operation - PU8a & PU9b disconnected

» Feeder PU8a (BB1) and PU9b (BB2) are disconnected, isolator and CB are opened

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b

Zone 1 x x x
Zone 2 x x x
DZ 1 x x
DZ 2 x x

DZ 1

This area is not protected

by P740

DZ 2

This is the area protected by the CZ

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Breaker and a half scheme
Two CU - Normal operation - PU8a & PU9b disconnected

» Feeder PU8a (BB1) and PU9b (BB2) are disconnected, isolator and CB are opened

First CU, zone 1 = BB 1

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x
DZ 1 x x
DZ 1
CZ of the first CU

This area is not protected

by P740

Second CU, zone 1 = BB 2

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
DZ 1
Zone 1 x x x
DZ 1 x x

CZ of the second CU
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Breaker and a half scheme

Only one CU - Problem with PU8a (1/2)

» There is a communication error between CU and PU8a (the PU is switch-off or there is a

problem on optical fibre).
» Before the problem, the PU8a was connected to BB1
CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x
Zone 2 x x x x
DZ 1 x

This area is removed DZ 1

from CZ when circuitry
fault timer is elapsed

This area is not protected

by P740

This is the area protected by the CZ

after expiration of circuitry fault timer

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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Breaker and a half scheme
Only one CU - Problem with PU8a (2/2)

» There is a communication error between CU and PU8a (the PU is switch-off or there is a

problem on optical fibre).
» Before the problem, the PU8a was disconnected (Isolator and CB opened)
CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x
Zone 2 x x x x
DZ 1 x

DZ 1

When circuitry fault timer is elapsed,

the DZ is removed from CZ

This area is not protected

by P740

When circuitry fault timer is

elapsed, this is the area
protected by CZ

33 > MiCOM P740 phase 1 - Topology Algorithms - February 2005 33

Breaker and a half scheme

Two CU - Normal operation - Problem with PU8a (1/2)

» There is a communication error between CU and PU8a (the PU is switch-off or there is a

problem on optical fibre).
» Before the problem, the PU8a was connected to BB1

First CU, zone 1 = BB 1

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x
DZ 1 x

DZ 1
When circuirtry fault timer is elapsed,
all the busbar BB1 is blocked

This area is not protected

by P740

Second CU, zone 1 = BB 2

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x
DZ 1 x x

No impact on the CZ of
the second CU
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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms

 Breaker and a half scheme
Two CU - Normal operation - Problem with PU8a (2/2)

» There is a communication error between CU and PU8a (the PU is switch-off or there is a

problem on optical fibre).
» Before the problem, the PU8a was disconnected (Isolator and CB opened)

First CU, zone 1 = BB 1

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x
DZ 1 x
When circuitry fault timer is elapsed, there is DZ 1
only this part protected by CZ of the first CU

When circuitry fault timer is elapsed,

the DZ is removed from CZ

This area is not protected

by P740

Second CU, zone 1 = BB 2

CZ PU7a PU7b PU8a PU8b PU9a PU9b
Zone 1 x x x
DZ 1 x x

No impact on the CZ of
the second CU
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MiCOM P740 - Topology algorithms