BTech(Information&CommunicationTechnology)

IIndSemesterCoreCourse

CT111:IntroductiontoCommunicationSystems

Lab2
FrequencyMultiplierandBandpassFilterDesignandAnalysis

1) Frequencymultiplier:

DesignafrequencymultiplierusingfourdiodesasshowninFigure1.

Case1:

Multiplytwosignals300Hzand30kHz.Keepamplitudeof300Hzsignallessthanthatof30
kHzsignal.Observetimedomainandfrequencydomainplots.
(Significance:ItisanexampleofDoubleSidebandAmplitudeModulationwithnocarrier)
Changetheamplitudesofboththesignalsandanalyzethetimedomainwaveform.
Changeinputfrequenciestobemultipliedandobserveshiftoffrequenciesinthespectrum.

Figure1
Case2:

Multiplyspeechsignalwithsinusoid.Importwavefile(speechsignal)toLTspiceasVin1.
KeepVin2as30kHzsinusoidalsource.Observetimedomainandfrequencydomainplots.

2) BandPassFilter:

ItiscombinationofLowPassFilter(LPF)andHighPassFilter(HPF)asshowninFigure2.

Figure2


Figure3

ImplementthesimplestRCBandPassFilter(BPF)usingthecombinationofHPFandLPF,
resonatingatthefrequencyof1kHzasshowninFigure4.

Figure4

DeterminelowcutofffrequencyfLofHPFfromR1andC1;andhighcutofffrequencyfHof
LPFfromR2andC2asgivenbelow:
1
f LPF
1 and
f HPF
2 R1C1 2 R2C2
L H

1
fr
2 R1 R2C1C2

CarryoutsmallsignalACanalysis.
Changedifferentdesignparameters,observeandanalyzethefrequencyresponse.


3) Usethesamevaluesfortheparameterswhichareusedinabovefilterdesignandanalysethe
BandPassFilter(BPF)showninFigure5.

VaryR3andR4inFigure5andobservetheeffectonthegainofthefilter.
AnalyzetheeffectofOperationalAmplifier(OpAmp)whichisintroducedinbetweenHPFandLPF.
(Note:UseComponents>[Opamps]>UniversalOpAmp2.GiveOpAmpbiasas+12Vand12VDC)

Figure5

4) Modifythefilterdesignschematicin(2)asshowninFigure6.

Figure6
DesignEquations:
1 and f LPF 1
f L HPF
2 R1C1 2 R2C2
H

1 , Q f r 1 R2 , R
fr Gain, Av 2 2Q 2
2 R1 R2C1C2 BW3dB 2 R1 2 R1

Designafilterwithfollowingspecifications:
Resonantfrequency=1kHz;
Lowercutofffrequency=0.5kHz;and
Uppercutofffrequency=2kHz.
(Note:Whiledesigningafilteroranycircuit,youshouldselectcomponentparameterssuch
thatthesameareavailableinphysicalformforpracticalimplementation)
 Youmightbegettingfractionalvaluesinabovecalculations.Ifso,takeroundoffinteger
valuesnearertothemanddesignthefilteragain.Observethechangeinfrequency
spectrum.
(Note:AlwayscarryoutsmallsignalACanalysistofindoutfrequencyresponseoffilteror,in
general,ofanysystem).
ObserveFFT,Calculate3dBbandwidthandverifyyourdesign.
NoticethatqualityfactordependsontheratioR2/R1(referDesignEquationsgivenabove).
ChangethisratioR2/R1anddesignafilterwithhighQ(QualityFactor)andlow3dB
bandwidth.

DesignaBandPassFilter(RLCseriesresonantcircuit)toextract30kHzsignalfrom
multiplication(VoutinFigure1).DeterminethevaluesrequiredforL,CandRtakingcareof
Qfactorofthecircuit.Verifyyourdesignbyobservingpowerdistributioninthespectrum.

5) Addspeechsignalinserieswith10kHzsinusoid.

Extractspeechsignalbyapplyingresultantmixedsignaltoabovefilter.
Designabovefiltersuchthatitallowsonlyaround1000Hzspeechsignalnarrowspectrumtobe
passedfromit.Youmayhavetogoforhigherorderfilterdesign(upto3rdorder).
CrossverifyyourdesignbyobservingFFTspectrum.
Alsomeasureoutputaftereachstageofthefilter.

Figure7

6) DesignBPFwithhighQfactorandlowbandwidthasshowninFigure8.

Figure8
 Applyspeechsignal(importwavefiletoVin)tofirstorderRCLPFwithcutofffrequencyof
1.1kHz.GivethisfilteredspeechsignaltothefiltershowninFigure8andobservethe
frequencyspectrum.

Figure9

7) Iftimepermits,thencarryoutfollowing2ndorderfilterdesign(asshowninFigure10)andseethe
differenceattheoutputnodesVout1andVout2.ObservetheBandwidthandGainaftereachstage
byplottingboththespectrumsinthesamegraph.Youmayanalyzeoutmultiplefilterstages.

Figure10


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