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FEASIBILITY STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITY: A CASE

STUDY SAVALA DARWAJA VISNAGAR

Conference Paper · August 2020

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF PEDESTRIAN
FACILITY: A CASE STUDY SAVALA DARWAJA VISNAGAR
Hitesh A. Patel*, Amandeepsingh Bhalla, Hardik U. Patel
Department of Civil Engineering, U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University,
Kherva- 384012, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.

Corresponding author address:

Mr. Hitesh A. Patel
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, U. V. Patel College of Engineering,
Ganpat University, Kherva-384012, Mehsana, Gujarat-India.
Mobile: +91 - 9913749491
E-mail: hitesh_jem@yahoo.co.in, abb01@ganpatuniversity.ac.in, hup01@ganpatuniversity.ac.in

ABSTRACT
Pedestrians form the largest single road user group and also are the most vulnerable road users.
Pedestrians’ movements are not restricted to lanes or specific routes however they are
restricted by the physical boundaries around them such as the presence of walkways or
pedestrian ways. Pedestrian facilities include sidewalks, paths, crosswalks, zebra crossing,
curb cuts and median pedestrian signal, guard rail and transit stops. These facilities should be
pedestrian friendly to promote walking and safety of the pedestrians. Visnagar acts as
developing model in providing infrastructure to the various sections of society. The pedestrian
facilities are poor in some of the areas of visnagar such as savaladarwaja, G D circle, M N road
etc. It is found that pedestrian traffic in this intersection has been neglected in planning of
pedestrian facilities. In the present work study feasibility study on development of pedestrian
facility is taken up, to improve the pedestrian facility at these T- Intersections.
KEYWORDS: Pedestrian, Traffic Study Framework, Level of Service, safety and economic,
Development of pedestrian facility

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
INTRODUCTION
India is the second most populated country in the world with its population of one billion plus.
The increasing in population density resulting in additional trips required higher capacity of
urban transport system and transport infrastructure. This increase in the volume of trips causes
congestion all the areas requiring the expansion of the pedestrian facilities.[1] In developing
cities are undergoing dynamic economic changes with a fast growth of motorization as one its
effects.[2] The average crossing speeds at different study locations are varied with respect to
various pedestrians’ characteristics like gender, age category, and baggage handling condition,
volume and composition of traffic moving on road.[3]
In India, pedestrians account for 65% of the accident deaths and out of these, 35% are
pedestrian children.[4] Pedestrians walk differently on different types of facilities. Walking
speeds are governed not only by the width of the facility but also by age and gender, land uses,
temporal variations, cell phone usage, carrying baggage while walking, and movement in
groups.[5]
A total of 4,51,757 accidental deaths were reported in the country during 2014 showing an
increase of 12.8% as compared to 2013. 4, 51,757 road accidents caused 1, 41,526 deaths
including deaths of 34,252 offending drivers/pedestrians during 2014.[6] A total of 6,690
pedestrian deaths (4.7 per cent of the total) who died in India in 2014 and ministry of road
transport and highways (MORTH) the report gives the total number of pedestrians killed as 8.8
per cent.[7] The pedestrian deaths to vary from 22% to 35% and population based studies reveal
that 1/3rd to 1/4th of road deaths are among pedestrians.[8] Level of Service (LOS) in
transportation engineering is a term used which describes existing operating conditions (or
suitability) for a mode of travel in a transportation system. Motor vehicle LOS is primarily
based on speed, travel time, and intersection delay.[9]
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To identify existing condition or problems.
 Analysed and assess present pedestrian facility and demand of facilities.
 To recommend the engineering design and planning aspects of pedestrian facilities on
road side and at road crossings in urban and semi urban areas.
SCOPE OF THE WORK
 For the improvement of today’s present pedestrian facilities such as reducing delay time,
crossing accidents, safe and smoothly flow divert on other side etc.

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
STUDY AREA
The study locations should be in such a way that it should represent the real conditions of the
pedestrian and traffic flow. We have selected Savala Darwaja T-Section at visnagar city
because the pedestrian flow is very high and also traffic flow is continuous. Usmanpura (Leg
A), Nehrubridge (Leg B), Gandhi Bridge (Leg C) and S. P. Satdium (Leg D).

Figure 1: Study area location

METHODOLOGY
The methodology provides the framework for the study as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Methodology of the study

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The survey carried out of existing (accident data record) and proposed data collection as
describes below.
(A) Road inventory Survey
In this survey work carried out of the existing data collected such as footpath, carriageway
width, signal system, guard rail, street light, zebra crossing etc. in selected T-junction.
(B) Past Accident data record

Figure: 3 Past Accident data record in selected study area

(source:- Visangar Police Station)
(C) Traffic Volume Survey
Fig.4 shows total traffic composition at the intersection. The traffic composition at this
intersection for 2w, 3w, 4w, buses and bicycles are to 63%, 17%, 15%, 1% and 4%
respectively.

4%
Traffic Composition at intersection
1%
2W
15%
17% 3W
63%
4W

Figure 4: Traffic Volume Survey Analysis

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
(C) Pedestrian Volume Count Survey
Fig. 5 and 6 shows hourly pedestrian distribution and pedestrian composition at whole
intersection.

Figure 5: Hourly pedestrian distributions at intersection Figure 6: Pedestrian composition

(D) Pedestrian Interview Survey

Suggestion by Pedestrian

147%
Remove… 122%
Particulars

Provide… 78%
Provide Proper… 175%
foot over bridge 156%
proper Signal… 102%

0% 100% 200%

Percentage of Sample Size

Figure 7: Feedback on present facility Figure 8: Suggestion by Pedestrian

ANALYSIS FOR LEVEL OF SERVICE
A. Walkways and Sidewalk
Pedestrian LOS for sidewalks and sideways is calculated using the pedestrian unit flow rate.
Determination of the peak 15-min count and effective walkway width is required to compute
pedestrian unit flow rate( ) . This analysis is according to given equation and corresponds to
obtained result of all legs analysis in table 1.

At the location of study area no walkway or sidewalk facility is provided. Hence,

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
V p = 0 ped/min/m
Here, pedestrian unit flow rate Vp=0 ped/min/m. Hence, level of service for leg A,B,C as per
HCM 2000 and 2012 (Exhibit 18.3) are as below.
Table 1: Pedestrian LOS criteria for Walkways and Sidewalk

LEG LOS Space Flow Rate Speed v/c ratio

(m2 /Ped) (Ped/min/m) (m/s)
A F ≤ 0.75 variable ≤ 0.75 variable
B F ≤ 0.75 variable ≤ 0.75 variable
C F ≤ 0.75 variable ≤ 0.75 variable

B. Computed average delay per pedestrian for crosswalk by LOS

The average delay per pedestrian for crosswalk is computed by equations as per HCM
2000(Exhibit 18.13) for unsignalized section.
For single pedestrian critical gap is computed by following equation,
L
tc   ts
Sp
Where,
tc = critical gap for a single pedestrian(s)
SP = 0.8 [Average pedestrian walking speed (m/s)]
L = 7.5 [Cross walk length (m)]
ts = 3.75[ Pedestrian start up time and clearance time]
tc = 13.12 Sec
If no platooning (grouping) is observed at the location. Hence,
Np = 1
For critical gap,
tG  tC  2(NP  1)
Where,
tG = Group critical gap(s)
tc = 13.12 [Critical gap for single pedestrian(s)]
Np = 1[Spatial distribution of pedestrian (p)]
tG = 13.12 sec

The average delay per pedestrian for crosswalk is given by following equation.

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International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
1 vt G
v e
dP  (  vt G  1)

Where,
dp = Average pedestrian delay(s)
v = 0.19 [Vehicular flow rate (veh/s)]
tG = 13.12 [Group critical gap(s)]
dp = 49.13 sec
LOS criteria for pedestrian at unsignalized section based on pedestrian delay.
Here, average per pedestrian delay = 49.13 sec, so it is greater than 45 as per HCM 2012 so that
Level of service of pedestrian at unsignalized section (Savala Darwaja intersection) is LOS F
and other criteria are as below table 2.
Table 2: Pedestrian characteristics at intersection
LOS Pedestrian delay(s/p) Likelihood of noncompliance
F > 45 Very High

CONCLUSION
• In Research project some major problems are found at intersection like high pedestrian
traffic, insufficient pedestrian facility, and footpath not provided, traffic congestion,
signal system is not provided, and also current pedestrian accident fatality is high as
compare to before five years at this intersection.
• From the data collection and analyzing the data it is found that pedestrian existing
hourly flow at intersection on Leg A, B, and C, are 642, 1158, and 529 respectively.
And maximum peak flow of pedestrian at section on Leg A, B, and C, are 711, 1287,
and 953 respectively. And also whole intersection pedestrian volume flow at
intersection in hourly 2329 ped/hr.
• From the analysis of data collected it is found that the level of service of walkway and
sidewalk for pedestrian as per HCM 2000 and 2012 at intersection is Los F on Leg A,
B, C, respectively.
• As per calculation based on HCM 2012 and IRC 103: 2012 at the intersection
pedestrian delay is very high. i.e. 49 sec which increase illegal pedestrian crossing
responsible for accident, level of service is F at intersection.

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 International Journal of Scientific Review and Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJSRRET) Vol. 1 (6), Sep. – Oct., 2016 ISSN: 2455-3603
RECOMMENDATION
• We have suggested to provide footpath for all Leg A,B,C. It should be minimum 1.8 m
as per IRC 103:2012.
• As per Traffic survey data analysis to suggest the basic facilities for pedestrian such as
zebra crossing, Traffic Signal Management, police enforcement, guard rails etc.
• We have observed and as per data collection, from pedestrian opinion we can say that
the other facility such as foot over bridge, subway or related facilities will needed after
3 or may be more year.
REFERENCES
1. S. K. Singh, “Review of urban transportation in India,” J. Public Transp., vol. 8, no. 1, pp.
79–97, 2005.
2. Mohan, “Traffic safety and health in Indian cities,” J. Transp. Infrastructure, vol. 9, no. 1,
pp. 79–94, 2002. D. Mohan, “Work trips and safety of bicyclists,” Indian J. Transp.
Manag., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 225–232, Apr.–Jun. 2002.
3. Aaksh Jain, Ankita Gupta and Rajat Rastogi, “Pedestrian crossing behaviour analysis at
intersections”, International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2014, 4(1): 103
– 116.
4. Rajat Rastogi, Ilango Thaniarasu and Satish Chandra, “Design implications of walking
speed for pedestrian facilities, Journal of Transportation Engineering , October 2011, Vol.
137, No. 10 : pp. 687-696.
5. S.Marisamynathana , P.Vedagirib, “Modeling Pedestrian Delay at Signalized Intersection
Crosswalks under Mixed Traffic Condition”, 2nd Conference of Transportation Research
Group of India (2nd CTRG), Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 104 ( 2013 ) 708 –
717.
6. Published by National Crime record bureau, Ministry of home affairs, chapter 1 (A) Traffic
accidents 2014.
7. Dinesh Mohan, Geetam Tiwari and Kavi Bhalla, “ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA STATUS
REPORT”, Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi, 2015.
8. IRC: 103-2012 “Guidelines for pedestrian facilities”.
9. Published by National institute of mental health & Neuro science by Indian council of
medical research (2010) “World Health Organization”, India Office, and New Delhi.

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