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Delineation of Uranium rich zones

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 Delineation of Uranium rich zones using remote sensing and
structural analysis, NE Nuba Mountains, Sudan
Eiman A. Mohammed1,Khalid A. Elsayed Zeinelabdein2, Hanan M.Alawad1
1
Remote sensing and Seismological Science Authority, National Centre for Research (NCR), Sudan
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals, Al Neelain University, Sudan

Corresponding author e-mail:eabdalla@hotmail.com

Abstract
The Nuba Mountains Region of SE Sudan is rich in its mineral resources; nevertheless
its potentiality is not fully recognized. With the growing global mandate for energy,
economic, nuclear energy and climate change, it is more important to utilize an efficient
technology for uranium resources exploration and increase the reserves of uranium to
meet the increasing demand. As the exploration for uranium resources becomes more
difficult, the new remote sensing technology can play a key role in prospecting for these
deposits. This study is concerned mainly with the prospecting for radioactive materials
in Uro area of NE Nuba Mountain. To this end, several digital image processing
techniques were executed. The geological interpretation of Landsat ETM+ images
revealed that the area is mainly cover by the basement complex consists of high-grade
gneisses and metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary sequence into which dismembered
ophiolites were emplaced. The NNE-SSW and NW-SE faults are relatively the more
developed structural features in the study area.The mineral and hydrothermal
composites of Landsat ETM+ were not successful in delineating the uranium rich zones,
due to clay coverresulted from the chemical weathering of the surrounding rocks. Aster
mineral and hydrothermal composite delineated alteration zones in the eastern and
southern parts of the area. However, no alteration zone appears to be associated with the
uranium mineralization, because the uranium is hosted by quartzite which is difficult to
weather.Spectral analysis of Aster data revealed that the high radioactivity values are
reported in the different types of schist, mostly in the weathering products of these
rocks. The outcome of the present investigations revealed that the Uro uranium
mineralization is not detectable through spectral analysis of Aster data, due to the
weathering of the hostile rocks to a variety of clay minerals that cover large parts of the
study area. The mineralization is controlled by the dominant lithological unit i.e.
brecciated quartzite surrounded by schist and was found to be controlled by structural
faults and shear zones trending in the N-S direction. A few faults and shear zones have
this direction;as a consequence, the uranium mineralization is confined to Uro area.
More ground investigations are recommended to prove the potentiality of Uro area.

Key words: Remote sensing, Landsat ETM,ASTER, Uranium exploration, Uro, Nuba
Mountains, Sudan.
1. Introduction
The general geologyof the Nuba Mountains area was investigated by several authors,
e.g.Ageed(1976); MansourandSamuel(1957); Rabaa(1976); Shaddad et al.(1976);
Abdelsalam(1987); Brinkman(1986). Among these studies, Ageed(1976);
Brinkman(1986); Iskandar(1960) and other investigated the mineral deposits of the
region. The radioactive mineralization in the Nuba Mountains was discovered by the
German –Sudanese technical project and the Department of Geology, University of
Khartoum in 1983. This radioactive mineralization was further investigated by many
authors such as Sam et al.(1997); Sam and Holm(1995). The rock analyses in the study
area curried out by Adam et al. (1997) revealed that the equivalent mass concentrations
of uranium in the Uro rock phosphates were found to lie within the range of 100-
1117ppm, qualifying the study area as characteristic high radioactive zones.

The Nuba Mountains Region of southeastern Sudan is rich in its mineral resources;
nevertheless its potentiality is not fully recognized. With the growing global mandate
for energy, economic, nuclear energy and climate change, it is more important to utilize
an efficient technology for uranium resources exploration and increase the reserves of
uranium to meet the increasing demand. As the exploration for uranium resources
becomes more difficult, the new remote sensing technology can play a key role in
studying and prospecting for uranium deposits.

The main objectives of the present study are to map the basement rocks and to identify
the uraniferous alteration zones in Uro area using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper
(ETM+) and ASTERdata, in addition to previous measurementsof radioactive minerals
in the area.

Several methodologies for uranium exploration have been attempted previously to

define the formation, alteration and enrichment of uranium deposits(e.g. Said et al.,
1998; Ramadan et al., 2013;Raghu and Sudarsana,2012).Most mineral deposits are
accompanied by hydrothermalalteration of the country rocks. Reflection spectra of
particular mineral that commonly occur in hydrothermally altered rocks and soils
were recorded to display their features at their natural spectral bandwidths in the
near-infrared.Most of the authors used integrated technology of remote sensing and
previous field radioactivity data to extract anomalies related to uranium deposits.

2. The Study Area

Uro is located on the eastern border of the Nuba Mountains about 400 km southwest of
Khartoum in South Kordofan State. The study area is bounded by latitudes:11 º28′ -
11º45′N and longitudes: 31º20′ - 31 º28′ E(Fig. 1).The Nuba Mountains are
characterized by high steeply undulating surface topography where the elevation
sometimes exceeds 1000m a.s.l. The drainage system seems to be tectonically
controlled by the regional extensional fractures which are associated with the in-situ
deformational patterns with linear, angular and dense dendritic patterns. The prevailing
climatic condition is tropical, where the vegetation cover is a typical of savannah belt.

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area

3. Geological and Tectonic Setting

The Nuba Mountains area is a Precambrian massif in central Sudan surrounded from
east, Southeast and northeast by the Umm Ruwaba depression filled with Nubian
Formation and the more Recent unconsolidated Umm Ruwaba Sediments. The
Precambrian massif is composed of an ancient basement of gneisses, magmatites and
schists. This is covered in places by a younger series of metasediements and
metavolcanic of basic and acidic composition of green schist facies of metamorphism
(Shaddad et al., 1979). The basement complex of the region crops out along an axis of
the uplift extending from the Bahr El Arab River to the great bend of the Nile in the
north. The southern part of this uplift is surrounded and partly disturbed by two forks of
a zone of subsidence, probably an offshoot of the East Africa Rift System(Elshafie,
1976).

The structure features in the study area show two orientations faults of NNE-SSW and
NW-SE are relative more developed, and the scales are relatively large. These fault
systems have influenced the geological evaluation of the region since the late
Precambrian times (Shaddad et al., 1979).

The study area consist metamorphic graphite schist and quartzite breccias. The breccia
fragments consist of graphite schist components cemented by phosphate minerals. The
breccia is presumably of tectonic origin. The Uranium in Uro area located on the east
border of the Nuba Mountains within the volcano sedimentary rocks. Amphibolites
assemblage and quaternary sediments include rocks that belong to green schist facies
consisting of a variety of schists, e.g. chlorite phyllite, chlorite schist, mica schist,
graphite schist, marbles and quartz(Abdelsalam, 1987).

4. Uranium Mineralization
Radioactive mineralization in Uro area was discovered by both German –Sudanese
Technical Project and Department of geology, University of Khartoum – Peoples
Friendship University Project in 1993 (Ahmed et al., 2007).In this area the radioactivity
anomalous gamma – ray scintllometric readings up to 10.000 C.P.S were encountered.
Uro area was chosen because of indications of relatively higher radioactivity.The
dimensions of the occurrences are approximately (1.5Km×300m) along a fault zone.The
radioactive elements were determined qualitatively and quantitatively to evaluate the
uranium potentiality of the studied area(Khalil et al., 2007).

Many studies have been made to investigate the Uranium mineralization, e.g. Ramadan
et al.(2013) prospect for radioactive materials at Gabal El Sela area, South Eastern
Desert of Egypt through the identification of uraniferous alteration zones hosted in the
granitic rocks using ETM+. Lin et al. (1996) used integration of remote sensing
imagery and aerial radioactivity data to extract the anomaly information which relate to
uranium deposits in Taoshan granite-type in south China.Mishra and Rao (2015)
explained the exploration of uranium occurrences in the Northern Cape Province of
South Africa. He used integrated approach of remote sensing, geological, geophysical
and geochemical studies, through the spectral analysis for ASTER and Quick Bird
imageries to identify the zones of mineralization.

5. Data Types
Remote sensing data used in the present study are represented by images from two
sensors:
1. Two Landsat ETM+ scenes Path173 / Row 52 and 174/ 52 were made available
for the present study from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) of the
Maryland University, USA.
 2. ASTER (Advanced Space Borne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer)Level 1T data were obtained from the Earth Explorer of the United
States Geological Survey (USGS). Specification of ASTER satellite data are
provided in Table (1).
The radiation data were measured by the students of the Geology Department, Al
Neelain University in the year 2004. These measurements were carried out using a
scientlometer that measures in count per second (cps).

Table 1. Specifications of ASTER data

System Band Spectral range Spatial Radiometric
(μm) resolution resolution
VNIR 1 0.52 - 0.60 15 m 8 bit
2 0.63 - 0.69
3 0.78 - 0.86
SWIR 4 1.60 - 1.70 30 m 8 bit
5 2.145 - 2.185
6 2.185 - 2.225
7 2.235 - 2.285
8 2.295 - 2.365
9 2.360 - 2.430
TIR 10 8.125 - 8.825 90 m 12 bit
11 8.475 - 8.825
12 8.925 - 9.275
13 10.25 - 10.95
14 10.95 - 11.65

6. Methodology
Remote sensing data of the study area were processed for geological and structural
mapping with the particular emphasis on discriminating uraniferous brecciated quartzite
and associated alteration zones. Theobtained Landsat images are already geometrically
corrected. These images were used to create a mosaic covering the study area. Several
productsincluding false-color composite image, band ratios and principal component
analysis images were created.

ASTER images were atmospherically corrected through radiance to reflectance

conversion algorithm, resulting in a reflectance image.Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) is
described as physically-based spectral classification that uses n-D angle to match pixels
to reference spectra. End member spectra were used by SAM. SAM compares the angle
between the end member spectrum vector and each pixel vector in n-D space. Different
end member pixels have been obtained from SAM thereby generating pure end member
pixel for uranium hosted rock which were being classified on the basis of spectral
reflectance and the geological setting of the area.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) was really the platform where geological
and structural mapsof the study area were produced to capture various lithological units,
lineaments and faults. The enhanced Landsat images were imported in the GIS where
on-screen type of digitization was performed to facilitate the production of the
geological map. Linear features were also extracted in this platform.

Data integration of band ratio images involving the mineral and hydrothermal
composites; results of the spectral analysis and field measurements were used to
discriminate the uraniferous alteration zones in target area.

7. Results and Discussions

7.1 Geological Mapping
Remote sensing can be very useful tool in mapping and analyzing geology and
structural manifestations, especially in remote regions. The present study is carried out
Using Landsat ETM+ images for geological mapping to understand the lithological
units and structural features which have control on the of radioactive mineralization
occurrence. Various image processing techniques (band ratio, PCA, FCC) were applied.
Two Landsat ETM+ color composite imageswere created; specifically 7,4,1 and7,5,4 in
RGB, respectively (Figs. 2 and 3). Principal Components Analysiswas carried out and
the result of which is presented in the form of Principal Component RGB color
compositein Figure (4). Sultan color composite was also prepared utilizing spectral
rationing technique (Fig. 5).

Table (2) shows the measured reflectance values (DNs) of six spectral bands of Landsat
ETM+ for all exposed rock in the study area. The Quartzite and Marble rock have low
reflectance value, while the chlorite schist has high reflectance values. These values
help in estimating the relative amount of the absorbing minerals.

The DN values of band 2 for the chlorite schist range from 100 to 150, with an average
of 126, while the quartzite ranges 65-115 with an average of 126, compared to marble
which has a range of 14-85, with an average of 54. Therefore, the DN values can easily
separate between the graphite schist and other rock in the study area by using digital
number technique.

Table 2. Statistical analysis of DN values for Landsat ETM+ data for the different rocks
types in the study area.
Rock types Parameters Rock types Parameters Spectral bands
Band1 Band2 Band3 Band4 Band5 Band7
Quartzite Range 41 -83 65 -115 77- 114 59 - 98 59 - 82 75 - 91
Mean 63 95 95 79 71 83
chlorite Schist Range 77-122 100-150 91 -123 75 -123 71 - 93 81 - 97
Mean 93 126 109 102 83 90
Marble Range 14- 85 23- 115 34- 100 41- 76 48 - 71 69 - 81
Mean 54 78 79 55 60 74
Superficial Range 46 -66 88 - 112 108 -132 49 – 71 57 – 70 70 - 82
deposits Mean 54 96 117 58 62 76
From all of the enhanced images and statistical parameters,it’s clear that the studyarea
consists ofcrystalline igneous-metamorphic rocks outcrops surrounded by younger
sedimentary formations. Features of the brecciated quartzite coversa wide area and
appeared in a dark green tone in the PCA and dark grey tone in the color
composite,while in the ratioimage appeared in green tone. Schists showlight green tone
in PCA image and light grey in color composite, while in the ratio image they appear in
reddish orange hue. In the eastern part of the study area,marble outcropsare observed
associated with chlorite schist and mica schist appeared in the images with the dark tone
surrounding by lighter tone. In ratio image they appear in dark tone surrounded by red
color. In the northwestern part of the study area a distinct tight symmetrical fold is
marked by the quartzite.

Fig.2. Landsat 7 ETM+ color composite image, Fig.3. Landsat 7 ETM+ color composite image,
RGB=741, Uro area RGB=754, Uro area

Fig. 4. Landsat 7 ETM+ Principle Component Fig. 5. Landsat 7 ETM+ Sultan band ratio color
Analysis color composite, RGB=PC1,PC2,PC3 composite, RGB= 5/7,5/1,5/4*3/4.
The drainage system seems to be structurally controlled by faults as it follows certain
directions governed by the trend of faults, major joints and fold axes. Significant litho-
units were identified and mapped adopting on-screen types of digitization in the GIS
framework. Information extracted from the enhanced images enabled the differentiation
between the various lithological units. Outputs of remote sensing data were developed
and updated by geological field observations to bring out a clear geological mapping of
the study area (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Geological map of the study area obtained through the interpretation of remote
sensing data and field checkup.
7.2 Lineaments Extraction
The lineament analysis is a significant tool in mineral exploration that has been used by
many workers in the execution of mineral exploration. Lineaments were mapped
through the interpretation of Landsat ETM+ imagery following an on-screen types of
digitization. The result of lineament mapping is presented in Figure (7).From this map,
it can observed that lineaments trending in NNE-SSW, NE-SW and NW-SE directions
are prominently distributed. This is well attributed to the general tectonic linear trend in
this area. Especially NNE-SSW is the major structural trends that are coinciding with
the majority of the occurrences.

Lineament patterns were summarized using rose diagram(Fig.8).From analysis of the

rose diagram, the largest scale trend is NE-SW at approximately 45º. Another
significant trend is the NNE-SSW at approximately 15º. Trend of NW-SE also abode a
number of the major lineaments. Other few lineaments in this diagram have N-S trend.
Last miner lineament trend seen in this diagram is that E-W orientation. This possibly
represents a set of fractures.

Fig. 7. Lineaments map of image in the study area derived from the Fig. 8. Rose Diagram shows
interpretation of Landsat ETM+ image the main lineaments trends

7.3 Alteration Zone Mapping

Landsat ETM+ image was used to distinguish the variations in the dominant mineralogy
of the various types, including variations of clays, muscovite micas, hydroxides and
ferric minerals that have resulted from alteration.To this end, two main common ratio
techniques were applied to identify the possible alteration zone that may be associated
with uranium mineralization in the study. Accordingly, band 5/7 ratio image is used to
detect the clay minerals and sheet silicates of Al-OH- and Mg-OH bearing minerals in
hydroxide alteration zone. On the other hand, band 3/1 ratio image is used for iron oxide
bearing minerals which contain Fe-OH bearing minerals.Accordingly, the hydrothermal
composite was prepared from the band ratios: 5/7, 3/1, 4/3 in RGB, respectively (Fig.
9), while the minerals composite was assembled from the band ratios: 5/7, 5/4, 3/1 in
RGB, respectively (Fig. 10).

From Landsat ETM+ color and hydrothermal color composites it is apparent that the
clay minerals cover large parts of the study area. These clays representrecent superficial
deposits resulted from the chemical weathering of the surrounding rocks and transported
into the study area. Since, these clays do not represent the alteration of the underlying
rocks, the alteration mapping through remote sensing techniques of Landsat image in
this area was not successful.

Fig. 9. ETM+ hydrothermal image of the study Fig. 10. Landsat mineral composite image of the
area, RGB=5/7, 3/1, 4/3 study area, RGB=5/7, 5/4, 3/1

Another option was attempted to carry out alteration zone mapping using Aster semi-
hyperspectral images. Accordingly, the mineral and hydrothermal composites were
prepared from ASTER image using the band ratios combinations of 8/6, 8/3, 2/1 and
4/6, 2/1, 3/2, respectively (Figs. 11 and 12). As it can be observed, the quality of the
obtained mineral and hydrothermal composite images seems to be better than those of
the Landsat image. Many alteration zones are concentrated in the eastern and southern
parts of the hydrothermal image. Likewise, many localities appeared in the Aster
mineral composite. Nevertheless, again no clear alteration zones appears to be
associated with the uranium mineralization.
Fig. 11. Aster hydrothermal image of the study Fig. 12. Aster mineral composite image of the
area, RGB=4/6, 2/1, 3/2 study area, RGB=8/6, 8/3, 2/1

7.4 Spectral Analysis

The present trial was attempted in order to make use of the available measurements of
radiation for the direct search for possible uranium mineralization in the vicinity of Uro
area. The scientlometer measurements were presented in the form of a map in Figure
(13). Thesemeasurements were carried out crossing the main N-S trend of the
mineralization, i.e. from east to west. In field, the highest activity levels of uranium
were measured in grey colored phosphate rock samples, whereas the lowest values were
met with black samples. The rocks contain Uranium mineral appeared in yellowish
color.

The highest values recorded were identified and the exact locations of which were
precisely determined. The coordinates of these sites were used to locate pixel showing
high radiation values in the digital Aster imagery. These pixel will serve as training sites
in the spectral analysis to extract mineral spectra corresponding to high radiation, and
hence uranium mineralization.

Aster VNIR and SWIR bands were stacked and registered to a common coordinate
system. Then the image was atmospherically corrected using radiance to reflectance
conversion algorithm. The data were then rescaled to as to facilitate better
interpretation. In order to reduce abundant information and data dimensionality, the
Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform was then subsequently applied. Pixel Purity
Index (PPI) was performed to determine the purest pixels within the image set.

The Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) spectral tool was used to find
spectral endmembers and their abundances throughout an image. This tool is designed
for use with previously calibrated hyperspectral data, which provides a faster and more
automated method for finding spectral endmembers. The extracted endmembers are
then compared to known spectra from USGS spectral libraries as a preparatory step for
the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification, one of the widely accepted image
processing techniques for hyperspectral image processing. Different end member pixels
have been obtained from SAM thereby generating pure end member pixel for uranium
hosted rock which were being classified on the basis of spectral reflectance and the
geological setting of the area.

Fig. (13). A map showing the location of radioactivity measurements in the study area.

The comparison with USGS spectral library revealed similarities with the following
minerals spectra: actinolite, anorthophyllite mica schist, clinochlore, chlorite and
prochlorite. Accordingly, the image data was classified into 5 classes (Fig. 14).

Superimposing the radiation data over the classified image, it is apparent that the high
radioactivity values are reported in the different types of schist, mostly in the
weathering products of these rocks in the form of clays. This is in a common agreement
with the general geology of the study area. Nevertheless, no mineral spectrum is related
directly to the uranium mineralization, this is because the USGS spectral library lacks
the spectrum of phosphate minerals, the hostile rock of the mineralization in the study
area.

The outcome of the present investigations revealed that the Uro uranium mineralization
is not detectable through spectral analysis of Aster data, due to the weathering of the
hostile rocks to a variety of clay minerals that cover large parts of the study area. It is
difficult to discriminate the uranium-bearing clays from the uranium-barren clays. From
another point of view, the uranium is hosted by brecciated quartzite. The latter is, also,
wide spread in the study area and it is difficult to separate the mineralized from the
barren one.

Fig. (14). Results of SAM classification of Uro area.

As can be deduced from the geological settings of the area, uranium mineralization is
controlled by the dominant lithological unit i.e. brecciated quartzite surrounded by
schist. The mineralization was found to be controlled by structural elements viz. faults
and shear zones trending in the north-south direction. A few faults and shear zones have
this direction as can be observed from the rose diagram and lineament map. As a
consequence, the uranium mineralization is not wide spread in the study area and
confined to Uro area.
8. Conclusions
Remote sensing data can be very useful aid in mapping and analyzing the structural
elements to define the controlling factors on uranium mineralized zones. As far as
prospecting for uranium resources is becoming difficult, the new remote sensing
technology directly or indirectly provides key indicators for targeting the uranium
deposits.

The geology of the study area is comprised of Precambrian gneisses, magmatites and
schists. This is covered in places by a younger series of metasediments and
metavolcanic of basic and acidic composition of green schist facies of metamorphism.
All these units are cover by superficial deposits. The NNE-SSW and NW-SE faults are
relatively the more developed structural features in the study area.

The mineral and hydrothermal color composites of Landsat ETM+ were not successful
to delineate the uranium rich zones. This is because the study area is covered by clay
minerals resulted from the chemical weathering of the surrounding rocks and
transported into the study area. Since, these clays do not represent the alteration of the
underlying rocks. Aster mineral and hydrothermal composite images seems to be better
than those of the Landsat image. Many alteration zones are concentrated in the eastern
and southern parts of the hydrothermal image. Nevertheless, no clear alteration zones
appears to be associated with the uranium mineralization in these images.

Spectral analysis of Aster data revealed that the high radioactivity values are reported in
the different types of schist, mostly in the weathering products of these rocks in the
form of clays. This is in a common agreement with the general geology of the study
area. The outcome of the present investigations revealed that the Uro uranium
mineralization is not detectable through spectral analysis of Aster data, due to the
weathering of the hostile rocks to a variety of clay minerals that cover large parts of the
study area.

Uranium mineralization in the study area is controlled by the dominant lithological unit
i.e. brecciated quartzite surrounded by schist. The mineralization was found to be
controlled by structural elements viz. faults and shear zones trending in the north-south
direction. A few faults and shear zones have this direction. As a consequence, the
uranium mineralization is not wide spread in the study area and confined to Uro area.
More ground investigations are recommended to prove the potentiality of Uro area.
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