Introduction To Organic Chemistry

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
CHEM 4: Organic Chemistry 1
Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

Section: BSFT-2B 00191
Date: __________________
Lesson Title: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Materials:

Lesson Objectives:At the end of the lesson, you should be Student Activity Sheet
able to: References:
1. Understand the role and importance of organic McMurry, John. (2008)
chemistry in the various field of science; Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.,
Thomson Learning, Inc.
2. Differentiate Organic and Inorganic Compounds; Klein, David. (2015) Student
3. Familiarize in Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Study Guide and Solution
Derivatives Manual for Organic Chemistry,
2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.
Productivity Tip:
Be Strong and Stay Focus. You are good!
Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1
In the KWL chart, write everything you know about the questions written in the second column.
Write your reflections in the What I Know column. Clear? Begin!
What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity

4)
* Organic Chemistry is a 1.What is Organic Chemistry? *Organic Chemistry is the
sub-field of chemistry that study of carbon-containing
involves studying the compounds. By means of
molecules of life. its structure, properties,
Concerned with looking at composition, reactions, and
the structure and behavior preparation.
of some molecules.
*Organic Compounds 2. Differentiate Organic and *Organic Compounds
are typically insoluble in Inorganic Compounds? mainly have carbon to
water while the Inorganic hydrogen bonds while the
Compounds are soluble Inorganic Compounds
in water. lack carbon to hydrogen
bonds.
Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com


Date: __________________
* Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 3. What is Aliphatic and * Based on the presence

are hydrocarbons based Aromatic Hydrocarbons? of double or triple bonds
on chains of C atoms in the chemical structure,
while the Aromatic aliphatic compounds are
Hydrocarbons are those classified as alkanes,
chemical compounds alkenes, or alkynes
that contain one or more while Aromatic
rings with pi electrons hydrocarbons are
delocalized all the way distinguished by the
around them. presence of a benzene
ring, which alters their
properties.
A.MAIN LESSON
I. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY and ITS ROLE and IMPORATANCE
Organic Chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry that involves studying the molecules of

life. It is mainly concerned with looking at the structure and behavior of these molecules, which
are composed of only a few different types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
a few miscellaneous others.
It is the study of the structure,

properties, composition, reactions, and
preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
Most organic compounds contain carbon and
hydrogen, but they may also include any
number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen,
oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).


Date: __________________
The term “organic” means derived from living

organism.
Science of organic chemistry is about 200
years old and in eighteenth century organic
chemistry was considered to be the study of
compounds extracted from living
organisms.Compounds like sugars, starch, urea, etc.
and plant oils were considered organic.


Date: __________________
Hydrocarbons
An organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons based on chains of C atoms. There are three
types of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons with only single covalent
bonds. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one C–C double bond, and alkynes are
hydrocarbons that contain a C–C triple bond
Aromatic hydrocarbons are those chemical compounds that contain one or more rings with
pi electrons delocalized all the way around them.


Date: __________________
In 1815, Berzelius- a Swedish chemist proposed that a

vital force was responsible for the formation of organic
compounds. Thus, organic chemistry was the study of
compounds formed due to vital force while inorganic chemistry
was the study of rocks, mineral and gases and the compounds
that could be made from them in the laboratory.
Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea and many organic and

inorganic compounds. In 1828, he showed that ammonium cyanate
when heated it gives urea.
Before this discovery it was thought that organic compounds

could be produced only by living beings. (Vital force). By creating urea
in laboratory using inorganic compounds, for synthesis of organic
compounds, he proved that vital force is not necessary. He first made
aluminium, beryllium, crystalline boron and silicon and calcium carbide. He also realized the
analogy between carbon and silicon.
Synthesis of Urea by heating Ammonium Cyanate(Wohler Synthesis), an inorganic

compound. It is often citing as the starting point of modern organic chemistry.


Date: __________________
Parameter of Organic Inorganic

Comparison
Presence of Carbon They are distinguished by carbon Inorganic substances do not

atoms which are present in them comprise carbon atoms
Reactivity They are considered to be more They are naturally not volatile
reactive and extremely flammable and are also not flammable
Physical State These substances occur as gases, They solely occur as solids
liquids, and solids
Occurrence Organic substances are present They majorly occur in non-living
predominantly in most living organisms
organisms
Melting and boiling High melting and boiling points are Compared to organic
points among the main aspects used to substances, these are
characterize organic substances characterized by low boiling and
melting points.


Date: __________________
Activity 2: Exercises
Directions: Answer the following questions carefully. Write your answers on the number provided.
Question 1: Cite 5 examples of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
1. methane
2. ethane
3. propane
4. methylpropane
5. butane
Question 2: Cite 5 examples of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. Methylbenzene
2. Naphthalene
3. Phenanthrene
4. Trinitrotoluene
5. o-dihydroxybenzene


Date: __________________
The role and importance of Organic Chemistry in food science
Organic Chemistry plays a vital role in production of various foods.
1. Crop Protection
Crops and other plantation products need high maintenance from unwanted
disturbance like pest and weeds. Therefore, in order to get the stock stable and
the quality good, farmers need crop protection. Chemical generated from
organic compound is the best pesticide as it can blend better with the
environment without causing multitude damage to ecosystem. Even though
artifical pesticide is more popular, the one from organic chemistry is more
recommendable for the long sustain of food industry.
To increase the production of the crops,

we use chemicals like herbicides,
insecticides, pesticides, etc
which mainly organic compounds.
2. Preservative Agent
In modern chemistry, artificial preservative is more common since it is cheaper.

However, preservative from organic compound is still widely used and people
consider it safer. The common natural preservative for example is salt and
frozen hydrogen oxide.
Many types of food especially in traditional serving use salt as preservative to

keep the food edibility longer. Also, the method of using ice as preservative is
still the main mechanism by freezing the items in cold temperature. Thus,
organic chemistry from naturally occurring chemical is important in food industry.
Organic compounds like vinegar,

sodium benzoate, etc are used
as food preservatives that prevent
the decomposition of
foods by microorganisms.
It should not also be out of place to mention that the food colors or sweetening
agents are mostly organic compounds.


Date: __________________
3. Coloring Chemical
The ancient method of enhancing the appearance of the food to make it more
appealing and appetizing used color agents from natural source. As science
evolved, even some artificial color additives are still derivation of organic
compounds.
In facts, many health associationsof various

countries suggest food industry to use organic color
additive as it is safer for human health. Some of the
most famous color additive for food are carotenoids
for yellow, orange, and deep red derived from carrot,
potato, and pumpkin and chlorophyll from plants’
leaves for green color.
4. Crop Fertilizer
Another big contribution of organic chemistry in food industry is as crop fertilizer.

Many foods are result of processed natural source such as crops, vegetables,
fruits, seeds, and many more. In order to increase the production, farmer needs
fertilizer.
Synthetic fertilizer sells better but organic

fertilizer is safer as well as less costly.
Basically, any living being that contains
nutrient needed such as nitrogen,
potassium, ammonium nitrate and the
like can be fertilizer. Farmers can take
it from animal fesses, seaweeds,
fish extracts and many more.


Date: __________________
5. Food Emulsifier
Food emulsifier is important in the making of food to combine water and oil
element of the food materials as the two naturally will not mix together.
Emulsifier helps to make a more various food that combines ingredients from
both water and oil based.
Organic emulsifier derivate from organic

chemistry such as milk, phospholipids
chemicals, sorbitan, sodium, and eggs.
In facts, many emulsifiers are from
natural sources as they blend with
the food better with almost no
unpleasant
after taste.
6. Flavor Enhancing Agents
Popular flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate comes from organic compound

when sugar elements are distilled and processed to enhance the papillae on
human’s tongue. Spices that generally favored for its rich taste also come from
natural source. compared to the synthetic
ones, organic flavor enhancers are more
various as human has used it ever
since they know cooking.
Therefore, the role of organic chemistry

in developing flavor enhancer is very
important in food industry as people like
to have a tastier meal.


Date: __________________
7. Moisture Preserver
While organic preservative mostly works by drain out the liquid of the food
substance, moisture preserver helps to keep the moist within food or food
ingredients. Most common food source that needs moisture preserver is hay and
leaves.
And popular moisture preserver such as

propionic acid often sells for animals
feeding. Organic chemistry has wider
branch and possibility as it has open
source. therefore, moisture preserver in
nature is easier to look for than
by creating it in laboratory.
8. Antioxidants
In order to prevent food oxidated too fast, it will need antioxidant. Antioxidant
help to slow oxidation within the ingredients of the food and keep the nutrient
inside. The most popular organic compound as antioxidant is vitamin C or
ascorbic acid and vitamin E or tocopherol.
The good thing of using natural and organic compound

is that it can have more than one function.
For example, carotenoid is a good substance for
natural color additive, but it also has antioxidant
function. Therefore, by using this element it will save
cost for food production.


Date: __________________
9. Bulking Agent
If food lovers ever wonder why noodle, bread, pasta can

swell just by heat, there is a food additive
called bulking agent. Bulking agent in bakery
usually use baking soda. But most foods that
can swell use starchy based chemical additive
such as amylum.
The source of starch can be from wheat, acorns

, bananas, maize, potato oats and many more.
Thus, it turns out that many foods that humans
eat use bulking agent and most of bulking
agents come from nature as it does not alter
the taste of the food but only joins the glucose
compound of the food.
10. Lactic Acid Producer
Lactic acid generates from natural source such as milk as the most famous
source. The lactic acid has various role and crucial one as it has many benefit
in food processing.
It helps to assist fermentation to produce
yogurt, cheese, soy sauce meat product
and many more. Surely, these products are
very popular and needed by human.
It also helps to stabilize the bacteria

within food and stabilize the pH of
the food. As lactic acid mostly from
cow milk that is part of organic
chemistry, it proves how important
organic chemistry is in food industry.


Date: __________________
Plastic
Industry
Pharmaceutical
Food Industry
Industry
Cosmetic
and Perfume
Organic Dye Industry
Industry Chemistry
Petroleum Textile
Industry Industry
Fertilizer
Industry
Figure 1. The relationship between Organic chemistry, other industry that uses organic
chemistry. The central location of organic chemistry in the diagram signifies its importance
and its breadth interactions with many other disciplines.


Date: __________________
Food industry
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, sweetening and

flavouring agents and food product like milk, etc. are
organic compounds. Varieties of chemicals are
added to the food like preservatives, colours,
flavours, antioxidants, to make food palatable,
attractive the common natural preservative for
example is salt and frozen hydrogen oxide and to
increase its shelf life.
Sodium benzoate, salt of ascorbic acid, propionic

acid is used as preservatives. Butylated hydroxy
toluene, BHA, SO2 and sulphate are used as
antioxidants.
Basic food chemistry deals with the organic molecules. Organic molecules are nothing but the
chemicals of life, compounds that are composed of more than one type of element. Organic
molecules are found in, and are produced by living organisms. The feature that distinguishes an
organic molecule from inorganic molecule is that the organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen
bonds whereas the inorganic molecules do not.
Activity 3: What I Know Chart, part 2
Congratulations! Great job! After doing the activities, this time I want you to go back again to the
questions in the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on
what YOU NOW KNOW in the third column of the chart. Clear? Start!
If you are done with Activity 3 proceed to Activity 4


Date: __________________
Activity 4: Check for Understanding
TRUE or False in the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct and write False if the
statement is incorrect.
TRUE 1. Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea and many organic and inorganic compounds.
FALSE 2. Organic molecules are found in, and are produced by non-living organisms.
TRUE 3. Lactic acid helps to assist fermentation to produce yogurt, cheese, soy sauce meat
product and many more.
TRUE 4. Emulsifiers are from natural sources as they blend with the food better with almost no
unpleasant after taste.
TRUE 5. The salt and frozen hydrogen oxide are common example of natural preservative.
ESSAY: What is the Importance of Organic Chemistry in Food Industry? Make an essay using 3-5
sentences only.
Food Industry is a wide topic to talk to. Organic Chemistry gives a major impact on the Food
Industry’s prosperity. The role of Organic Chemistry in developing flavor enhancer is very important
in food industry as people like to have a tastier meal. While organic preservative mostly works by
drain out the liquid of the food substance, moisture preserver helps to keep the moist within food or
food ingredients.
RUBRICS FOR SHORT ESSAY
SCALE ORGANIZATION MECHANICS CONTENT LENGTH

Logical
progression of
ideas with a clear
Punctuation, Answer is
structure that Essay is clear in 4-
spelling, appropriate to the
4 enhances the 5 sentences in
capitalization are question. Content
essay. length
correct. No errors. is factually correct.
Transitions are
mature and
graceful.


Date: __________________
Logical Punctuation,
Answer is
progression of spelling,
appropriate to the Essay is clear in 3
ideas. Transitions capitalization are
3 question. Content or 6 sentences in
are present generally correct,
may have one or length
equally throughout with few errors. (1-
two factual errors.
essay. 2)
Content relates
A few errors in
Organization is peripherally to the
punctuation, Essay is in 2 or 7
2 clear. Transitions question; contains
spelling, sentences in length
are present. significant factual
capitalization. (3-4)
errors.
No discernable Distracting errors in
Essay is either in
organization. punctuation, Content unrelated
1 1,2, 8 or more
Transitions are spelling, to question.
sentences in length
not present. capitalization.
TOTAL
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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

Lesson Title: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Materials:

Be Strong and Stay Focus. You are good!

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

* Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 3. What is Aliphatic and * Based on the presence

I. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY and ITS ROLE and IMPORATANCE

Organic Chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry that involves studying the molecules of

It is the study of the structure,

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

The term “organic” means derived from living

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

An organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon.

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

In 1815, Berzelius- a Swedish chemist proposed that a

Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea and many organic and

Before this discovery it was thought that organic compounds

Synthesis of Urea by heating Ammonium Cyanate(Wohler Synthesis), an inorganic

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

Parameter of Organic Inorganic

Presence of Carbon They are distinguished by carbon Inorganic substances do not

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

Question 1: Cite 5 examples of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Question 2: Cite 5 examples of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

The role and importance of Organic Chemistry in food science

Organic Chemistry plays a vital role in production of various foods.

To increase the production of the crops,

In modern chemistry, artificial preservative is more common since it is cheaper.

Many types of food especially in traditional serving use salt as preservative to

Organic compounds like vinegar,

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

The role and importance of Organic Chemistry in food science

In facts, many health associationsof various

Another big contribution of organic chemistry in food industry is as crop fertilizer.

Synthetic fertilizer sells better but organic

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

The role and importance of Organic Chemistry in food science

Organic emulsifier derivate from organic

6. Flavor Enhancing Agents

Popular flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate comes from organic compound

Therefore, the role of organic chemistry

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

The role and importance of Organic Chemistry in food science

And popular moisture preserver such as

The good thing of using natural and organic compound

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology noelcoloma.neust@gmail.com

Name: Jan Mykel B. Pestaňo Student Number: GTC2020-

The role and importance of Organic Chemistry in food science

If food lovers ever wonder why noodle, bread, pasta can