18 Aldehydes and Ketones

Date Started

Status

Unit/Module Chapter 18

Week 7 8

Nomenclature
[1] change -e of parent alkane to suffix -al or add carbaldehyde for rings
Common names for Aldehydes

Common names for Ketone

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 Acyl group

Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

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 Spectroscopic Absorptions

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Common Methods to Synthesize Aldehydes

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 Common Methods to Synthesize Ketones

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 → aldehyde & ketone also both obtained as products of oxidative cleavage of alekenes

→ aldehyde and ketone reacts with Nu: at carbonyl carbon

→ aldehyde and ketone form enolates that react with electrophiles at ⍺ carbon

with neutral nucleophiles addition does not accur unkess acid catalyst is added

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 Nucleophile Addition Samples

Nu: addition of ⁻CN — cyanohydrin formation

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 Cyanohydrin → carbonyl (again) : treatment with base

Hydrolysis of Cyanohydrin

Wittig Reaction: Nu:- addition → alkenes

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 → synthesizing Wittig Reagent

Imine (1° amine) formation from Aldehyde or Ketone

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 Enamine (2° amine) formation from Aldehyde or Ketone

Formation of Imines & Enamines Comparison

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 Hydrolysis of Imines and Enamines

Addition of H₂O — Hydration

- treatment of Carbonyl compound with H₂O with acid/base catalyst

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