INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH

MBA: 504

Business Research Methods

In Class assignment 4

SUBMITTED BY:

Md. Mehedi Hasan

ID: 1931462

SUBMITTED TO:

Prof: Raisul Awal Mahmud

Date of submission: 4 May. 21

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Primary vs. secondary data:

Primary data is the kind of data that is collected directly from the data source without going
through any existing sources. It is mostly collected specially for a research project and may be
shared publicly to be used for other research.

Secondary data is the data that has been collected in the past by someone else but made available
for others to use. They are usually once primary data but become secondary when used by a third
party.

 Primary data is specific to the needs of the researcher at the moment of data collection.
The researcher is able to control the kind of data that is being collected

 Secondary data is easily accessible compared to primary data. Secondary data is available
on different platforms that can be accessed by the researcher

Qualitative data

Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analysing, and interpreting non-numerical data,
such as language. Qualitative research can be used to understand how an individual subjectively
perceives and gives meaning to their social reality.

Qualitative data is defined as non-numerical data, such as text, video, photographs or audio
recordings. This type of data can be collected using diary accounts or in-depth interviews,
Concerned with understanding human behaviours for the informant’s perspective

Quantitative data

Quantitative data is information about quantities, and therefore numbers, and qualitative data is
descriptive, and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, such as language.
Concerned with discovering facts about social phenomena.
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Scatter diagram

A scatter diagram consists of pairs of numerical data containing one variable on each axis.
The diagram is used to find a relationship between the data pairs. Points that create a line or
curve indicate correlated variables. ... When analysing whether two variables are related.

What is sampling techniques?

Sampling technique is a process or technique of drawing a sample given number of sample for
a given number of populations. For example; In class we have 40 students, I need choose 5
among them, which method i can use to choose them , this is sample technique.

It would normally be impractical to study a whole population, for example when doing a
questionnaire survey. Sampling is a method that allows researchers to infer information about a
population based on results from a subset of the population, without having to investigate every
individual.

Different technique I can use

Purposive sampling: Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-probability

sampling techniques. Also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, purposive
sampling relies on the judgement of the researcher when it comes to selecting the units (e.g.,
people, cases/organisations, events, pieces of data) that are to be studied. Usually, the sample
being investigated is quite small, especially when compared with probability sampling
techniques. . We can use this technique by choose 5 person and conduct the experiment, it’s
reduce time and cost effective. but the problem is low reliability and high level of biased.
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Simple random sampling: A simple random sample is a randomly selected subset of
a population. In this sampling method, each member of the population has an exactly equal
chance of being selected.

This method is the most straightforward of all the probability sampling methods, since it only
involves a single random selection and requires little advance knowledge about the population.
Because it uses randomization, any research performed on this sample should have
high internal and external validity .For example: In class total number of student is 40 i need to
select 5 either i can select by using lottery or random number table this is simple random
sampling.

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Stratified Random sampling: This sampling method is also called “random quota sampling”.
Age, socioeconomic divisions, nationality, religion, educational achievements and other such
classifications fall under stratified random sampling. The population is divided into strata (or
subgroups) for stratified sampling, and a random sample is drawn from each subgroup. A
subgroup is a naturally occurring collection of objects. Subgroups may be formed based on the
size of the organization, gender, or occupation (to name but a few).

When there is a lot of difference within a population, stratified sampling is also used. Its aim is
to ensure that all strata are adequately represented. In this process we can assign every student a
number and arrange the number is ascending or descending order. We can then start from
anywhere and keep on adding eight to get the desired five students we want to draw from the
population.

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3a) Cross tabulations are basically data tables that show the results of the entire community of
survey respondents as well as the results of sub-groups of survey respondents. Cross tabulations
allow you to investigate associations within the data that may not be obvious when reviewing
total survey responses. A cross table shows linking between two or more queries questioned in
the study.

A cross table looks like the one in Fig-1 like a table with rows, columns, numbers, letters (two
qualitative information), and percentages.

Major
Religion
Subject
M F
M M
C A
B H
H H
H F
B F
C H
M A
M H
C M
C M
A F
C A
M H
H F
B M
A M
A M
M A
M A
H H
H H
C A
C A
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Table 1: Cross Tabulation between Religion and Major Subjects Taken (in
number terms)
Religion Major Subjects Taken

Finance Accounting Marketing Human Resource Total

Muslim 1 3 1 2 7

Christian 0 4 2 1 7

Buddhist 1 0 1 1 3

Hindu 2 0 0 3 5

Atheist 1 0 2 0 3

Total 5 7 6 7 25

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b) Table 2: Cross Tabulation between Religion and Major
Subjects Taken (in row percentage)

Religion Major Subjects

Taken

Finance Accounting Marketing Human Total

Resource

Muslim 14.3 42.85 14.3 28.57 7

Christian 0 57.14 28.57 14.3 7

Buddhist 33.3 0 33.3 33.3 3

Hindu 40 0 0 60 5

Atheist 33.3 0 66.7 0 3

Total 5 7 6 7 25

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c) Table 3: Cross Tabulation between Religion and Major
Subjects Taken (in column percentage)

Religion Major Subjects

Taken
Finance Accounting Marketing Human Total
Resource
Muslim 20 42.85 16.67 28.57 7

Christian 0 57.14 33.33 14.3 7

Buddhist 20 0 16.67 14.3 3

Hindu 40 0 0 42.85 5

Atheist 20 0 33.33 0 3

Total 5 7 6 7 25

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