1. What is the difference between controlled and manipulated variables?

Controlled variables are the variables which quantify the performance or quality of the final product,
which are also called output variables. While the manipulated variables, these input variables are
adjusted dynamically to keep the controlled variables at their set-points.
2. What is the difference between set point, error signal and correction signal?
Set point is the value at which the process variable is to be maintained at. In other words, this is
the ‘target’ value for the process variable. Error signal is the difference between the set point and
the amplitude of the measured variable. And the correction signal is the signal used to control
power to the actuator to set the level of the input variable.
3. How many pounds are equivalent to 63kg?
Formula: (Kg multiplied by the mass value of 2.205)
63kg (1kg/2.205lbs) = 138.925 lbs
4. How many micrometers are equivalent to 0.73 milli-in?
0.73 x 10³ in (25400µm/1in) = 18.542µm
5. How many pound per square inch are equivalent to 38.2 kPa?
38.2 kPa (14.7 psi/101.325 kPa) = 5.54 psi
6. How many foot-pounds of energy are equivalent to 195 J?
Formula: Joules divided by the energy value 1.356
195 J ÷ 1.356
195 J = 143.825 ft-lb
7. What force in pounds is equivalent to 385 N?
1385 N (.225 lbs/ 1 N) = 86.625 lbs
8. How many amperes are required from a 110-V supply to generate 1.2 hp? Assume 93 percent
efficiency.
1.2 hp (746 W/1 hp) = 895.2 W
Input power = 895.2 W /.93 = 962.5806 W
Current = 962.5806 W /110 V = 8.7507 A
9. How many joules are equivalent to 27 ft-lb of energy?
Formula: Foot-pound multiplied by the energy value of 1.356
27ft-lb x 1.356
= 36.61 joules
10. What is the sensitivity of an instrument whose output is 17.5 mV for an input change of 7˚C?
Sensitivity = 17.5 Mv/ 7˚C = 2.5 Mv/7˚C