296 Mechanical Engineering Technician

UNIT 3
Work Power and Energy

Structure
3.1 Work and its units
3.2 Power and its units
3.3 Energy and its units
3.4 Electrical Power
3.5 Electrical Energy
3.6.Simple problems on monthly electricl bills.
Learning Objectives
Definition of mechanical work and its unit. Electrical power and its units.
Power and energy and their units. Electrical efficiency. Calculate the simple prob-
lems definition of Joule’s law. Application of Heating effect of electric current.
Calculate the monthly bill of electrical consumption.
3.1 Work and Its Units
Work is said to be done by force F when the point of its application moves
through a distance D. Mathematically,
Work = force x distance = F x D
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The unit force in the mks system i snewton (N). It is defined as the force
acting on one kilogram mass of a body for one second which gives an accelera-
tion of one meter per second.
If in the above equation, force = 1 N and time = 1 m, then
Work done = 1 N - m or joule (J)
In th emks system of units, work done is given in joules. It is defined as the
work done by force of one newton when the point of its application moves
through a distance of one meter in the direction of the force. Therefore,
1J=1N-m
3.2 Power and Its Units
Power is the rate of doing work. P= W/t
Where P denotes the power, W work and t time.
Unit. The electric unit of power is the joule/second, called Watt ( W ).
Hence another name for the joule is the watt / second.
The bigger unit is kilowatt
1 kW = 1000 watt
Power in Electrical Circuit
p = W / t = VQ/t =VI watt
= I square R watts = V square / R watt.
Second unit of power ( Mechanical power) is the horse power (h.p.). It is
rate of working of 33,000 ft. lb. per minute, or 550 ft. lb. per second or 75 kg
metre per second.
Or 1. H.P. = 550 ft. lb/sec = 550 x 1.356 joules/sec = 746 W
In M.K.S. system one H.P. = 75 kg metre per second
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts = 1.34 h.p.
In M.K.S. system metric H.P. = 735 watt
So 1 kW = 1.36 m H.P.
3.3 Energy and Units
Energy is capacity for doing work. Energy may exis in several forms
and may be changed from one form to another. For example, a lead acid battery
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changes chemical energy into electrical energy on discharging and vice versa on
charge. A generator changes mechanical energy to electrical energy and electri-
cal radiator converts electrical energy to heat energy, etc.
Unit. The M.K.S. unit of energy is joule. It is the work done when the
point of application of a force of one newton is moved one metre in the direction
of force.
1 joule - 1 newton metre
The british Unit of Energy is the foot pound.
One foot = 0.3048 m and 1 lb = 4.45
One foot pound or ft. lb = 0.3048 x 4.45 = 1.356 joule or
1 joule = 0.73J5 ft. lb.
The joule or watt second is very small unit of electrical energy. So for
commercial purposes energy is measured in watt hours (Wh) and kilowatt hours
( kWh ). The kWh is called Board of Trade Unit (B.O.T.).
1. B.O.T. Unit = 1 kWh = 1000 Wh = 36,00,000 Joules.
Efficiency
Ordinarily, according to the law of conservation of energy, when energy is
transformed from one form to one or more other forms, the amount of energy
input is always equal to the amount of energy (or energies) to which it is trans-
formed or output.
The efficiency of a machine is the rate of the desired form of energy
which may be obtained from the machine to the total energy which is fed to
machine. In other words,
Output (useful) energy
Efficiency 
Total input energy
The efficiency in percentage is expressed as
Output energy
Percentage Efficiency  100
Input energy

3.4 Electrical Power

Power of any machine is the rate of doing work. In Electrical Engineer-
ing unit of power is joule per second or watt. The product of voltage and current
is also known as Electrical Power. 1 kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts. In general,
the power of electrical machines is expressed in H.P. (Hourse Power). Horse
Paper - III Electrical Technology 299

Power is the practical unit of power and in metric system, its value is equal to
735.5 watts.
 1 watt = 1 joule per second
1 watt = 1 volt x 1 ampere
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
1 H.P. = 735.5 watts or 0.7355 KW
let W = Power in watts,
V = Voltage in volts
I = Current in amperes
R = Resistance in ohms
We know, Wattage = Voltage x Current
W = V.I
V
V
R
2
V

R
Again W = V.I
=(I.R.).I  I 2 .R
V2
Hence W  or I 2 .R
R
From above expression it is clear for up to extract values of V.I and R.
Example 3.4. A 100 W bulb normally takes 0.833 A and 200 W bulb
takes 1.666 A from the 120 V power line. If these two bulbs were connected in
series across a 240 V power line, prove that tech current would be 1.111 A in
both bulbs, assuming the resistance remain constant.
Solution
In the circuit diagram, it is shown that, tha two bulbs are connected in
series.
We know : Resistance = Voltage square / Wattage
 At normal conditions:
= 120 x 120 / 100 = 144 
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Resistance of 200 W bulb

= 120 x 120 / 200 = 72 
Total resistance in the circuit = 144 + 72 = 216 
 Current in the circuit = Voltage applied / Total resistance
240 / 216 = 1.111 amperes.
 Current in the circuit = 1.111 amperes
Hence proved.
3.5 Electrical Energy
Energy of a body is the capacity for doing work and is measured by the
work which the body can do. Hence units of work and energy are same. Elec-
trical energy is generally expressed in joules and kilowatt hours. Kilowatt hour
is a practical unit of electrical energy and is generally termed as 1 unit of electri-
cal energy.
:. Joule = Power in watts x Time in seconds
Kilowatt hour (KWh) = Power in KW x Time in hour
= 1000 watt hours
= 1 unit of electrical energy.

Example : Following is the connected load in a factory.

a) 2 Motors of ratings 5 H.P., 3 440 V and 0.8 p.f.
b) 8 Tube lights of 40 watts each.
c) 2 lamps of 100 watts each.
d) 4 cealing fans of 80 watts each.
Assuming that each equipment runs on average for 4 hours a day and
the factory works for 25 days in a month. Calculate the monthly electricity bill of
the factory, if the electricity rate is Re. 2 per unit.
Solution
It is given in the problem, that each equipment runs on average for 4
hours a day and the factory works for 25 days in a month.
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:. Total No. of hours used in a month

= 4 hours / day x 25 days in a month
= 4 x 25 = 100 hours
a) Motors: 2x5x735.5x100 = 735500 watt hours
b) Tublights 8x40x100 = 32000 watt hours
c) Lamps: 2x100x100 = 20000 watt hours
d) Fans: 4x80x100 = 32000 watt hours
Total energy consumed in a month = 819500 watt hours
Total energy consumed in the month = 819500 watt hours
= 819.5 kilowatt hours
= 819.5 units
Cost of energy = Re 2 per unit
Total cost of energy in a month = Rs. 819.5x2
Rs. = 1639 Ans.
3.6 Simple Problems
1. An electrical installation consists of 15 light points of 60 watts each, 8 light
points of 40 watt lamp. 4 fans of 60 watt capacity and a pump motor of 1/2 H.P.
assuming that 50% of light and fans are used for 4 hours per day and that the
water pump works for 3 hours daily. Find out the monthly consumption and
cost of electricity bill, based on tariff of 2 Rs. per kwh.
Sol. 60 watt lamps total no.s = 15
Total watt of 60 watt lamps 60 x 15 = 900 watt
40 watt lamps = 8
Total watt of 40 watt lamps = 40 x 8 = 320 watt
60 watt fan total no.s = 4
Total watt of fans = 60 x 4 = 240 watt
Total watt for lamps and fans = 900 + 320 + 240 = 1460 watt
50% of lights and fans are used in a day time = 4 hours.
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Total watt hrs = 730 x 4 = 2,920 watts

H.P. of pump motor = 1/2 or 373 watt (1 H.P. = 746 w.)
Time for the run of motor = 3 hours / daily
Total watt hours = 373 x 3 = 1119
Total load = 2920 + 1.119 = 4039 watt hrs.
Total load for day = 4039 watt hrs.
Power consumed in 30 days = 4039 x 30= 1,21,170 watt hrs.
= 1,21,170 / 1000 k.w.h.
Rate per k.w.h. = Rs. 3.30 paise
Total cost = 1,21,170 x 3.30 / 1000 x 100 = 399.80 rupees.
2. An office of electrical installation comprises the following loads. Calcu-
late the energy charges paid to the supply authority for the month of November
2011. Energy consumptions Rs. 2.00 per unit for power load and 2.50 Rs. per
unit for lighting load. Air-conditioner, pump, heater, calculators are connected
to the power circuit. The office worked for 25 days of that except security
section which worked on all days.
60 nos 4ft. watt flouresent tubes 8 hr/day 4 nos. 60 watt lamps, 12 hrs/day
for security purpose, 16 nos 60 watt ceiling fans 6 hrs/day.
1. No. 1,000 watt air - conditioner for 5 hrs/day
2. No. 750 watt pump 2 hrs / day.
3. No. Electric calculator 500 watt 1 hr/day
On electric heater 1,500 watt for 2 hrs per day meter rent at Rs. 2 per
meter and 10% surcharge an charge are also made by supply authorities.
Sol: for lighting
60 No.s 40 w. tubes 8 hrs/day = 60 x 40 x 8 = 19,200 wh.
4 No.s 60 w. lamps 12 hrs/day = 4 x 60 x 4 = 2,880 wh.
16 No.s 60 w. fans 6 hrs/day = 16 x 60 x 6 = 5,760 wh.
Total consumption 19,200 x 25 days = 4,80,000
for 2011 2,880 x 30 days = 86,400
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1,44,000 5,760 x 25 days

 wh.
7,10,400
7,10,400
 k.w.h.
1,000
= 710.4 k.w.h.
710.4  2.50
Rs. 2.50 per unit total charge  = 17.76 Rs.
100
for power :
1 No. 1,000 w. air - conditionar 5 hrs/day = 1x1,000x5 = 5,000 wh.
1 No. 750 w. pump 2 hrs/ay = 1x750x2 = 1,500 wh.
2 No. 500 w. electrical calculator 1 hr/day 2x500x1 = 1,000 wh.
heater 1,500 watt. 2 hrs per day = 1,500 x 2 = 3,000 wh.
Total power consumption per one month
5,000+1,500+1,000+3,000=10,500 wh.
10,500 x 25
 = k.w.h.
100
= 262.5 k.w.h.
Power cost = 262.5 x 2 = 525.00
Total charge power and light
Rs. 17.76 + 525.00 = 542.76
10% surcharge on total charge = 542.76 x 2 = Rs. 1,085.52
Two meter charge Rs. 4
So total charge = 1085.52+542.76+4 = Rs. 1631.28 Ans.
3. An electric insulation consists of the following
i) 20 lamps of 100 watt each working 6 hours per day.
ii) A 1,500 watt heater, working 8 hrs per day.
iii) A 2 H.P. motor (efficiency 85%) working 4 hours a day
Calculate the total number of units consumed during one month of 30
days if all these operate as shown against each day.
Solution: Kwh per day
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i) 20 lamp 100 watt each 6 hrs / day= 20x100x6 = 12,000 = 12 kwh

ii) 1,500 watt heater 8 hrs/day = 1,500x8 = 12,000 = 12 kwh.
iii) 2 H.P. Motor 85 % efficiency 4 hrs/day
2  746 100  4
 =
1,000  85
7.021 kwh.
Total units per day = 12+12+7.021 = 31.021 units
Total units per month = 31.021 x 30 = 930.63 units Ans.
4. Calculate bill electricity charges for the following load fitted an electrical in-
stallation.
1. 20 lamps 100 watt each working 6 hrs a day
2. 10 ceiling fans 120 watt each working 12 hrs a day.
3. 2 kilo watt heater working hrs a day.
4. 2 B.H.P. motor having 85% efficiency working 4 hrs a day.
Rate of change of light and fans is Rs. 2.00 per unit and heater and
motor is Rs. 1.50 per unit.
Solution: Light load.
100  20  6
20 lamp 100 watt 6 hrs a day  = 12 kwh
1,000
10 ceiling fans 120 watt each 12 hrs a day  120  10  12
1,000
= 14.4 kwh.
Total light load = 12+14.4 = 26.4 kwh
Power load :
2 kw heater 3 hrs a day = 2x3=6 kwh
2 B.P.H. motor having 85% efficiency motor input
2  746  100 watts

85
2  746 100 4
Load for 4 hrs daily  83 1,000  1 = 7.021 kwh.
Total power load = 7.021+6 = 13.021 kwh.
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26.4  2.00
Light  = 52.80 Rs.
100

13.021 1.50 39.063

Power   = 19.50
100 20

Total cost = 52.80 + 19.50 = Rs. 72.80 Ans.

Heating Effect of Electric Current
When electric current flows through any conductor, heat is producd
which is due to the transfer of electrical energy into heat energy.
Heat is measured is calories. The bigger unit is kilo calories.
Kilo Calaries : Kilogram of water through 10C is called a kilo calorie.
Dr. Joule has proved that
4.2 x 107 ergs = 1 calorie
 1 Joulie = 107 ergs
 4.2 Joile = 1 calorie
1
1 watt = 1 Joulie  calorie = 0.24 calorie (approximately)
4.2
Joule’s Law : Joules Law states that when ever current flows through any
conductor, heat is produced and
Heat produced current2 = I2
Heat produced Resistance = R
Heat produced Time = t
Let H = Heat produced in calories
Electrical energy expanded = I2Rt Joules
Note: 1 1 Joule = 1 watt x 1 second
1 kilo calorie = 4180 Joule
1 calorie = 4.180 Joule
I 2RT
Hence Heat produced in calories H 
J
where J = Joule constant
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= 4.18 Joule per calorie

Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current
There are various usful practical applications of the heating effect of elec-
tric current. The following are the examples in which it is practically applicable.
i. Electric Kettle and cooker
ii. Electric iron and heater
iii. Metal filament lamps and arc lamps
iv. Electrical ovens and stoves
v. Electrical thermostats and fuses
vi. Electrical arc welding
vii. Electric water heating and space heating
viii. Electrical furnaces meant for Heat treatment and melting of metals.
Heating Effect of Electric Current:
When an electric current flows through aconductor, electrical energy is
expended in overcoming the frictional resistance between electrons and mol-
ecules of the wire. This electrical expended will be converted into heat energy.
The phenomenon of convention of electrical energy into heat energy is known
as Heating Effect of Electric Current.
The following information is very useful while evaluating relative problems
on heating effect.
(i) Quantity of heat required = m.s.t. calories
Where, m = Mass in grams
S = Specific heat T = Rise in temperature in 0C
Note : Specific heat of water = 1
Mass of 1 litre water = 1 kg.
(ii) R = Resistance of heating element
V = Applied voltage
W = Wattage of Kettle
I = Current in amperes
Paper - III Electrical Technology 307

iii. Efficiency of Kettle =

iv. Electrical energy in joules = Wattage x Time in seconds
 Wattage of Kettle =
 Time in seconds =
v. 1 Kilo calorie = 4180 joules
1 joule = 1 watt second
Density of water = 1 gram / c.c.
Exercises
1. Three lamps of rating 230V, and 100W, 200W and 500W are con-
nected in parallel across 200V supply. Calculate the power dissipation of each
mp at 200V supply. Also calculate resistance of each lamp.
Figures indicate the actual power consumption which varies from model to
model. Same appliances exert higher initial loads.
2. Calculate the monthly electricity bill at 1.50 paise per unit for residential
building with the following load. Meter rent per month is Rs. 2.
i. 6 No.s 6 watt lamps used for 3 hrs per day.
ii. 2 No.s 80 watt fans used for 6 hrs per day.
iii. 1 No. 500 watt refrigerator working at 80% efficiency for 4 hrs per
day.
iv. 1 No. 3/4 H.P. motor working at 80% efficiency of 1.5 hours per day.
[ Ans. Rs. 171.22 ]
3. Calculate the bill of electricity charges for the following load fitted in
electrical installations.
i. 20 lamps 100 watt each working 6 hours a day.
ii. 10 ceiling fans 120 watt each working 12 hours a day.
iii. 2kW heater working 3 hours a day.
iv. 2 H.P. motor (n=85%) working 4 hours a day.
Rate of charges for light and fans 50 paise per unit and heater and
motor is 65 paise per unit. [Ans. Rs. 21.60]
4. A consumer has the following loads.
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i. 10 lamps of 60 W each working for 10 hours a day.

ii. 2 fans of 75W each working for 12 hours a day.
iii. 1 heater of 1.5kW working 2 hours a day.
If the unit charge is 70 paise find the electricity bill for the month of Novem-
ber 1991. Meter rent is Rs. 5 per month. [Ans. Rs. 231.80]

Electric bulb Electric drill VCR Electric fan

60 w 350 W 45 W 70 W

Photocopier Electric typewriter Tube light

725 W 140 W 45 W

Refrigerator Desert cooler Petrol pump

280 W 600 W 1500 W

Mixer TV Water Cooler

475 W 110 W 375 W

Figure indicate the actual power cosumption which varies from model to
model same appliances exert higher initial loads.
Key Concept
1. Work and its units:
Work is said to be done by force (F) when the point of its application
moves through a distance (D) mathematically.
Work = Force x Distance = F x D.
F.P.S. Foot founded
Paper - III Electrical Technology 309

C.G.S. cm - gram
M.K.S. meter- Kilogram
Electrical (W) = V x ( I x t )
2. Power:
Power is the rate of doing work.
F.P.S. Foot foundal.
C.G.S. Erg-per second.
M.K.S. Joule / Sec.
Electrical Watts = P = W / t, VI, I square R, V2/ R.
3. Energy:
Energy is a capacity for doing work.
F.P.S. Foot foundal.
C.G.S. Erg per foundal.
M.K.S. 1 Joule - 1 Newton meter.
Electrical watts / secs = P x t in sec = K.W x t (in hours).
4. Efficiency
The efficiency of the machine is the rate of the desired from of energy
which may be obtained from the machine (out put) to the total energy is fed to
machine (input) in other words
Out put ( useful ) energy
Efficiency = ----------------------------
Total input energy.

Out put energy

Percentage efficiency = ------------------- x 100.
Input energy.

5. Joule’s Law:
Joules law states that when ever current flows through any conductor, heat
is produced and
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Heat produced  current square = I square.

Heat produced  Resistance = R
Heat produced  Time = t.
6. H.P = 746 watts.
B.H.P = Break horse power = H.P.
B.O.T = Board of trade unit = 1 kWh.
Activity - I
Term Definition M.K.S Units Electrical Formulas
1) Work Work is set tobe Meter-Kilo W=
done by a force
when it is point of
application moves
it own directions
2) Power Power is the rate Joules/Sec./ P=
of doing work or Watt P=
P=
P=
3) Energy Energy is the Watt/Sec. (in Seconds)
capacity for doing (in Hours)
work
Abbrevations & Values
(1) HP=
(2) BHP=
(3) BOT =
Define the terms
1. Efficiancy
2. Kilo Colories
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3) Joules

Activities - II

1. Define the work

2. Define the power

3. Define the energy

4. Define the Joul’s Law

5. Write the appliction of eating effect of Electric Current

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Short Answer Type Question
1. Define Work. Give units.
2. Define Power. Give units.
3. Define Energy. Give units.
4. What is Electric Power ? Give units.
5. What is electrical energy ? Give units.
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Long Answer Type Questions

1. Write short notes on
(i) Work (ii) Power (iii) Energy
2. Explain
(i) Elecric Power (ii) Electrical Energy
3. A residential house has the following load.
i. Ten lamps of 60 watts each running 5 hours per day.
ii. Five 75W fans running 12 hrs/day.
iii. One 750W electric iron running 2 hrs/day.
iv. One 1/6H.P. refrigerator of efficiency 80% running 18 hrs/day.
v. One 1/2 H.P. pump set of efficiency 85% running 2 hrs/day.
Calculate monthly bill at 80 paise per unit.
OJT/Project Work
(1) Find the reading of watt meter.
(2) Calculated the monthly bill of electricity charges.