POWER

SUB MODULE: 3.8

LEVEL 2

PRESENTER:
SMRUTI GHADI
 POWER
 Electrical Power, (P) in a circuit is the rate at
which energy is absorbed or produced within a
circuit.
 The higher their value or rating in watts the more
electrical power they are likely to consume.
 The quantity symbol for power is P and is the
product of voltage multiplied by the current with
the unit of measurement being the Watt (W)
 Prefixes are used to denote the various multiples
or sub-multiples of a watt, such as: milliwatts
(mW = 10-3W) or kilowatts (kW = 103W).
 [P=VxI] P (watts) = V (volts) x I (amps)
 If the calculated power is positive, (+P) in value
for any formula the component absorbs the
power, that is it is consuming or using power.
 If the calculated power is negative, (–P) in value
the component produces or generates power, in
other words it is a source of electrical power
such as batteries and generators.
 WORK & ENERGY IN CIRCUITS
 Electrical Energy  is the capacity to do work, and
the unit of work or energy is the joule ( J ).
 Electrical energy is the product of power
multiplied by the length of time it was
consumed.
 Electrical power can also be defined as the rate
of by which energy is transferred.
 If one joule of work is either absorbed or
delivered at a constant rate of one second, then
the corresponding power will be equivalent to
one watt so power can be defined as “1Joule/sec
= 1Watt”.
 One watt is equal to one joule per second and
electrical power can be defined as the rate of
doing work or the transferring of energy.
 Electrical Power and Energy Triangle
 KINETIC & POTENTIAL ENERGY

 Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic energy is defined as being energy in motion.

An airplane rolling down the runway or a rotating

flywheel on an engine are both examples of kinetic
energy.
 Kinetic energy has the same units as potential

energy, namely foot-pounds or inch-pounds.

 To use the formula, we will show the mass as weight

÷ gravity and the velocity of the object will be in feet

per second. This is necessary to end up with units in
foot-pounds.
 KINETIC & POTENTIAL ENERGY

 Example: A Boeing 777 weighing

600,000 lb is moving down the runway on
its takeoff roll with a velocity of 200 fps. How
many foot-pounds of kinetic energy does the
airplane possess? 
 Kinetic Energy = 1⁄2 Mass × Velocity2

 Kinetic Energy = 1⁄2 × 600,000 ÷ 32.2 × 2002

 KE = 372,670,000 ft-lb
 Potential Energy
 Potential energy is defined as being energy at rest, or energy that
is stored. Potential energy may be classified into three groups: (1)
that due to position, (2) that due to distortion of an elastic body,
and (3) that which produces work through chemical action.
 Water in an elevated reservoir, and an airplane raised off the
ground sitting on jacks are examples of the first group; a stretched
bungee chord on a Piper Tri-Pacer or compressed spring are
examples of the second group; and energy in aviation gasoline,
food, and storage batteries are examples of the third group.
 A calculation based on this formula will produce an answer that
has units of foot-pounds (ft-lb) or inch pounds (in-lb), which are
the same units that apply to work.
 Work, is described as a force being applied over a measured
distance, with the force being pounds and the distance being feet
or inches. It can be seen that potential energy and work have a lot
in common. 
 Potential Energy = Mass × Gravity × Height = Weight × Height
 Example: A Boeing 747 weighing 450,000 pounds needs to be
raised 4 feet in the air so maintenance can be done on the
landing gear. How much potential energy does the airplane
possess because of this raised position?
 Potential Energy = Weight × Height
 PE = 450,000 lb × 4 ft
 PE = 1,800,000 ft-lb 
 POWER IN SERIES & PARALLEL CIRCUITS

 The total power dissipated in both a series and

parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the power
dissipated in each resistor in the circuit. Power is
simply additive and can be stated as:
 PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ……..PN
 POWER DISSIPIATION IN RESISTANCE
 When current flows in a resistance, heat is
produced because friction between the moving
free electrons and the atoms obstructs the path
of electron flow.
 The heat is evidence that power is used in
producing current.
 The power is generated by the source of applied
voltage and consumed in the resistance as heat.
 The correspondence between electric power and
heat is indicated by the fact that1W used during
1 s is equivalent to 0.24 calorie of heat energy.
 Since power is dissipated in the resistance of a
circuit, it is convenient to express the power in
terms of the resistance R.
 P = I2R
 This is a common form of the power formula
because of the heat produced by current in a
resistance.
Calculating the electric power in a
circuit as P = V X I,
P = I2 R, or P = V2 / R.
 In some applications, electric power dissipation is
desirable because the component must produce
heat to do its job.
 For instance, a 600-W toaster must dissipate this
amount of power to produce the necessary
amount of heat.
 In other applications, however, the heat may be
just an undesirable by-product of the need to
provide current through the resistance in a circuit.
 POWER FORMULAS
SI UNITS:
 Power: It is the rate of doing work. Its unit is watt (W) which represents
1 joule per second.
1 W = 1 J/s
 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) and kilocalorie (kcal)
1 kWh = 1000 ×1J/s× 3600 s = 36 × 10 5J
1J = 0.24Cal
1 kcal = 4,186 J ∴ 1 kWh = 36 × 10 5/4, 186 = 860 kcal
 1 watt hour (Wh) = 1J/s× 3600 s = 3600J
 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 W and
1 megawatt (MW) = 106W
 JOULE’S LAW OF ELECTRIC HEATING
 The amount of work required to maintain a current of I amperes through a
resistance of R ohm for t second is
 W.D. = I 2 Rt joules = VIt joules (R = V/I)
= Wt joules (W = VI)
= V2 t/R joules (I = V/R)
 This work is converted into heat and is dissipated away.
 The amount of heat produced is H = work done mechanical
Equivalent of heat
 W D /J = where J = 4,186 joules/kcal = 4,200 joules / kcal (approx.)
 ∴ H = I 2 Rt/4,200 kcal
 = Vlt/4,200 kcal
 = Wt/4,200 kcal
 = V2 t/4,200 R kcal
POWER FORMULAS
 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING POWER, WORK & ENERGY
 Problem: A current of 80 A flows for 1 hr, in a resistance
across which there is a voltage of 2 V. Determine the
velocity with which a weight of 1 ton must move in order
that its kinetic energy shall be equal to the energy
dissipated in the resistance.
 Solution: Energy dissipated in the resistance = VIt = 2 × 80
× 3600 = 576,000 J
 A weight of one ton represents a mass of one ton i.e.,
1000 kg. Its kinetic energy is = (1/2)× 1000 × v2= 500 v2
 ∴ 500 v2 = 576,000 ∴ v2 = 1152 m/s.
 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING POWER, WORK & ENERGY

 Problem: Two heaters, rated at 1000 W, 250 volts each,

are connected in series across a 250 Volts 50 Hz A.C.
mains. Calculate the total power drawn from the supply in
watts.
 Solution: Power dissipated across the two
heaters=V2/R=(250)2/R
 1000=(250)2/R ∴R=62.5Ω
 Total resistance R(T)=62.5Ω+62.5Ω=125Ω 
 Total power drawn=V2/R=(250)2/125=500W
POWER OF A MOTOR(ROTATING MACHINE)
Power of a motor: Torque X Angular speed
=TX⍵
= Nm X2⫪N/60
(N is rev per min)
If N is given as rev per sec then: 2⫪NT
Problem: An electric motor produces a force of 5N at a
distance of 0.2m from the center of rotation & rotates
at a speed of 100 rev/sec. Calculate the output of
motor.
Ans: 5X0.2X2X3.14X 100= 628W
 THANK
YOU FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION