ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1

Module 2: Power and Energy

Outline:

2.1. Electrical Power and Electrical Energy

2.2. Relationship of Power to Voltage, Electric Current, and Resistance
2.3. Electrical Power Distribution
2.4. Electrical Energy Consumption and Cost Calculation

Objectives:

• To understand the difference between power and energy

• To learn how to calculate electrical power and identify its relationship to voltage, resistance,
electric power, and energy.
• To learn how to calculate energy and cost of operational electrical equipment

Introduction

Electrical power is a fundamental force that has revolutionized the way we live, work, and interact
with the world around us. It encompasses the generation, transmission, and utilization of electrical
energy to power various devices and systems. This force of nature, harnessed by human ingenuity,
has a rich history shaped by visionary pioneers and inventors.

2.1. Electrical Power and Electrical Energy

Electrical power, often referred to simply as "power," is the rate at which electrical energy is
transferred, converted, or used in an electrical circuit. It represents the amount of energy consumed
or produced per unit of time. The SI unit of electrical power is the watt (W), which is equivalent to
one joule (J) of energy transferred or converted per second. Larger units, such as kilowatts (kW),
megawatts (MW), and gigawatts (GW), are commonly used for measuring power on a larger scale.

In general, power is a measure of the rate at which energy is generated or consumed in a system.
The following are the mostly used units of power.

1. Watt (W): The watt is the SI unit of power. One watt is equal to one joule of energy per
second (1 W = 1 J/s). It is commonly used for measuring electrical power.

2. Kilowatt (kW): One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts. Kilowatts are often used for larger
electrical systems, such as in homes, industries, and power plants.

3. Megawatt (MW): One megawatt is equal to 1,000,000 watts or 1,000 kilowatts. Megawatts
are used to describe the power output of larger electrical generators and power plants.

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 1

 4. Gigawatt (GW): One gigawatt is equal to 1,000,000,000 watts or 1,000 megawatts. Gigawatts
are commonly used to describe the capacity of large power stations or the total power
output of a region's electrical grid.

5. Horsepower (hp): Horsepower is a unit of power that is still used in some parts of the world,
particularly in the automotive and engineering industries. One horsepower is approximately
equal to 746 watts.

6. Calorie per Second (cal/s): This unit is used less frequently but is sometimes used to express
power in the field of thermodynamics. One calorie per second is approximately equal to
4.184 watts.

7. BTU per Hour (BTU/hr): British Thermal Units per hour is another unit of power used in the
context of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. One BTU per hour is
approximately equal to 0.293 watts.

8. Erg per Second (erg/s): The erg is a unit of energy, but ergs per second are used to measure
power in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of units.

Electrical energy, on the other hand, is the total amount of energy stored, transferred, or used in
an electrical system over a specific period. It quantifies the cumulative work done or the capacity for
work within the system. The SI unit of electrical energy is the joule (J). However, in practical
applications, larger units such as kilowatt-hours (kWh) and megawatt-hours (MWh) are commonly
used. One kilowatt-hour is equal to 3.6 million joules.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘) = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Problem 1. A laptop computer consumes 45 watts of power when in use. If it is used continuously
for 4 hours, how much electrical energy does it consume?

𝐸 =𝑃×𝑡
= (45 𝑊)(4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
= 180𝑊 ∙ ℎ

Problem 2. A refrigerator operates with a power rating of 1500 watts. If it runs for 12 hours each
day, how much energy does it consume in a month (assuming 30 days)?

𝐸 =𝑃×𝑡
= (1500𝑊)(12 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 × 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)
= 540,000 𝑊 ∙ ℎ
= 540 𝑘𝑊ℎ

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 2

 Problem 3. A car battery stores 40,000 joules of electrical energy. If it takes 2 hours to fully charge
the battery, calculate the power at which it is charged.

Note: 1 W = 1 J/s

2 hours = 7,200 seconds

𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡

40 × 103 𝐽
=
7200 𝑠

= 5.556 𝑊

2.2. Relationship of Power to Voltage, Electric Current, and Resistance

Power in an electrical circuit is related to Ohm's Law, which

describes the fundamental relationship between voltage (V),
current (I), and resistance (R). The relationship between power,
voltage, current, and resistance can be expressed using the
following formulas:

1. Power (P) in terms of Voltage and Current:

The formula for power (P) in an electrical circuit, where voltage

(V) and current (I) are known, is given by:
James Watt: A Scottish inventor and
engineer renowned for his pivotal
contributions to the development of
P=V⋅I
the steam engine during the Industrial
Revolution. His most significant This formula states that power is equal to the product of voltage
innovation was the invention of the and current. It tells you how much energy is being transferred or
separate condenser in 1765, greatly
enhancing the efficiency of steam how much work is being done in the circuit.
engines and making them more
practical for industrial applications. 2. Power (P) in terms of Resistance and Current:
Watt's name is immortalized in the unit
of power, the "watt," which represents
the rate of energy transfer and is Using Ohm's Law, V=I⋅R, you can also express power in terms of
integral to modern measurements of resistance and current:
power. His work not only transformed P = I2R
the efficiency of engines but also
revolutionized industries such as
manufacturing, textiles, and mining, This formula shows that power is directly proportional to the
contributing significantly to the rapid square of the current and the resistance in the circuit. It's often
industrialization of society and shaping
the course of technological progress. used when you know the current and resistance and want to
calculate the power dissipated or delivered in a circuit.

3. Power (P) in terms of Voltage and Resistance:

Similarly, you can express power in terms of voltage and resistance using Ohm's Law:

P = V2/R

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 3

 This formula shows that power is directly proportional to the square of the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance in the circuit. It's useful when you know the voltage and resistance and
want to calculate the power.

Utilizing Electrical Power as another parameter and in relation to Ohm’s Law, the visual
representation below shows the interrelationship between power, current, voltage, and resistance.

Problem 4. You have a resistor with a resistance Problem 5. A circuit has a current reading of 5
of 50 ohms connected to a voltage source of 120 amperes that flows through a 10-ohm resistor.
volts. Calculate the power dissipated by the Calculate the voltage drop across the resistor
resistor. and the power dissipated.

𝑉2 a. Voltage Drop
𝑃= 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = (5)(10) = 𝟓𝟎 𝑽
𝑅
(120 𝑉)2 b. Power dissipated
𝑃= 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
50 Ω
𝑃 = (52 )(10) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑾
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝑾

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 4

Problem 6. Five resistors, each having 1-kΩ resistance, are wired in a parallel setting with a
voltage source of 12V. Evaluate the total power dissipated and the total electrical energy utilized
(in Wh) if the circuit runs for 10 seconds.

a. PT b. ET

(𝑉𝑇 )2 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑇 × 𝑡
𝑃𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇
𝑡 = 10 𝑠 = 2.778 × 10−3 ℎ𝑟𝑠
Solve for RT first:
1 𝐸 = 720 × 10−3 𝑊 × 2.778 × 10−3 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑅𝑇 =
1 1 1 1 1
1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 𝑬 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑾𝒉

𝑅𝑇 = 200Ω

(12)2
𝑃𝑇 =
200

𝑷𝑻 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑾

Problem 7. You have a toaster rated at 1200 Problem 8. You have a light bulb with a
watts connected to a standard household resistance of 300 ohms. If it is connected to a
voltage of 120 volts. Calculate the current standard household voltage of 240 volts,
flowing through the toaster. calculate the power consumed by the light
bulb.
𝑉2
𝑃 𝑃=
𝐼= 𝑅
𝑉
(240 𝑉)2
1200 𝑊 =
= 300 Ω
120 𝑉
= 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝑾
= 𝟏𝟎 𝑨

Problem 9. An electrical appliance consumes 500 watts of power when connected to a 120-volt
power source for 2 hours. Calculate the electrical charge that passes through the appliance during
this time.
𝑊
𝑉= = 𝟏𝟎 𝑨
𝑄

𝑊 𝑃𝑡
𝑄= =
𝑉 𝑉

(500 𝑊)(2 ℎ𝑟𝑠 × 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠)

𝑄=
120 𝑉

𝑸 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑪

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 5

2.3. Electrical Power Distribution

Electrical power distributors, often referred to as electric utilities or power distribution

companies, play a crucial role in the electrical energy supply chain. Their primary function is to
distribute electrical power from various sources of generation to end-users, such as residential,
commercial, and industrial customers.

Responsibilities of Electrical power distributors

1. Power Distribution Network

Electrical power distributors operate and maintain an extensive network of power lines,
substations, transformers, and distribution equipment. This network is responsible for
transporting electricity from power generation facilities to end-users.

2. Grid Management
Distributors manage and control the electrical grid, ensuring a reliable supply of electricity
to consumers. This involves monitoring power demand, voltage levels, and system stability
to prevent blackouts or brownouts.

3. Power Delivery
They are responsible for delivering electricity at the appropriate voltage levels to homes,
businesses, and industries. This often involves stepping down the voltage from high-voltage
transmission lines to lower-voltage levels suitable for distribution.

4. Maintenance and Repairs

Distributors are responsible for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of infrastructure
components, including power lines, transformers, and substations, to ensure the reliability
and safety of the electrical grid.

5. Customer Service
Power distribution companies interact directly with consumers, providing customer support,
handling billing, and addressing service-related inquiries and issues.

6. Metering and Billing

Distributors install and maintain electrical meters at customers' premises to measure
electricity consumption accurately. They then bill customers based on their electricity usage.

7. Connection Services
Distributors facilitate new connections for customers, including homes and businesses,
ensuring they have access to a reliable source of electricity. They also handle disconnections
and reconnections as needed.

8. Energy Efficiency Programs

Some power distributors offer energy efficiency programs and incentives to encourage
customers to use electricity more efficiently and reduce their energy consumption.

9. Renewable Energy Integration

Many distribution companies are actively involved in integrating renewable energy sources,
such as solar and wind, into their distribution networks to reduce carbon emissions and
support sustainable energy practices.

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 6

10. Regulatory Compliance
Distributors must comply with government regulations and standards related to safety,
environmental impact, and grid reliability.

11. Emergency Response

Power distribution companies have emergency response teams ready to address power
outages and disruptions caused by severe weather, accidents, or other emergencies.

12. Modernization and Smart Grids

Some distributors are investing in smart grid technologies to enhance grid efficiency, monitor real-
time data, and improve overall reliability.

In many regions, electrical power distribution is a regulated industry, and distribution

companies are subject to oversight by government agencies or regulatory bodies to ensure fair
pricing, reliability, and compliance with safety and environmental standards. Overall, electrical
power distributors are critical entities in ensuring the efficient and reliable delivery of electrical
energy to consumers.

The Philippines’ Department of Energy

Mandate: The Department of Energy (DOE) ensures

Department of Energy (DOE) : The image above
shows the seal of DOE, the executive department
of the Philippine government responsible for
preparing, integrating, manipulating, organizing,
coordinating, supervising, and controlling all
plans, programs, projects and activities of the
Government relative to energy exploration,
development, utilization, distribution and
conservation.
continuous, adequate, and economic supply of energy to
keep pace with the country’s growth and economic
development with the end view of ultimately achieving
self-reliance in the country’s energy requirements. This
will be done through the integrated and intensive
exploration, production, management, and development
of the country’s indigenous energy resources; and
through judicious conservation, renewal, and efficient
utilization of energy, taking into consideration the active
participation of the private sector in the various areas of
energy resource development. The DOE rationalizes,
integrates, and coordinates the various program of the
Government towards self-sufficiency and enhanced
productivity in power and energy without sacrificing
ecological concerns.

National Electrification Administration

The National Electrification Administration (NEA) is a government-owned and controlled

corporation (GOCC) attached to the Department of Energy of the Philippines tasked in the full
implementation of the rural electrification program (REP) and reinforce the technical capability and
financial viability of the 121 rural electric cooperatives (ECs).

It is the agency instrumental in the successful implementation of the Rural Electrification

Program. It was created on July 28, 1969, through Republic Act No. 6038 which later became a
corporation under Presidential Decree No. 269 on August 6, 1973 and has been granted additional
power by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1645 on October 8, 1979. For 53 years, NEA has

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 7

undertaken the task of improving the socio-economic status of the people in the countryside through
electrification. NEA has provided legal, institutional, financial, and technical (LIFT) assistance to the
Electric Cooperatives (ECs) which in turn undertake power distribution on an area coverage basis.

The Philippine Distribution Code

The Philippine Distribution Code establishes the basic rules and procedures that govern the
operation, maintenance, development, connection, and use of the electric distribution systems in the
Philippines. Compliance with the provisions of this Distribution Code is mandatory for all
participants in distribution system operations. These include the Distributors and the Users of the
distribution system including embedded generators, other distributors connected to the distribution
system, and large customers.

The Philippine Distribution Code defines the technical aspects of the working relationship between
the distributors and all the users of the distribution system. Electric distributors must deliver electric
energy to the electricity users at acceptable levels of service quality. On the other hand, the users of
the distribution systems must comply with certain rules and standards to avoid adverse effect on the
distribution system. The reliability of the distribution system depends on the performance of the
various components of the distribution network. Thus, major components such as power substations,
primary lines, distribution transformers, secondary lines, and service lines, must perform
satisfactorily.

Some Power Plants in the Philippines

1. Agus VI Hydroelectric Power Plant - a 200 MW hydroelectric power plant, supplied by a water
flow of about 130 cubic meters per second. It is the oldest among the six (6) cascading power
plants. With five (5) generating units, Agus VI has proven to be a steady source of electric
power in Mindanao. Maria Cristina Falls powers the Agus VI Hydroelectric Plant. The power
plant has a 200 MW potential capacity. Agus VI is operated by the National Power Corporation
and was commissioned on May 31, 1953. Under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's
Mindanao Super Region development plan, the Agus VI is planned to undergo a 1.856-billion-
peso upgrading project.

Agus VI : Located at the foot of Maria Cristina Falls, flowing about 130 cubic meters
per second – supplying electricity to 70% of Mindanao.

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 8

 2. Bangui Wind Farm -
Connected to the Luzon Grid,
the windmills supply Ilocos
Norte's electricity needs.
Each of the 20 windmills is
70 m (230 ft) tall, with 41 m
(135 ft) long blades, which
generates around 1.65 MW
each. The current electrical
power production is around
33 MW and contributes
nearly 40% of the provinces
electrical power. Due to
Ilocos' location between the
Pacific Ocean and the South
China Sea, the province
tends to have more wind Bangui Windmills : Located at the foot of Maria Cristina Falls, flowing about 130
than most others in the cubic meters per second – supplying electricity to 70% of Mindanao.
Philippines. This makes for
just a great place for one of Southeast Asian's biggest wind farms. In fact, it was the biggest
until the Burgos Wind Farm took the title in the year 2014.

3. Raslag Solar Farm – Located in Pampanga, this power plant is a 23 MW ground-mounted solar
farm power project which is spread over an area of 263,210 square meters. The project
supplies enough clean energy to power 11,700 households. In August 2015, RASLAG Corp.,
the renewable energy generation arm of Angeles Power, Inc. contracted Conergy Asia & ME
to expand their existing 10-MW power plant in Mexico, Pampanga by adding 13 MWp, which
will bring the total capacity of the RASLAG power plant to 23 MW by the project’s completion.

4. Sual Power Station - the largest and most cost-effective coal-fired power station in the
Philippines with a generating capacity of 1,200 MW. It has been providing electricity to the
Luzon grid since 1999 under a build, operate and transfer (BOT) scheme with the Philippine
government which ends in 2024. The coal-fired power station is owned by Team Energy, a
company established as a joint venture between Marubeni Corporation and Tokyo Electric
Power Corporation. San Miguel Energy Corporation is the independent power producer
administrator (IPPA) of the facility since 2009.

Sual Power Station: A 1,200-MW coal-fired power station Raslag Solar Farm: Ground-mounted solar power
located near Lingayen Guld in Sual, Pangasinan, harnessing farm producing 19,438 MWh annually.
Philippines

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 9

 5. Malitbog Geothermal Power Station – A 232.5 MW power plant and is the world’s largest
geothermal power station under one roof located in Malitbog, Kananga, Leyte in the
Philippines. Formerly owned and operated by the California Energy under a build-operate-
transfer scheme known as CE Luzon. In 2007, it was transferred to PNOC – EDC and since
2009, it was owned and operated privately by the Energy Development Corporation.

Malitbog Geothermal Power Station: The worlds largest geothermal power station located in
Leyte, Philippines

Electricity Distribution

The distribution of electricity from power plants to homes and businesses involves a series of
steps and components that ensure the efficient and safe delivery of electrical energy.

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 10

 1. Power Generation: Electricity is generated at power plants using various methods, including
fossil fuels (coal, natural gas), nuclear reactors, renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro), and
more. The generators in power plants produce electrical energy in the form of alternating
current (AC).

2. Step-Up Transformers: The electricity generated at power plants typically starts at a

relatively low voltage. To minimize energy loss during transmission, this voltage is increased
using step-up transformers. These transformers convert the electricity to very high voltages,
typically in the range of 110,000 to 765,000 volts for long-distance transmission.

3. Transmission Lines: High-voltage electricity is transmitted over long distances via

transmission lines. These lines are typically made of conductive materials like aluminum or
copper and are supported by tall towers or poles. The high voltage reduces energy loss due
to resistance in the wires.

4. Substations: Along the transmission route, there are substations that serve as hubs for the
electrical grid. These substations play a crucial role in managing voltage levels, switching
between different transmission lines, and ensuring the reliability of the system. They contain
transformers that can step the voltage up or down as needed.

5. Step-Down Transformers: Before electricity is delivered to homes and businesses, it must be

transformed to lower voltages, which are safe for use in buildings. Step-down transformers
reduce the voltage to levels typically used in distribution systems, which are around 2,400 to
25,000 volts for residential and commercial areas.

6. Distribution Lines: After stepping down the voltage, the electricity is distributed through a
network of power lines known as distribution lines or feeders. These lines are typically
carried on poles or underground conduits. Distribution lines may further branch into smaller
lines to serve specific neighborhoods or areas.

7. Secondary Transformers: As the electricity gets closer to end-users, it goes through

secondary transformers, which further reduce the voltage to the standard levels used in
homes (usually 120/240 volts in North America).

8. Service Drop: Finally, the electricity is delivered to individual homes and businesses through
service drops, which are lines that connect from the distribution system to the building's
electrical service entrance. Circuit breakers or fuses at the service entrance help protect the
building's electrical system from overloads and faults.

9. Internal Wiring: Inside a building, the electricity is distributed through internal wiring to
outlets, switches, and appliances.

It's important to note that the voltage levels and specific equipment used can vary by region and
country, depending on local standards and infrastructure. The entire process is designed to ensure
the safe and reliable delivery of electricity while minimizing energy losses during transmission and
distribution.

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 11

2.4. Electrical Energy Consumption and Cost Calculation

Electrical energy consumption in homes plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, powering a vast
array of appliances and devices that have become indispensable in modern society. Once
electricity has completed its journey from power plants through transformers and transmission
lines to residential areas, it transforms into a versatile force that enables us to light our homes,
cook our meals, stay connected, and maintain comfort. The efficient utilization of electrical
energy within households not only enhances our quality of life but also raises important
considerations regarding sustainability and energy conservation. In this context, understanding
how electrical energy is consumed in homes, managing its usage, and exploring energy-efficient
practices become essential steps in both reducing environmental impact and optimizing the cost-
effectiveness of our daily activities.

Solving electrical energy consumption and cost calculation involves a straightforward

process that allows individuals and businesses to manage their electricity usage efficiently and
control expenses. Here are the steps to calculate electrical energy consumption and cost:

1. Identify the Electrical Appliance or Device: Begin by selecting the specific electrical
appliance or device for which you want to calculate energy consumption and cost. Make
sure you know the appliance's power rating in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). This
information is usually found on a label or plate on the appliance.

2. Determine the Usage Time: Determine how many hours per day the appliance is in use.
For some appliances like refrigerators or air conditioners, you may need to estimate the
average daily usage.

3. Convert Watts to Kilowatts: If the appliance's power rating is in watts, convert it to

kilowatts by dividing by 1,000 (since 1 kW = 1,000 W).

4. Calculate Daily Energy Consumption: Multiply the power rating in kilowatts (kW) by the
number of hours the appliance is in use each day. This gives you the daily energy
consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

The formula is:

Daily Energy Consumption (kWh) = Power Rating (kW) × Hours of Use (h)

5. Determine the Electricity Rate: Check your electricity bill or contact your utility provider
to find the electricity rate. In the Philippines, electricity rates are usually given in ₱ per
kilowatt-hour (₱/kWh).

6. Calculate Daily Cost: Multiply the daily energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) by
the electricity rate to determine the daily cost of running the appliance.

The formula is:

Daily Cost (₱) = Daily Energy Consumption (kWh) × Electricity Rate (₱/kWh)

7. Calculate Monthly or Annual Cost: To find the monthly or annual cost of running the
appliance, simply multiply the daily cost by the number of days in the month or year. For
example, for the monthly cost:
Monthly Cost (₱) = Daily Cost (₱) × Number of Days in the Month

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 12

Problem 10. Calculate the daily and monthly (assuming 30 days) cost of the following data
presented. Assume ₱13.975/kWh

Appliance Quantity Power Hours of usage

Rating per day
Air conditioner 2 1.5 hp 8
Bulb 5 30 W 6
Refrigerator 1 300 W 24
Electric Fan 3 100 W 15

a. 2 Air conditioners d. 3 electric fans

Convert hp to kW
1.5 ℎ𝑝 × 746 𝑊 = 1119 𝑊 = 1.119 𝑘𝑊
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × 𝑡
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (1.119 𝑘𝑊)(8 ℎ)
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 8.952 𝑘𝑊ℎ/ aircon
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 8.952 𝑘𝑊ℎ × 2
= 𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑾𝒉
b. 5 Bulbs
Convert W to kW
30 𝑊 = 0.03 𝑘𝑊
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × 𝑡
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (0.03 𝑘𝑊)(6 ℎ)
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.18 𝑘𝑊ℎ/bulb
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.18 𝑘𝑊ℎ × 5
= 𝟎. 𝟗 𝒌𝑾𝒉
c. 1 Refrigerator
Convert W to kW
100 𝑊 = 0.1 𝑘𝑊
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × 𝑡
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (0.1 𝑘𝑊)(15 ℎ)
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.5 𝑘𝑊ℎ /𝑓𝑎𝑛
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝑾𝒉
Total Daily Consumption:
17.904 kWh + 0.9 kWh + 7.2 kWh + 4.5 kWh
= 30.504 kWh
Monthly Consumption:
30.504 kWh/day × 30 days = 915.2 kWh
Daily Cost:
30.504 kWh × ₱13.975/kWh = ₱426.295
Monthly Cost:
915.2 kWh× ₱13.975/kWh =₱12,789.92

Convert W to kW
300 𝑊 = 0.3 𝑘𝑊

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × 𝑡
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (0.3 𝑘𝑊)(24 ℎ)
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝒌𝑾𝒉

ENGUTIL1/Module 1: Introduction to Electricity 13