ECL 204 | 13153

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
APPLICATIONS
ECL 204

Name : W.Y.Madushani
Reg No : 2015s15202
Index No : 13s153
Date : 2017/03/30
Group No : 11-B
Partner’s Name : K.N.M.D.M.Kosgahakumbura
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this set of experiments is to have a basic idea & correspond with a operational
amplifiers(op-amp) and learn about applications of op-amps.To do that four experiments were conducted
and two types of TL084 and 74LS148 ICs were used.

First and second experiments were done to get an idea about the Integrating and Differentiating
Amplifiers. After constructing the circuits on the breadboard, according to the input signal output signal
was observed and output values were recorded.

In the third experiment Digital to Analog Converter was constructed. By using this DAC outputs were
observed according to the different input values.

In the last experiment Analog to Digital Converter was constructed and after observing the function of
this circuit priority encoder circuit was constructed. To construct flash ADC circuit 74LS148 IC was used
other than the TL084 IC.

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Contents
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................................................1
TABLE OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................................3
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................4
2. THEORY...................................................................................................................................................................5
3. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................................10
4. DATA AND OBSERVATIONS..................................................................................................................................14
5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................15
6. DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................................................21
7. CONCLUSSION......................................................................................................................................................24
8. REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................................25

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1Pin Diagram of op-amp...................................................................................................................................5
Figure 2.2Intergrating amplifier circuit...........................................................................................................................6
Figure 2.3Differentiator amplifier circuit........................................................................................................................7
Figure 2.4 DAC.................................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 2.5Priority encorder.............................................................................................................................................9
Figure 3.1Circuit diagram of Integrating amplifier.......................................................................................................10
Figure 3.2Circuit diagram of Differentiating amplifier..................................................................................................11
Figure 3.3circuit diagram of Digital to Analog converter.............................................................................................11
Figure 3.4Circuit diagram of Analog to Digital converter.............................................................................................12
Figure 3.5Pinout of 74148 IC........................................................................................................................................13
Figure 5.1Sine wave input.............................................................................................................................................15
Figure 5.2Triangular wave input...................................................................................................................................16
Figure 5.3Square wave input........................................................................................................................................17
Figure 5.4Sine wave input.............................................................................................................................................18
Figure 5.5Triangular wave input...................................................................................................................................19
Figure 5.6Square wave input........................................................................................................................................20

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Operational amplifiers are the most useful single device in analog electronic circuits. Generally we called
it as Op-Amp. Op-Amp were first introduced in the 1940s.

It is used in circuits, because of few important characteristics. In an ideal op-amp there are some qualities
such as

 Infinite open loop gain

 Infinite input impedance
 Infinite bandwidth
 Zero output impedance
 Zero input offset voltage.
An Operational Amplifier can be used under two main conditions in amplification as Inverting and Non-
inverting. In a non-inverting Amplifier, the larger input is given to the positive input terminal while in an
inverting amplifier, the larger input is given to the negative terminal. Most often the inverting amplifier is
used in real cases as inverting amplifiers support negative feedback than in case of non-inverting
amplifiers. Feedback plays a vital part in the amplification in Operational Amplifier circuits as the voltage
gain can be controlled through feedback.

Using Operational Amplifiers Amplification, Differentiation, Integration circuits as well as Digital to

Analog and Analog to Digital converters (DAC and ADC) can be designed. This report consists of few
such circuits and applications of such circuits.

Operating amplifier is constructed for several stages differential input stage, intermediate gain stage, a
push pull output stage.

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 2. THEORY
Gain of the Op Amp

The amplifier is linear for |V out| < V supply. However if |V out| exceeds V supply, the output saturates.
In practice the exact saturation voltage is a few volts less than the power supply voltage. In the linear
region;

Vout =A(V+ -V- )

where A is the open loop gain which is typically 2x105.

Golden Rules

The following rules are use to analyse Op Amp circuit when the Op Amp until is operating in the linear
mode.

1. V+ - V- = 0
2. No current is drawn into or out of input and output terminals

TL084

The TL08xx JFET-input operational amplifier family is designed to offer a wider selection than any
previously developed operational amplifier family. Each of these JFET-input operational amplifiers
incorporates well-matched, high-voltage JFET and bipolar transistors in a monolithic integrated circuit.
The devices feature high slew rates, low input bias and offset currents, and low offset-voltage
temperature coefficient.

Figure 2.1Pin Diagram of op-amp

The ’HC148 devices feature priority decoding of the inputs to ensure that only the highest-order data line
is encoded. These devices encode eight data lines to 3-line (4-2-1) binary (octal). Cascading circuitry
(enable input EI and enable output EO) has been provided to allow octal expansion without the need for
external circuitry. Data inputs and outputs are active at the low logic level

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H-High

L-Low

X-Irrelevant

Integrator circuit

The Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical operation of
Integration that is we can cause the output to respond to changes in the input voltage over time as the op-
amp integrator produces an output voltage which is proportional to the integral of the input voltage.

Figure 2.2Intergrating amplifier circuit

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Derivation of general equation of the Integrator circuit output voltage as follows,

Differentiator circuit

The Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical operation of
Differentation that is we can cause the output to respond to changes in the input voltage over time as the
op-amp differentiator produces an output voltage which is proportional to the differential of the input
voltage.

Figure 2.3Differentiator amplifier circuit

Derivation of general
equation of the Integrator circuit output voltage as follows

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DAC & ADC Conversion

Digital to Analog converters play a crucial role in modern electronics as it is used in many electronic
devices.Their function is to convert digital data (usually binary) into an analog signal (current, voltage, or
electric charge)

Consider this digital to analog converter.It is a summing amplifier with 4 inputs.It assumes a 4 bit binary
number in Binary Coded Decimal(BCD) format, using +5 volts as logic 1 and 0 volts as logic 0.
It will convert the applied BCD number to a matching analog output voltage.The digits 1,2,4,8 refer to the
relative weights assigned to each input.

Thus, 1 is the least significant bit (LSB) position of the input binary number and 8 is the most significant
bit (MSB) position.

Figure 2.4 DAC

An analog to digital converter performs the reverse function of DAC.Here it converts a continuous
physical quantity(usually voltage/current) to a digital number that represents the quantity’s amplitude.

8-to-3 Bit Priority Encoder

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 Figure 2.5Priority encorder

Priority encoders are available in standard IC form and the TTL 74LS148 is an 8-to-3 bit priority encoder
which has eight active LOW (logic “0”) inputs and provides a 3-bit code of the highest ranked input at its
output. Priority encoders output the highest order input first for example, if input lines “D2“, “D3” and
“D5” are applied simultaneously the output code would be for input “D5” (“101”) as this has the highest
order out of the 3 inputs. Once input “D5” had been removed the next highest output code would be for
input “D3” (“011”), and so on.

3. METHODOLOGY
Experiment 1
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 Figure 3.6Circuit diagram of Integrating amplifier

The circuit was constructed as the above diagram by using the TL084op-amp. Then the output of the
function generator was connected to a channel 1 of the digital storag oscilloscope(DSO). Then the wave
pattern was selected and the peak to peak amplitude to 100mV & frequency to 1 kHz were adjusted. That
respective signal was used as the input signal of the circuit. After that the oscilloscope channel 1 for input
& channel 2 for output were connected to observe bothe the input and output signals. The dual supply was
connected to the circuit. The output was observed for different wave patterns (Sine wave, triangular wave
and square wave) after supplying power. The input and output wave forms were roughly sketched.And
measured the output peak to peak

Experiment 2

Figure 3.7Circuit diagram of Differentiating amplifier

The circuit was constructed as the above diagram. Then the output of the function generator was
connected to a channel of the oscilloscope(DSO). Then the wave pattern and the peak to peak amplitude
to 100mV & frequency to 1 kHz were adjusted. That respective signal was used as the input signal of the
circuit. After that the channel 1 for input & channel 2 for output were fixed. Then the power for the
circuit was given and the input & output waveforms were observed. After that the oscilloscope channel 1
for input & channel 2 for output were connected to observe both the input and output signals. The dual

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supply was connected to the circuit. The output was observed for different wave patterns (Sine wave,
triangular wave and square wave) after supplying power. The input and output wave forms were roughly
sketched.And measured the output peak to peak voltages.

Experiment 3

Figure 3.8circuit diagram of Digital to Analog converter

The given circuit was constructed as the above diagram by using TL084 op-amp. The 5V power supply
was used as the input. 0V was used as logic zero and 1V was used as logic 1. The dual supply was
connected to the circuit. After that the inputs which were provided to the experiment were given to the
terminals A, B, C & D The output was connected to the multimeter. • Regarding to the given table
(section 2) inputs were given to A, B, C and D positions and outputs were measured.

Experiment 4

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 Figure 3.9Circuit diagram of Analog to Digital converter

The given circuit was constructed on the breadboard as the above diagram by using TL084 op-amp.
Through 1 kΩ resisters, LEDs were connected for each terminal ofoutput(A,B,C,D) separetely The
output voltages were recorded by changing the input voltage as 0V, 1V, 2V, 3V, 4V.

The 8 to 3 priority encoder using 74HC148 IC was constructed. Pins 1 to 4 were considered as the inputs
of the encoder and the pins 9 (A0) , 7 (A1) and 6 (A2) as the outputs. [9] The outputs of the encoder were
connected to the LED through 330 Ω resistor to the ground and ground the E1 ( figure ). Then the output
LED patterns of the encoder was observed and filled the table 5.2 . Then the circuit diagram to construct
the Flash ADC was drawn connecting the above two constructed circuits in experiment 1.

Figure 3.10Pinout of 74148 IC

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4. DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

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 5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Experiment 01 : Integrating Amplifier

In this experiment output wave form was observed for the given input wave, Input and Output wave
forms were observed by using a Digital oscilloscope. 100mv and 1kHz Sin wave, Triangular wave and
Square wave was given as an inputs.

Sine wave input :

Figure 5.11Sine wave input

Input voltage (Vpp ) = (120 ± 1) mV

Output voltage (Vpp ) = (17.4 ± 0.1) V

Gain = Vout / Vin = 120/17.4 =145

Triangular wave input :

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 Figure 5.12Triangular wave input

Input voltage (Vpp ) = (112 ± 1) mV

Output voltage (Vpp ) = (13.0 ± 0.1) V

Gain = Vout / Vin = 112/13 =116.07

Square wave input :

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 Figure 5.13Square wave input

Input voltage (Vpp ) = (132 ± 1) mV

Output voltage (Vpp ) = (24.4 ± 0.1) V

Gain = Vout / Vin = 132/24.4 =184.85

Sine wave input :

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 Figure 5.14Sine wave input

Input voltage (Vpp ) = (120 ± 1) mV

Output voltage (Vpp ) = (7.92 ± 0.01) V

Gain = Vout / Vin = 120/7.92 =66

Triangular wave input :

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 Figure 5.15Triangular wave input

Input voltage (Vpp ) = (108 ± 1) mV

Output voltage (Vpp ) = (9.38 ± 0.01) V

Gain = Vout / Vin = 108/9.38 =86.85

Square wave input :

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 Figure 5.16Square wave input

Input voltage (Vpp ) = (136 ± 1) mV

Output voltage (Vpp ) = (23.7 ± 0.1) V

Gain = Vout / Vin = 136/23.7 =174.26

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 6. DISCUSSION
This report consists of 4 Experiments designed to highlight the applications of Operational Amplifiers.
Here, the Op Amp IC used was the TL084 IC which contains 4 separate Op Amps.

In the first two experiments, The theoretical output waveforms and observed output waveforms of
integrating and differentiating amplifiers were almost similar, apart from minor deviations caused by
random noise signals. For an example the images to the left below shows result of amplifier circuit
without disturbance from noise effect and the image to the right shows the result we obtained. Though the
wave forms are similar the wave output we obtained is a little disturbed by the noise effect. This mainly
affected the differentiating amplifier circuit.

In the first experiment, an integrating amplifier was to be made using the Op Amps. An integrating
amplifier will integrate the input wave and pass the resulting wave amplified as the output. This is why it
was seen that when a sine wave was passed, the output was a sine wave of 270 o phase inversion (negative
cosine wave).

Similarly when a triangular wave was passed, a sine wave was resulted with a 270o phase inversion.

When a square wave was sent, a triangular wave was resulted.

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In the second experiment, a differential amplifier was to be made using the Op Amps. A differential
amplifier will differentiate the input wave and pass the resulting wave amplified as the output. Hence
when a sine wave is passed, the resultant wave is a cosine wave (sine wave of 90 o phase inversion), when
a triangular wave was passed, the result was a square wave and when a square wave was passed the result
was a 0V line with peaks sprouting at every change in DC values of the square wave as shown
above.These three waves obtained were also theoretically accurate.

when a square wave is feed to the differentiator circuit, output should go to infinity at the edges.
However, this could not happen due to the fact that output voltage cannot exceed power supply voltage.
Hence practical wave form is heavily distorted spikes at the edges. This noises can be reduced by using a
low pass filter that stops high frequencies which are presented in input signal.

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 7. CONCLUSSION
A Differentiator Circuit differentiates the input wave and amplifies it to get the resulting output wave.
Similarly an Integrator Circuit integrates the input wave and amplifies it to get the resulting output wave.
The theoretical values matched similarly with the experimental waveforms obtained in the Differentiator
and Integrator Circuits. The MSB in a Digital to Analog Convertor (DAC) has the highest voltage value
than the rest while the MSB in an Analog to Digital (ADC) has the lowest voltage value than the
rest.Even though the DAC can successfully convert Digital into Analog signals, the same cannot be said
about the ADC without connecting the Priority Decoder.DAC converts digital data into analog data in a
linearly increasing manner.

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 8. REFERENCES
Basic Electronics Tutorials. (2017). Operational Amplifier Basics - Op-amp tutorial. [online] Available at:
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_1.html [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017].

Learn.sparkfun.com. (2017). Analog to Digital Conversion - learn.sparkfun.com. [online] Available at:

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/analog-to-digital-conversion [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017].

Electrical4u.com. (2017). Op-amp | Working Principle of Op-amp | Electrical4u. [online] Available at:
https://www.electrical4u.com/op-amp-working-principle-of-op-amp/ [Accessed 16 Mar. 2017].

TECHNICAL ARTICLES, 2016. Introduction to Digital-Analog Conversion | Digital-Analog

Conversion | Electronics Textbook. [Online] Available at:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-13/digital-analog-conversion/[Accessed 21 03
2017].

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