Journal Journal

of Applied
Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture, 21(3): 218-222, 2019 Horticulture
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.38 ISSN: 0972-1045

The new composition of liquid organic fertilizer for improving

organic tomato yield and quality

Gina Aliya Sopha1,2* and Liferdi Lukman3

1
Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute, Lembang, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat. Indonesia. 2Present address:
School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 3Directorate General of
Horticulture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. *E-mail: ginasopha80@gmail.com, Sopha@massey.ac.nz

Abstract
The increasing demand of organic products of improved quality has become a priority to meet customer needs. Nine different organic
material were studied to determine the suitable composition for liquid organic fertilizer. The study was conducted as a pot trial to
evaluate the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato yield. The study reported that Leucaena leucocephala had great potential
as nitrogen source, Pennisetum purpureum and goat manure for phosphorus, and rabbit manure had the highest amount of potassium
content. The applications of liquid organic fertilizer made from these materials increased the tomato growth and yield compared to
control. Application of 75 % organic manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer improved the tomato yield by 83 % and increased
the vitamin C content (66 %) than the control.
Key words: Organic farming, liquid organic fertilizer, Lycopersicum esculentum, organic matter, manure

Introduction to 40 % than control in water stress condition. Similarly, Yarsi

Area under organic farming is increasing around the world.
Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM
– Organics International at BIOFACH reported that nearly 70
million hectares of farmland are organic (Willer and Lernoud,
2019). This number will increase linearly with the consumer
demand. Healthy diet and agriculture sustainability are the main
reasons for increasing the demand of organic product. In spite of
the enhancing demand of organic products, organic farming has
problems like low yield and the high of production cost.
One of the production cost that contribute to the organic farming
system is organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers commonly have
low nutrient content and need to be applied in a huge amount
to fulfil the crop nutrient demand and some times makes it
ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, liquid organic fertilizers
are developed to improve the crop growth and to achieve high
yield (Sopha and Uhan, 2013).
The tomato is one of the most important vegetables in most part
of the world. The economy and nutrition importance of this crop
are undeniable. On a worldwide scale, the production of fresh
tomatoes is approximately 160 million tonnes per year and 25 %
of those are used in the processing industry (The Global Tomato
Processing Industry, 2019). Organic tomato is reported to have a
better quality than conventional tomatoes. It contains 57 % more
total soluble solids and 55 % more vitamin C than conventionally
grown tomatoes (Oliveira et al., 2013). This finding encourages
the organic tomato production to improve and develop.
Liquid organic fertilizer was reported to improve the tomato
fruit yield in different studies. Murtic et al. (2018) reported
that Ergonfill, liquid organic fertilizer that was made from the
hydrolysis of animal protein, increased cherry tomato yield up
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
(2019) reported that liquid worm fertilizer improved the tomato
yield up to 40 % than control. In addition, it is reported that liquid
organic fertilizer made from animal-based fertilizer could replace
the chemical fertilizer in greenhouse conditions (Guajardo-Rios et
al., 2018). Different nutrient sources could give different effects
on the tomato growth and yield (Anila et al., 2019). In spite of
the benificial effect of liquid organic fertilizer on tomato yield,
every area has different organic manures.
Use of organic material locally available in the area as the liquid
organic source is beneficial and practicaclly adaptable to the
local farmers. Thus, it is important to analyze the nutrient content
of these local materials to obtain a high quality liquid organic
fertilizer. This study aims to identify the organic materials that
have potential as liquid organic fertilizer in West Java, Indonesia
and study the effect of the liquid organic fertilizer from these
materials on organic tomato growth and yield.
Materials and methods
Experimental site: The study was conducted in an experimental
field of the Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI) in
2015. The site is situated in highland Lembang, Bandung Barat,
West Java, Indonesia (latitude: 6o48’S, longitude: 107o39’E,
1250 m above sea level). Climatic data were collected from
Meteorological and Geophysical Agency of West Java. The
annual rainfall was 2216 from January to December 2015. Mean
temperature ranged from 23.1 to 24.5oC with the minimum
temperature from 18.1 to 20.6oC and the maximum temperature
from 28.4 to 31.9 oC. The average of relative humidity was 63
to 82 %.
The soil type was andosol with soil pH = 5.4 (acid), high organic
carbon 7.26 %, total nitrogen 0.55 %, the C/N ratio 13, low
 Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato 219

available phosphorus (P-Bray) 12 mg P kg-1 and high available the last measurement. To calculate the weight per fruit the total
potassium (K-Morgan) 804 ppm. weight was divided by the number of fruits.
The study consisted of two experiments: (1) formulation of liquid The diameter and the length of the fruits were measured with
organic fertilizer and (2) the evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer calipers. To measure the water content, the fruits were dried
on organic tomato growth and yield. in oven (65 oC) (Memmert type UN 450) and weighed in an
electrical balance (Precisa type XB 620C). Total soluble solid
Formulation of liquid organic fertilizer: The experiment was
was measured by refractometer. Fruit texture was measured by a
conducted from March to May 2015. The organic materials viz., manual food texture tester (Atago N1). Vitamin C was analyzed
leaves of white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala), leaves of by the titration method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)
velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), leaves of snap bean (Phaseolus was performed using SAS with a comparison of means using
vulgaris), leaves of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), DUNCAN at α=5 %.
chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) manure, cow (Bos taurus)
manure, rabbit (Lepus negricollis) manure, goat (Capra aegagrus Results and discussion
hircus) manure and bat (Ordo: Chrioptera) manure were collected
from different areas in West Java, Indonesia and analyzed for the Formulation of liquid organic fertilizer: The results show that
chemical content. white leadtree had the highest amount of nitrogen (5.41 %), while
rabbit manure had the highest amount of phosphorus content (2.64
Plant samples were cleaned, cut and oven dried at 70 oC (Memmert %) and elephant grass and goat manure had the highest content of
type UN 450). The dry samples were ground to 0.5 mm size. For potassium (2.58 %) (Table 1). The organic materials that would
animal manure, the samples were ground until homogenous and be used as liquid organic fertilizer sources were white leadtree,
sieved at 2.0 mm prior to analysis. N-Kjeldahl (%) was measured rabbit manure, elephant grass and goat manure with formulation
by distillation to calculate the N-organic and N-NH4 using NaOH 2:2:1:1 (v/v/v/v).
40 %. Phosphorus content was analyzed by spectrophotometer Table 1. The mineral content of organic materials
using HNO3 and HClO4. Furthermore, potassium content was
Organic Materials N-total (%) P (%) K (%)
determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. 
White leadtree 5.41 0.32 1.87
The evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer on organic Velvet bean 2.94 0.20 1.10
tomato growth and yield: The tomato cultivar Zamrud from Snap bean 3.28 0.35 2.09
Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute was used. ‘Zamrud’ is Elephant grass 2.50 0.25 2.58
determinate cultivar and tolerant to wilting bacteria (Rhizoctonia Chicken manure 0.61 0.26 0.86
solanacearum). ‘Zamrud’ seeds were sown in a well-prepared Cow manure 1.67 1.83 1.08
nursery seedbed (andosol soil: manure 1:1 (v/v)). The seed was Rabbit manure 2.28 2.64 1.20
sown and was watered by watering can and no insecticide was Goat manure 1.12 1.00 2.58
used during the growth period. When seedling reached the four- Bat manure 1.16 0.25 0.40
leaf stage (15 cm height), they were transplanted in polybags (5 White leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala) extract had the highest
kg). Every polybag had one seeding. content of nitrogen. Application of white leadtree extract was
The pot trials were carried out in the greenhouse Randomized reported to give positive impact on Chinese cabbage growth
Complete Block design with six treatments and four replications and yield (Simanjuntak, 2012). In addition, Pawar et al. (2019)
were employed to address the aims. The treatments were: (L0) reported that application Leucaena leucocephala lopping
100 % solid manure + 0 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (control); increased the N total and available phosphorus. White leadtree
can be mixed with other organic materials to improve the
100 % solid manure + 10 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L1);
nutrient content and give a better impact to the plant growth
100 % solid manure + 15 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L2);
(Pancapalaga, 2013; Ratrinia et al., 2014). The organic residue
100 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L3);
of Leucaena leucocephala contains 464 g kg-1 total carbon,
75 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L4);
41 g kg-1 total nitrogen, 11 CN ratio and 12 mg polyphenol
and 50 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L5).
GAE/g. The total nitrogen of Leucaena leucocephala was
The horse solid manure was applied with recommended dose 30 higher compared to Centrosema pubescence, Gliricidia sepium,
t ha-1 or equal to 1 kg per plant. The liquid organic fertilizer was Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica and Theobroma cacao
foliar applied and was given at 15, 30 and 45 days after planting (Ansong-Omari et al., 2018).
with spraying volume 300 to 500 L ha-1. Rabbit manure contains high amount of phosphorus. Furthermore,
Growth and yield data were obtained from five randomly rabbit manure is identified too increase soil nutrition, soil physical
chosen plants in each plot. Plant heights were measured from condition, soil microbial activity, improves soil aeration and
the soil surface to the top of the longest mature leaf; chlorophyll retention of water (Youssef and Eissa, 2017). Several studies
contents were measured at 6 weeks after planting. Chlorophyll reported that application of rabbit manure improve the biomass
was extracted in 80 % acetone and absorbance read at ʎ=663 nm of corn (Zea mays) (Ningrum et al., 2017), Chinese cabbage
and ʎ=650 nm. (Brassica juncea L) (Nurrohman et al., 2015) and kailan
(Brassica oleracea group Albograbla) (Nahak et al., 2018). The
To measure the fruit yield per plant, fruit weight of all five combination of rabbit manure, rock phosphate, feldspar and bio-
harvests was pooled. To measure the number of fruits, all the fruits fertilizers enhance the tomato fruit yield by 30 % compared to
that harvested for every time was counted manually and sum in chemical fertilization (Youssef and Eissa, 2017).
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
220 Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is rich in nutrition
(Scoriza et al., 2016) and known well as a forage crop for dairy
farm and biofuel crops (Cordovil et al., 2017). In addition,
compost of Pennisetum purpureum with other organic materials
bovinza and Gliricidia sepium improved the weight of Eiseina
foetida up to 60 %. However, the information about using
elephant grass as the source of liquid organic fertilizer for other
crops is very limited.
Goat manure contains high potassium and improve the nitrogen
uptake to the plant significantly (Putra et al., 2014). Dry goat
manure contained 4.60 g P kg-1, 17.8 cmol (+) kg-1 Ca2+, 20.0 cmol
(+) kg-1 Mg2+, 38.7 cmol (+) kg-1 K+ and 38.40 cmol (+) kg-1 Na.
The potassium content of goat manure was higher than poultry
manure and cattle manure (Oladipupo et al., 2019). Application
goat manure increased the yield of snap bean (Santosa and
Anggita, 2019), roselle (Norhayati et al., 2019), spinach (Abro
et al., 2019) and sunflower (Borges et al., 2019).
In spite of the number of reports regarding the effectiveness
of these materials in increasing the crop growth and yield, the
information about the effectiveness of these materials, as liquid
K, 0.79 ppm Ca, 0.14 ppm Mg and 0.07 ppm S (Tan, 2009). Horse
solid manure increased soil P-availability through the addition of
P-residue, increased P recovery and reduced the P-soil absorption
that increase the soil P-availability and release of phosphorus
by organic material during the decomposition. In addition,
soil P-available improved because the manure made a complex
ion that minimize the immobilization process and replaced the
phosphate (-) in the soil structure (Azeez et al., 2014).
Effect of liquid organic fertilizer on plant height of tomato and
chlorophyll content at 6 weeks after planting can be seen in Table
3. At 2 weeks after planting, there was no significant difference of
plant height for each treatment. However, at 4 weeks after planting
the application of liquid organic fertilizer with reducing the doses
of solid horse manure gave a higher effect rather than 100 %
horse manure plus liquid organic fertilizer. Moreover, there was
no significant difference between chlorophyll in all treatments.
Table 3. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on plant height and
chlorophyll
Treatments Plan height (cm) Chlorophyll
2 wap 4 wap 6 wap (mg g )
-1

organic fertilizer sources was lacking. To understand the effect 100 % SM + 0 mL L LOF (control) 9.2
-1 ns
23.5 31.8
b ab
4.15 ns

of liquid organic fertilizer from those materials, Leucaena 100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 9.3 20.1b 29.7b 4.47
leucocephala, rabbit manure, elephant manure and goat manure, 100 % SM + 15 mL L-1 LOF (L2) 9.8 23.2b 30.2b 3.60
the evaluation experiment was carried out. 100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3) 9.2 19.4b 26.4b 3.72
Evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato 75 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L4) 9.9 30.0a 37.8a 3.73
growth and yield: The soil analysis before and after the 50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5) 10.0 24.7ab 31.3ab 3.97
experiment is presented in Table 2. Organic fertilization increased CV (%) 7.41 15.21 12.93 19.57
the soil pH from 5.4 to 5.7-6.0. Application of liquid organic SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic oertilizer; wap=weeks
fertilizer increased the C-organic insignificantly from 7.26 after planting; means presenting the same letter are not statistically
% to 7.28-7.96 % and nitrogen from 0.55 % to 0.56-0.59 %. different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance; CV=coefficient of variance.
Application of solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer Table 4 shows the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on fruit yield.
also increased the P-Bray from 13 mg P kg-1 to 57-80 mg P kg-1. Application 75 % solid horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic
However, there was a decrease in the potassium content from fertilizer obtained the highest fruit yield compared to other
K-Morgan 804 ppm to 209-572 ppm. These values are still in treatments. The lowest fruit yield was recorded in 100 % solid
the range of the high concentration of K-available in the soil. horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer treatment. The
Overall, application of solid horse manure increased the soil results showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer
pH. Horse manure increased bacterial diversity and the bacterial with lower dose of solid horse manure gave a better fruit yield
community composition and diversity in soil pH (Wang et al., compared to full doses. In addition, the average weight per fruit
2018). Manure increases soil pH because of the decomposition was significantly higher than the control. Application 75 % solid
process that release organic compound and humic acid. Organic horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer increased the
material increases soil pH and reduce aluminium toxicity that fruit yield up to 83 % than control.
usually occur in acid soil conditions (Haynes and Mokolobate,
The fruit quality is described by shelf life, diameter and length of
2001).
fruit, water content, total soluble solids, vitamin C and texture.
Horse solid manure contains 0.70 ppm N, 0.10 ppm P, 0.58 ppm The shelf life of tomatoes after harvesting was 4 to 8 days with
diameter 2.6 to 3.6 cm and the length
Table 2. The soil analysis result for before and after experiment.
of the fruit 3.2 to 4.4 cm (Table 5). The
Soil sample pH C (%) N (%) C/N P- Bray K- water content of tomato was 95-96 %
(mg P Morgan
kg )
-1
(ppm) with total soluble solids 3.3 to 4.0 %.
Before experiment 5.4 7.26 0.55 13 13 804 The control contents vitamin C, 16.0 mg
After experiment 100 g-1. The average of liquid organic
100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 5.7 7.23 0.57 13 61 209 fertilizer was 21.3 to 28.4 mg 100 g-1.
100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 6.0 7.96 0.60 13 75 573 The average of texture was 4.2 to 6.1
100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2)
-1
5.8 7.63 0.59 13 57 240 mm s-1 100 g-1 and it shows that the fruits
100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3) 5.7 7.63 0.59 13 81 252
in treatments with 50 and 75 % of solid
75 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L4)
-1
5.7 7.28 0.58 13 67 224
organic fertilizer were firm than 100 %
13 70 249
solid organic fertilizer. However, this
50 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L5)
-1
5.8 7.36 0.56
result did not have a negative correlation
SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer.
with the shelf life.
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
 Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato 221

Table 4. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on tomato yield References

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100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 328.2bc 13.5ab 22.7ab
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100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2)-1
282.3 bc
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75 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L4)
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Table 5. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on fruit quality
Treatments Shelf Fruit Length Water TSS Vit C Texture
life diameter of fruit content (%) (mg/100 g) (mm/s/100 g)
(days) (cm) (cm) (%)
100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 7ns 2.6b 3.2b 94.9ns 4.0ns 16.0b 4.0b
100 % SM + 10 mL L LOF (L1)
-1
4 3.1 ab
3.8 a
95.4 3.9 24.8 a
4.8b
100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2)
-1
5 2.7b
3.4b
95.7 3.3 26.6 a
4.6b
100 % SM + 20 mL L LOF(L3)
-1
6 3.4 a
3.8 a
95.1 3.6 21.3 a
5.1b
75 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L4)
-1
8 3.6 a
4.4 a
95.5 3.3 26.6 a
6.1a
50 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L5)
-1
6 3.5 a
4.1 a
95.2 3.4 28.4 a
6.0a
SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer; means presenting the same letter are not statistically different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance.
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
222 Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato
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Received: August, 2019; Revised: August, 2019; Accepted: August, 2019