UNIT – V

CURRICULUM REFORMS
 SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMISSION
• Introduction:
The Secondary Education commission known as Mudaliar
Commission was appointed by the government of India in
term of their Resolution to bring changes in the present
education system and make it better for the Nation. Dr. A.
Lakshmanswami Mudaliar was the Vice-Chancellor of Madras
University.
• Compulsory Subjects:
Regional language or mother tongue or a combined course of
classical language and mother tongue
Curriculum of General Science with arithmetic for the first two
years only, (b) General course of social sciences for the first
two years only.
• vocational subjects:-
(1) Carpentry (2) Gardening (3) Printing (Spinning and
Weaving), (5) Modeling (6) Laboratory test (7) Embroidery (8)
Tailoring, embroidery and cutting and (9) Smithy.
Optional Subjects: seven groups
Science Group: Humanities Group: Home
Science Group: Commerce Group: Technical
Group: Agricultural Group: Fine Arts Group:
• Curriculum
The Commission has emphasized the necessity of reorganizing
the secondary school curriculum in order that the aims of
education may be realized. In this connection the Commission
wants that ..,

1. The curriculum should be recognized according to the interests

of the students.

2. It should be determined for meeting the social aspirations.

3. It should be reorganized keeping in view the demands of the

times and those of the country.

4. It should be so organized that the student’s time and leisure may not be
wasted.
• Subjects of Lower Secondary Education:
The Commission has suggested mathematics, general science,
languages, social studies, physical education, art, handicraft
and music etc., for this stage.

• Subjects for Secondary Education - 7 groups

• Health Education;
All the students should be medically examined at least twice a
year. Full medical facilities should be available for ailing
students. They should be given knowledge of health principles
also.
• Higher Education:
Ensure career development
 KOTHARI COMMISSION/EDUCATION
COMMISSION, 1964-66
• Introduction:
• The Education Commission under the Chairmanship of
Dr.D.S. Kothari, the then Chairman, University Grants
Commission, began its task on October 2,1964. It consisted
of sixteen members, eleven being Indians and five foreign
experts.

• The main task of the Commission was to advise the

Government on the national pattern of education and on the
general policies for the development of education at all
stages-ranging from the primary to post-graduate stage and
in all its aspects besides examining a host of educational
problems in their social and economic context.
• Education for International Understanding
Schools should promote international outlook through
the study of humanities and social sciences,
simultaneously with developing national
consciousness.
• Science Education
Science education must become an integral part of
school education and ultimately some study of
science should become a part of all courses in the
humanities and social sciences at university stage
also.
• School Education Curriculum
• For the improvement of school curricula research
should be undertaken by University Departments of
Education, Training Colleges, State Institutes of
Education and Boards of School Education
• Revision of curricula should be based on such
research;
• Preparation of improved text books and teaching-
learning materials
• The orientation of teachers to the revised curricula
through in-service training
• Schools should be given the freedom to devise and
experiment with new curricula suited to their
needs.
• Work Experience.
With the aim to relate education with life and
productivity, work experience must be
introduced as an integral part of all education
general and vocational.
• Vocationalisation
• Every attempt should be made to give a
vocational bias to secondary education and to
increase the emphasis on agricultural and
technological education at the university
stage.
 NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION 1986

• The NPE '86 recommends that the institutions of

national importance like UGC, NCERT, NIEPA,
AICTE, ICAR, IMC etc. will be strengthened to
enable them to give shape to national system of
education and to cope with the emerging demands of
the nation.
• National Curricular Framework with a Common
Core:
• The following common scheme of studies has been
suggested in the national curriculum framework:
(i) One language at primary level and three languages at
the upper primary and secondary level,
(ii) Mathematics,
(iii)Environmental studies—science and social sciences,
(iv) Work-experience/S.U.P.W., pre-vocational courses,
(v) Art education, and
(vi) Health and physical education.
• Open University and Distance Learning:
• (i) The Open University system will be initiated in order to
augment opportunities for higher education and an instrument
of democratizing education.
• (ii) IGNOU established in 1985 will be strengthened for
fulfillment of the above objectives.
• Delinking Degrees from Jobs:
• NPE POA 1992:
CENTRAL ADVISORY BOARD OF EDUCATION
under the chairmanship of Sh. N. Janardhana Reddy
which submitted its report in January 1992.
Thereafter HRD minister Sh. Arjun Singh presented
the REVISED NATIONAL POLICY ON
EDUCATION in the parliament on May 1992.
POA 1992 under NPE 1986 envisioned to conduct of
a common entrance examination on All India basis
for admission to professional and technical programs
in the country.
• The main objective of the National Policy of Education of
1986 and Programme of Action, 1992 was to establish
a national system of education implies that all students
irrespective of caste; creed, sex, and religion have access
to education of a comparable quality.
• NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK:
• The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was a
high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of
India, with the objective of transforming India into a
knowledge society.
• Sam Pitroda
• The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was
established on 13th June, 2005 under the
Chairmanship of Mr. Sam Pitroda with a clear
mandate to offer recommendations in five key areas
of knowledge related to Access, Concepts, Creation,
Applications and Services.
• Language: Introduce English, along with the first language
starting from Class I in school
• Modify pedagogy of language learning/ teaching
• Train all school teachers in English language (especially at the
primary level) regardless of subject expertise through vacation
training programmes or other short-term courses
• Use all available media for Language learning including
audio-visual, print etc
• In December 2006, the Commission brought out a 'Report to
the Nation 2006'. It includes the following recommendations
submitted to the Prime Minister:
• Libraries
• Knowledge
• E-governance
• Translation
• Languages
• National portal of india
• India.gov.in is the Indian government’s web portal for citizens.
It presents information resources and online services from
government sources, accessible from a single point. It is also
known as the National Portal of India.
References:
• https://edufocus.blogspot.com/2017/04/the-
secondary-education-commission.html
• NPE POA 1992 PPT
• https://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files
/document-reports/POA_1992.pdf
• https://www.slideshare.net/deepali2009/nationa
l-curriculum-framework-2005
• https://www.slideshare.net/HemlataShinde2/nati
onal-knowledge-commission-70413471
• https://www.slideshare.net/mehfilhathi/national
-knowledge-commission-a-milestone-in-the-
history-of-indian-education