1.

Sole proprietor (AE) /sole trader (BrE) – a person who owns their own business
and does not have a partner or any shareholders – индивидуальный
предприниматель
2. Sole proprietorship – a form of business organization in which a single person
owns, manages and controls the business enterprise with all authority,
responsibility and risk – индивидуальное предпринимательство;
Sole proprietorships (US) or sole traderships – firms owned and operated by
one person, who is self-employed
A type of business unit where one person is solely responsible for providing the
capital, for bearing the risk of the enterprise and for the management of
business
3. Liability – the state of being legally responsible for something –
ответственность
Limited liability - a situation in which the owners or other shareholders of a
company are not responsible for all of its debts if the company fails financially–
неограниченная ответственность
Unlimited liability - a situation in which the shareholders of a company are
responsible for all of its debts if the company fails financially
4. To be liable for – to be legally responsible for –быть ответственным за, нести
ответственность
5. To share the profit – to split incomes, gains – распределять прибыль
6. To bear the losses – to sustain a loss without sinking under it – нести потери,
терпеть убытки
7. Assets – anything of material value or usefulness that is owned by a person or
company – pесурсы; имущество; фонды; средства
8. Share - a unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company's
capital. It entitles its holder (the shareholder) to an equal claim on the
company's profits and an equal obligation for the company's debts and losses.
9. Shareholder - a person who owns shares in a company and therefore gets part of
the company's profits and the right to vote on how the company is controlled -
акционер, держатель акций
10. Assets and liabilities -  a thing of value, especially property, that a person or
company owns, which can be used or sold to pay debts; the amount of money
that a person or company owes – активы и долговое обязательство
11. Stock - the value of the shares in a company that have been sold - акции
12. Stockholder - a person who owns stocks and shares in a business – акционер,
владелец акции
13. Self-employment - the situation of working for yourself and not being
employed by a company, etc. – индивидуальная трудовая деятельность,
самозанятость
14. Tax benefits - some type of savings for a taxpayer – налоговая выгода
15. Income tax return – document giving the tax collector information about the
taxpayer's tax liability – декларация о подоходном налоге
16. To run a business – to own some kind of business and be completely
responsible for it – управлять бизнесом
17. Management of the business - managing the coordination and organization of
business activities. This typically includes the production of materials, money,
and machines, and involves both innovation and marketing – управление
бизнесом
18. To own a business – to possess your own organization or enterprising entity
engaged in commercial, industrial, or professional activities – владеть
бизнесом
19. To operate a business - to work or cause your organisation to work, be
in action, or have an effect – координировать работу компании
20. To set up, to form, to start up a business – to create an organization or
company founded by one or more entrepreneurs who want to develop a product
or service for which they believe there is demand – открыть собственный
бизнес
21. To maintain a business – to provide your business with money and other things
it needs – поддерживать, сохранять бизнес
22. To wind up a business - to close a business, especially when it is not successful
and has debts – закрыть предприятие
23. To be bound to do smth - to have to do something because it is your duty –
быть вынужденным, быть обязанным сделать что-то
24. To tax a business - to require a person or organization to pay a tax – облагать
бизнес налогом
25. Personal tax return - a form the individual submits to a federal, state or local
taxing agency to report income, calculate and pay taxes – Декларация о
подоходном налоге
26. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) - a U.S. government agency responsible for the
collection of taxes and enforcement of tax laws – налоговое управление США
27. To publish one’s accounts – to make information about business’ profitability
and financial positions available to people – опубликовать, обнародовать
отчет о прибыльности бизнеса
28. Entity - an organization or a business that has its own separate legal and
financial existence – юридическое лицо
29. To set up and maintain a business structure – to start the activity of making
money by producing and selling goods, as well as provide your business with
money – основать и поддерживать бизнес
30. LLC - limited liability company - is a business structure in the United States
whereby the owners are not personally liable for the company's debts or
liabilities – общество с ограниченной ответственностью
31. A pass-through entity - a business structure in which business income is treated
as personal income of the owners - Сквозной субъект - это юридическое
лицо, где доход «течет» к инвесторам или владельцам
Most small businesses are pass-through businesses. They pay no taxes themselves at the business level.
Owners report business income and pay the business tax on their personal tax returns.  These businesses
include LLCs, partnerships, S corporations, and sole proprietorships.
Pass-through tax treatment means that the taxes of a business are literally "passed through" to the tax
returns of the individuals who own the business. These business entities are not subject to double
taxation—once as the business earns income and again at the owners' level—as are corporations.