4th Pillar: Corrections Philippine Criminal Justice dealing, violence, escape attempts, and antisocial
System. behavior.
Corrections
A branch of the Criminal Justice System
concerned with the custody, supervision and
rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is that field of
criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of
knowledge and practices of the government and the
society in general involving the processes of handling
individuals who have been convicted of offenses for
purposes of crime prevention and control.
 Its primary objective is to help convicted
offenders to be reformed, rehabilitated and to help
them prepare themselves for their eventual release to
the community after serving their sentence for the
crime they have committed.
The Philippine correction focus on the
rehabilitation of the inmates and patients regards who
needs to be treated they are rehabilitate to be
productive and responsible person or member of the
society.
Theories in Correction.
1. Classical Theory- Punishment they deserve to be
imprisoned.
2. Neo-Classical Theory- Exemption and consideration-
minors and insane.
3. Positivist Theory- Reformation and rehabilitation.
4. Eclectic Theory- Combination of the beneficial
aspects.
PENOLOGIST AND CORRECTION ADMINISTRATION
Penologists specialize in prisoner rehabilitation
and correctional facility management. Penologists work
closely with prison guards to prevent prison fights, drug
Duties and Responsibilities
Penologists develop rehabilitation programs
and work closely with prison inmates to reduce
recidivism rates and teach inmates how to live
productively. Penologists are also responsible for
inspecting facilities and checking prison cells for
contraband.
Correctional administration.
It is that branch of the administration of
Criminal Justice. System charged with the responsibility
for the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of the
convicted offender.
Penal Management.
Manner or practice of managing or controlling
places of confinement as in jails or prisons.
Penology.
It is the study of punishment for crime or
criminal offenders study of control and prevention of
crime through punishment of criminal offender division
of criminology that deals with prison management and
the treatment of offenders derived from the Latin word,
"POENA", which means "pain or suffering" and "LOGOS"
which means to "study".
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS.
1. Bureau of Corrections (BuCor).
The bureau of Corrections, which is under the
Department of Justice, is responsible for the treatment
and rehabilitation of national prisoners who are serving
sentence of more than three (3) years.
And, it is that field of criminal justice
administration which utilizes the body of knowledge
and practices of the government and the society in
general involving the processes of handling individuals
who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of
crime prevention and control.
The Bureau of Correction is tasked with the following
functions:
capacity of 3,000 prisoners and it was officially named
the New  Bilibid Prison on January 22, 1941. The prison
reservation had an area of 587 hectares, part of which
was arable. The prison compound proper had an area of
300 x 300  meters  or  a   total of nine hectares.  It was
surrounded by three layers of barbed wire

• To confine persons who have been convicted of

1. Correctional Institution for Women.
a criminal offense by the courts to serve
sentence in a penal institution. In a report dated January 22, 1959, submitted
to a committee created by Administrative Order No.
• To provide correctional environment which
287 by the President of the Philippines, it was noted
seeks to protect the physical and emotional
that “before a separate building was constructed
well-being of offenders.
especially for women prisoners, all female convicts
• To provide humane treatment by affording were confined at the Old Bilibid Prison on Azcarraga St.,
them human basic needs the correctional Manila.
community and prohibiting cruel methods
rehabilitation.
2. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farms.
• To provide opportunities for rehabilitation
programs designed to change the offenders’ The Davao Penal Colony is the first penal
pattern of criminal or anti-social behavior. settlement founded and organized under Filipino
administration. The settlement, which originally had an
• To engage in agro-industrial endeavors to
area of approximately 30,000 hectares in the districts of
develop penal farms into productive profit
Panabo and Tagum, Davao del Norte, was formally
center that employs offender manpower skills
established on January 21, 1932 by virtue of Act No.
and labor and provide a source of income to
3732. 
supplement the Bureau’s financial outlet.

• To perform other functions that maybe directed

by the Secretary of Justice of other competent 3. San Ramon Prison and Penal farms.
authorities.
According to historical accounts, the San Ramon
Prison was established in southern Zamboanga on
August 21,1870 through a royal decree promulgated in
There are seven (7) correctional facilities or penal
1869. 
institutions, located all over the country, which are
under the direct supervision and control of the 4. Sablayan Prisons.
Bureau. They are as follows:
Nearer to Manila than other penal colonies, the
New Bilibid Prisons. Sablayan Penal Colony is located in Occidental Mindoro
and relatively new. Established on September 26, 1954
The growing urbanization of Manila and
by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 72, the penal
constant lobbying by conservative groups fueled the
colony has a total land area of approximately 16,190
idea of transferring the Old Bilibid Prison to a new site,
hectares.
which at the time was considered remote and on the
outskirts of the urban center. Accordingly, 5. Leyte Regional Prisons.
Commonwealth Act No. 67 was enacted, appropriating
The Leyte Regional Prison, situated in Abuyog,
one million pesos for the construction of a new national
Southern Leyte, was established a year after the
prison in Muntinlupa. On November 15, 1940, all
declaration of martial law in 1972 by virtue of
inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila were
Presidential Decree No. 28.
transferred to the new site.  The new   institution had a

6. Davao Prison and Penal Farm.
The Davao Penal Colony is the first penal
settlement founded and organized under Filipino
administration. The settlement, which originally had an
area of approximately 30,000 hectares in the districts of
Panabo and Tagum, Davao del Norte, was formally
established on January 21, 1932 by virtue of Act No.
3732
Who is a Prisoner?
A person committed to jail or prison by a
competent authority for any of the following: reasons:
1. To serve a sentence after conviction.
2. Trial.
3. Investigation.
General Classification of Prisoners:
1. Sentenced prisoners – Those who are convicted by
final judgment and under the jurisdiction of a penal
institution.
2. Detention Prisoners – those who were detained for
the violation of law and have not yet convicted.
3. Those who are on safekeeping.
Classification of sentenced prisoners.
1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is sentenced to
a prison term of three years and one day to death.
2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a
prison term of six months and one day to three years.
3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term
of one day to three years.
4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a
prison term of one day to six months.
Good conduct time allowance.
A reward for good conduct whereby a prisoner
receives partial reduction of his prison sentence.
The Prisoner is entitled to reduction of:
a. During the first two years of imprisonment, he shall
be allowed a deduction of twenty days for each month
of good behavior during detention.
b. During the third to the fifth year, inclusive, of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a reduction of
twenty-three days for each month of good behavior
during detention.
c. During the following years until the tenth year,
inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a
deduction of twenty-five days for each month of good
behavior during detention
d. During the eleventh and successive years of his
imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of thirty
days for each month of good behavior during detention
and;
e. At any time during the period of imprisonment, he
shall be allowed another deduction of fifteen days, in
addition to numbers one to four hereof, for each month
of study, teaching or mentoring service time rendered.
TYPES OF JAIL.
Types of Jail.
1. Lock-up jail – is a security facility for the temporary
detention of person held for investigation or awaiting
preliminary hearing.
2. Ordinary jail – houses both offenders awaiting court
action and those serving short sentences usually up to 3
years.
3. Workhouse jail farm or camp –houses minimum
custody offenders serving short sentences with
constructive work programs.
Bureau of Jail Management & Penology (BJMP).
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology,
hereinafter referred to as the Jail Bureau, is hereby
created initially consisting of officers and uniformed
members of the Jail Management and Penology Service
as constituted under Presidential Decree No. 765.
 The Jail Bureau shall exercise supervision and
control over all city and municipal jails. The provincial
jails shall be supervised and controlled by the provincial
government within its jurisdiction, whose expenses shall
be subsidized by the National Government for not more
than three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act.
Powers and Functions of BJMP ( Bureau of Jail
Managemeny & Penology).
• Formulate policies and guidelines in the
administration of all district, city, and municipal
jails nationwide;
• Implement strong security measures for the
control of inmates;
• Provide for the basic needs of inmates;
• Conduct activities for the development of
inmates;
• Improve jail facilities; and,
• Promote the general welfare and development
of personnel.
Categories of Inmates.
The two (2) general categories of inmates are:
Prisoner – inmate who is convicted by final judgment;
Detainee – inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial
or awaiting final judgment.
Inmates Security Classification.
The following are the classifications of inmates:
High Profile Inmate.
Those who require increased security based on
intense media coverage or public concern as a result of
their offense such as but not limited to those who have
been involved in a highly controversial or
sensationalized crime or those who became prominent
for being a politician, government official, multi-million
entrepreneur, religious or cause-oriented group leader
and movie or television personality.  on toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear waste
High Risk Inmate.
Those who are considered highly dangerous and
who require a greater degree of security, control and
supervision because of their deemed capability of
escape, of being rescued, and their ability to launch or
spearhead acts of violence inside the jail. This includes
those charged with heinous crimes such as murder,
kidnapping for ransom, economic sabotage, syndicated
or organized crimes, etc.
High Value Target (HVT).
A target, either a resource or a person, who
may either be an enemy combatant, high ranking
official or a civilian in danger of capture or death,
typically in possession of critical intelligence, data, or
authority marked as an objective for a mission and
which a commander requires for the successful
completion of the same. 
Subversive Group.
A group of persons that adopts or advocates
subversive principles or policies tending to overthrow or
undermine an established government.  
Security Threat Group.
Any formal or informal ongoing inmates’ group,
gang, organization or association consisting of three or
more members falling into one of the following basic
categories: street gangs, prison gangs, outlaw gangs,
traditional organized crime, aboriginal gangs, subversive
groups and terrorist organizations. 
Terrorist Group.
A group of persons that commits any of the
following: piracy and mutiny in the high seas or in the
Philippine waters, rebellion or insurrection, coup d’état,
murder, kidnapping and serious illegal detention, crimes
involving destruction, arson, hijacking, violation of laws
control, violations of atomic energy regulations, anti-
piracy and anti-highway robbery, illegal and unlawful
Penalty.
possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or
disposition of firearms, ammunitions or explosives.  A penalty fine or mulct is a penalty of money
that a court of law or other authority decides has to be
paid as punishment for a crime or other offence. The
Minimum Security Compound. amount of a fine can be determined case by case, but it
is often announced in advance.
They are the prisoners who can already be trusted to
their places of work assignment without the presence of
guards.
Reclusion perpetua, the circular stressed, "is not
Medium Security Compound. the same as life imprisonment which, for one thing,
does not carry with it any accessory penalty, and for
They are the prisoners who may be allowed to work
another, does not appear to have any definite extent or
outside the fence of the institution under guard escorts.
duration.“
Maximum Security Compound.
According to the RPC
They are chronic troublemakers but not as dangerous as
Accessory penalties that are listed in the RPC
the super security prisoners.
are perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,
perpetual or temporary special disqualification,
suspension from public office, the right to vote and be
Requirements for Commitment. voted for, the profession or calling, civil interdiction,
No person shall be committed to any jail facility indemnification, forfeiture or confiscation of
without the following required documents:  instruments and proceeds of the offense, and payment
of costs.
     a. Commitment Order;

     b. Medical Certificate – recent medical certificate

taken within 24 hours prior to admission; The RPC also places principal penalties in six
categories:
     c. Complaint/Information;
1. Capital punishment
     d. Police Booking Sheet; and
2. Afflictive penalties
     e. Certificate of Detention from PNP and/or NBI.
3. Correctional penalties

4. Light penalties
Rights of Person Under Detention.
5. Penalties common to the three preceding
• The right to be assisted by counsel of his own choice classes
at all times.
6. Accessory penalties
• Right to be informed of his right to remain silent.

• Right to be visitation by any member of his immediate

family or any medical doctor or priest or religious
ministers chosen by him or any member of his
immediate family, or by his counsel or by any national
non-governmental organizations duly accredited by the
CHR or by any institution and non-governmental
organizations duly accredited by the office of the
President.

Light penalties are arresto menor and public censure,
while penalties common to the three preceding classes
are fine and bond to keep the peace.
Fines are also imposed on certain penalties.
Classification of crimes as to gravity.
I. The basis is the penalty prescribed by the RPC
and not the actual penalty imposed by the
court. If both imprisonment and fine are
prescribed as penalties, it is the penalty of
imprisonment which is used as basis.
II. The classifications are:
A. Light- The penalty is imprisonment of one day to
thirty days or fine of not more than P200.00
1. They are punished only in their consummated
stages except with respect to light felonies
against persons or property. The reason is
because they produced such light or
insignificant results that society is satisfied if
they are punished even if only in their
consummated stage.
2. Only principals and accessories are liable.
B. Less Grave.
By imprisonment of more than one
month but not more than 6 years or fine of
P200.00 but not more than P6,000.00.
C. Grave.
The imprisonment is more than 6 years
or fine of more than P6,000.00. They are either
1. Heinous crime- the penalty is reclusion
temporal  to reclusion perpetua or 2. Non
heinous crime.
Penalties (imprisonment):
1. Grave felonies – Afflictive penalties: 6 yrs. and 1 day
to reclusion perpetua (life imprisonment)
2. Less grave felonies – Correctional penalties: 1 month
and 1 day to 6 years.
3. Light felonies - Arresto menor (1 day to 30 days).
As to the liability of the participants in a grave, less
grave or light felony:
1. When the felony is grave, or less grave, all
participants are criminally liable.
2. But where the felony is only light, only the principal
and the accomplice are liable. The accessory is not.
Therefore, it is only when the light felony is
against persons or property that criminal liability
attaches to the principal or accomplice, even though the
felony is only attempted or frustrated,
but accessories are not liable for light felonies.
Justification of Punishment.
Retribution - It seeks to punish offenders because they
deserve to be punished. To give you an idea, when
someone gets the death penalty for committing
murder.
Expiation/Atonement - Punishment is given as form of
group vengeance.
Incapacitation- This prevents future crime by disabling
or restricting the offender's liberty, their movements or
ability to commit a further wrong. These are the most
extreme form of incapacitating punishment, death
penalty, but there are several other forms including
imprisonment, curfews, house arrest, electronic
monitoring and disqualification from driving for Principles Observed Governing the Administration of
drunken drivers. Prisoners/Detainees

 No procedures or system of correction shall

deprive any offender of the hope and possibility
Deterrence- Justifies punishment based on what it will
of his return to full and responsible
achieve in the future. It has often been criticized for
membership of society;
being neither effective or morally acceptable. On the
other hand, deterrence allows for punishments to be
imposed that are disproportionate to the harms done,
 Members of the custodial force shall set
for the innocent to be punished and for the punishment
themselves as examples by performing their
of crimes that have not yet been committed.
duties well to influence the prisoners/detainees
to reform for good and obey and respect the
law and the duly instituted authorities.
Rehabilitation- Is the punishment can prevent future
crime by reforming the individual offender's behavior.

Forms of Punishment.  No jail personnel shall use force except in

legitimate self defense or in case of attempted
Contemporary - Legal punishment presupposes crime
escape to hold the prisoners/detainees or in
as that for which punishment is imposed, and criminal
ease of active and passive physical resistance to
law as that which defines crimes as crimes.
a lawful order.
Destierro - Destierro is not higher penalty than arresto
 
mayor. Arresto mayor means imprisonment or
complete deprivation of liberty.  Until the guilt of the suspected offenders has
been established in courts, he should be
Imprisonment - Imprisonment in other contexts is the
considered innocent and his right as a free and
restraint of a person’s liberty.
should respected except for such restrictions as
Fine- A fine or mulct is a penalty of money that a court are indispensable for his confinement.
of law or other authority decides.

Probations- Probation in criminal law is a period of

supervision over an offender.
 Jail personnel shall avoid the use of abusive and
Parole- Parole is the early release of a prisoner who
indecent language to the prisoners/detainees
agrees to abide by certain conditions.
particularly in the presence of their families and
Banishment- The sending or putting away of an friends.
offender which was carried out either by prohibition
against coming into a specified territory.
 No penalty shall be imposed upon the
Social Degradation- It is a ceremonies are used to
prisoners/detainees for the violation of any
initiate people into total institutions like mental
rules and except in accordance with the duly
hospitals, prisons, or military units.
approved and adopted disciplinary procedures.
Corporal Punishment- It is a punishment intended to
cause physical pain to a person.
 Penalties shall not be cruel, inhumane or
Death Penalty- It is a capital punishment.
degrading and no corporal punishment shall be
employed as correctional measures.
  Members of the custodial forces must
understand that the prisoners and detainees
treatment and counselling and the primary
purpose of the confinement is the reformation
and rehabilitation.
 The preservation of health and their prompt
treatment of illness or injury are basic tights of
every person confined in jail.
 The religious belief and moral percept not
contrary to law which a prisoner/detainee holds
must be respected.
 The maintenance of human dignity to which
subscribe as well as the purpose of
rehabilitation requires that the
prisoner/detainee while under jurisdiction of
the law enforcement and correctional agencies
be accorded the generally accepted standards
of decent living and human treatment.
Purpose of Correction and Sentencing.
The main purpose of correction and sentencing:
 Punishment- Redress (remedy) that the state
takes against an offending member of society
that usually involves pain and suffering.
 Rehabilitation/Reformation- Establishment of
the usefulness and responsibility of the
offender.
 Reintegration- The primary purpose of
reintegration programs is to help the previously
incarcerated adapt to living in the community
after having spent time in prison.
 Isolation prisoner- Solitary confinement has
been traditionally used as a behavioral reform
of isolating prisoners physically, emotionally
and mentally in order to control and change
inmate behavior.
 Deterrence- Punishment gives lesson to the
offender by showing to others what would
happen to them if they violate the law.
Early Forms of Prison Discipline.
Hard Labor - Prisoners must have productive works.
Corporal Punishment- Imposing brutal punishment or
employing physical force to intimidate a delinquent
inmate.
Deprivation- Denial or removal of everything except the
essentials of existence.
Degradation- Act of uttering insulting words or
language on the part of prison staff for the prisoners to
degrade or break the confidence of prisoners
 
Uniformity- Act of which follow the principle: "we treat
prisoners alike" wherein the fault of one is the fault of
all.  
Monotony - Act of giving the same food that is "off'
diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab or
boring daily routine
Mass Movement- Implementation of mass living in cell
blocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing
Isolation or Solitary
Confinement- Imposition of non-communication and
limited news to a prisoner. The offender is known as
“The lone wolf”
Juridical Conditions of Penalty.
1. Judicial and legal- For it is imposed by virtue of
a judgment as prescribed by law.
 2. DEFINITE - For it cannot be uncertain or
conditional
3. COMMENSURATE- For the extent of the penalty
must be proportionate to the gravity of the
felony.
4. PERSONAL- For no one should be punished for
the crime of another
5. EQUAL- For a penalty should apply equally to all
transgressors of the law.
Key Agencies Responsible for IC/Institutional
Corrections.
 
BuCor/ Bureau of Corrections- Is an agency under the
Department of Justice that is charged with custody and
rehabilitation of national offenders, that is, those
sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of more
than three (3) years.
BJMP/Bureau of Jail Management & Penology- The Jail
Bureau shall exercise supervision and control over all
city and municipal jails. The provincial jails shall be
supervised and controlled by the provincial government
within its jurisdiction, whose expenses shall be
subsidized by the National Government for not more
than three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act.
Provincial Jail- The Provincial Jail shall exercise
supervision and control over all Provincial Jails in the
country.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS.
Juvenile Justice and welfare Republic Act No. 9344
“AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE JUVENILE
JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM, CREATING THE
JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE COUNCIL UNDER THE
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.”
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act” defines the
Juvenile Justice and Welfare System as a system dealing
with children at risk and children in conflict with the
law, which provides child-appropriate proceedings,
including programmes and services for prevention,
diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and aftercare to
ensure their normal growth and development.
Board of Pardon and Parole.
Board of Pardons and Parole - was created
pursuant to Act No. 4103, as amended. It is the intent of
the law to uplift and redeem valuable human material
to economic usefulness and to prevent unnecessary and
excessive deprivation of personal liberty.
 
 Functions:
1. To grant parole to qualified prisoners;
2. To recommend to the President the grant of pardon
and other forms of executive clemency;
3. To authorize the transfer of residence of parolees and
pardonees, order their arrest and recommitment, or
grant their final release and discharge.
Probation.
A disposition under which a defendant, after
conviction and sentence, is released subject to
conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision
of a probation officer. (section 3, PD 968.)
Parole.
It is the conditional release of a prisoner from
correctional institution after serving the minimum
period of prison sentence.
 Correction Viewed as a Process.
All offenders granted probation, parole, pardon
and suspended sentence. The Administration has
adopted a harmonized and integrated treatment
program for these clients to effect their rehabilitation.
This harmonized and integrated program involves
(1) The Therapeutic Community Modality
(2) The Restorative Justice Principles and
Concepts and
(3) the Use of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs).
The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help
social learning treatment model used for clients with
problems of drug abuse and other behavioral problems
such as alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social
tendencies. As a treatment model,
It includes four (4) categories, namely, behavior
management, intellectual/spiritual aspect, emotional
and social aspects, and vocational/survival aspects. In
this regard, the Therapeutic Community Modality
provides a well-defined structure for a synchronized
and focused implementation of the various intervention
strategies/activities undertaken by the agency such as:
1. Individual and group counseling. This activity intends
to assist the clients in trying to sort out their problems,
identify solutions, reconcile conflicts and help resolve
them. This could be done either by individual or group
interaction with the officers of the agency.
2. Moral, Spiritual, Values Formation Seminars, lectures
or trainings offered or arranged by the Agency comprise
these rehabilitation activities. Active NGOs, schools,
civic and religious organizations are tapped to facilitate
the activities.
3. Work or Job Placement/Referral Categorized as an
informal program wherein a client is referred for work
or job placement through the officer’s own personal
effort, contact or information.
4. Vocational/Livelihood and Skills Training The program
includes the setting up of seminars and skills training
classes like food preservation and processing, candle
making, novelty items and handicrafts making, etc., to
help the clients earn extra income. Likewise, vocational
and technical trade classes are availed of such as
refrigeration, automotive mechanic, radio/television
and electronics repairs, tailoring, dressmaking, basic
computer training, etc. through coordination with local
barangays, parish centers, schools and civic
organizations.
5. Health, Mental and Medical Services To address some
of the basic needs of clients and their families, medical
missions are organized to provide various forms of
medical and health services including physical
examination and treatment, free medicines and
vitamins, dental examination and treatment, drug
dependency test and laboratory examination.
Psychological testing and evaluation as well as
psychiatric treatment are likewise provided for by the
Agency’s Clinical Services Division and if not possible by
reason of distance, referrals are made to other
government accredited institutions.
6. Literacy and Education In coordination with LGU
programs, adult education classes are availed of to help
clients learn basic writing, reading and arithmetic.
Likewise, literacy teach-ins during any sessions
conducted for clients become part of the module. This
is particularly intended for clients who are “no read, no
write” to help them become functionally literate.
Likewise, linkages with educational Foundation, other
GOs and NGOs are regularly done for free school
supplies, bags and uniform for client’s children and
relatives.
 
7. Community Service This program refers to the
services in the community rendered by clients for the
benefit of society. It includes tree planting,
beautification drives, cleaning and greening of
surroundings, maintenance of public parks and places,
garbage collection, blood donation and similar socio-
civic activities.
8. Client Self-Help Organization This program takes the
form of cooperatives and client associations wherein
the clients form cooperatives and associations as an
economic group to venture on small-scale projects.
Similarly, client associations serve another purpose by
providing some structure to the lives of clients where
they re-learn the basics of working within a group with
hierarchy, authority and responsibility much like in the
bigger society.
9. Payment of Civil Liability The payment of civil liability
or indemnification to victims of offenders are pursued
despite the economic status of clients. Payment of
obligations to the victims instills in the minds of the
clients their responsibility and the consequences of the
harm they inflicted to others.
10. Environment and Ecology to instill awareness and
concern in preserving ecological balance and
environmental health, seminars/lectures are conducted
wherein clients participate. These seminars/lectures
tackle anti-smoke belching campaign, organic farming,
waste management, segregation and disposal and
proper care of the environment.
 
11. Sports and Physical Fitness Activities that provide
physical exertion like sports, games and group play are
conducted to enhance the physical well-being of clients.
Friendly competition of clients from the various offices
of the sectors, together with the officers, provide an
enjoyable and healthful respite.
Basis for Grant of Parole.
1. The prisoner is fit to be released;
2. There is a reasonable probability that, if released, he
or she will live and remain at liberty without violating
the law; and
3. His or her release will not be incompatible with the
welfare of society.
How May Executive Clemency Be Exercised?
1. Reprieve.
2. Absolute pardon.
3. Conditional pardon.
4. Commutation of sentence.
Review of Cases for Parole.
1. The maximum period of which exceeds one (1) year,
pursuant to a final judgment of conviction.2
2. That he has served the minimum period of said
sentence.
3. Inmate’s conviction is final and executory.
4. Inmate has no pending criminal case.
5. Inmate is serving sentence in the national
penitentiary unless confinement in a municipal, city,
district/ or provincial jail is justified.
Disqualification for Parole.
1. Those convicted of an offense punished with Death
Penalty, Reclusion Perpetua or life Imprisonment.
2. Those convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to
commit treason or espionage, misprision of treason,
rebellion, sedition or coup d’etat, piracy or mutiny on
the high seas or Philippine waters.
3. Those who are habitual delinquents i.e those who,
within a period of 10 years from the date of release
from prison or last conviction of the crimes of serious or
less physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa, falsification,
are found guilty of any of said crimes a third time or
oftener.
4. Those who escaped from confinement or evaded
sentence.
5. Those who were granted Conditional Pardon and
violated any of the terms thereof;
6. Those whose maximum term of imprisonment does
not exceed one (1) year or those with definite sentence.
7. Those suffering from any mental disorder as certified
by a government psychiatrist/psychologist.
8. Those whose conviction is on appeal.
8. Those who have pending criminal cases.
Parole and Probation Administration.
The PAROLE AND PROBATION
ADMINISTRATION is an attached agency of the
Department of Justice which provides a less costly
alternative to imprisonment of offenders who are likely
to respond to individualized community based
treatment programs.
Under the Probation Law of 1976, PPA is mandated to:
Promote the correction and rehabilitation of an
offender by providing him with individualized
treatment. Provide an opportunity for the reformation
of a penitent offender which might be less probable if
he were to serve a prison sentence, and prevent the
commission of offenses.
 
Forms of Clemencies.
1. Judicial Clemency.
2. Executive Clemency.
3. Legislative Clemency
Judicial Clemency.
- The court will grant. Ex. Parole. Parole is a
disposition under which a defendant, after conviction
and sentence, is released subject to conditions imposed
by the court and to the supervision of probation officer.
Executive Clemency.
- It is a collective term for absolute pardon,
conditional pardon, and commutation sentence. This is
not a right but only a privilege, which means that there
is a need to make a request to the granting authority.
Absolute Pardon.
It is the extinction of the criminal
liability of the individual to whom it is granted
without any condition and restores to the
individual his civil rights.
Conditional Pardon.
It refers to the exemption of an
individual, with certain limits or conditions,
resulting in the partial extinction of his criminal
liability.
Commutation.
It is an executive clemency that changes
a heavier sentence to a less serious one, or a
longer prison term to a shorter one.
Legislative Clemency.
- It happens when the legislature enacted a law
decriminalizing the acts or omissions previously
punishable by law.
Basis for Grant of Executive Clemency.
The BPP recommends to the President the grant
of executive clemency when any of the following
circumstances are present:
1. The trial or appellate court recommended in its
decision the grant of executive clemency for the
prisoner.
2. Under the peculiar circumstances of the case, the
penalty imposed is too harsh compared to the  crime
committed.
3. Offender qualifies as a youth offender at the time of
the commission of the offense
4. Prisoner is seventy years old and above;
5. Prisoner is terminally-ill;
6. Alien prisoners where diplomatic considerations and
amity among nations necessitate review and
7. Other similar or analogous circumstances whenever
the interest of justice will be served thereby

When Applications for Executive Clemency will not be

Favorably Acted Upon by The Board of Pardon and
Parole.

1. Convicted of evasion of service of sentence;

2. Who violated the conditions of their conditional
pardon;
3. Who are habitual delinquents or recidivists;
4. Convicted of kidnapping for ransom;
5. Convicted of Violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act of
1972 and the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002;
6. Convicted of offenses committed under the influence
of drugs