An Interpretation for Dimensionless Jet

Parameters: Three Classics and one New

Marcos N. Arima∗† and Marcos M. Pimenta‡
Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil

The objective of the present work is to study what type of effects the
dimensionless jet parameters really consider. To do it, three classical di-
mensionless jet parameters are redeveloped using an unified methodology.
This methodology is based on a momentum balance that considers mo-
mentum fluxes at the inlet surface, at the outlet surface and a momentum
source term. The momentum balance terms are classified as inertial or
pressure terms and as flux or source terms. This redevelopment enlighten
the meaning of the dimensionless jet parameters and allows the definition
of a new improved parameter. A scaling methodology is presented to com-
pare the dimensionless jet parameters adequacy in scaling center line jet
velocity and jet radius at different jet operational conditions. The scaling
Q
methodology is based on the Prandtl’s mixing length model and on the
theorem. The application of this methodology to jet literature data shows
the superiority of the new dimensionless jet parameter.

Nomenclature

dS elemental surface, m2
f function profile of the jet excess velocity, m · s−1
G momentum flux, N
gi body field in the i direction, m · s−2
k turbulent kinetic energy, m2 · s−2
K momentum profile coefficient, −
∗
M.Sc., Ph.D. Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231.
†
ATS4 i, Heavy Industries Department, www.ats4i.com.br.
‡
Doctor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231.

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

ℓmix Prandtl’s mixing length, m
M momentum source, N
Mb Becker, Hottel, and Williams dimensionless jet parameter, −
Mc Craya and Curtet dimensionless jet parameter, −
ṁ mass flow rate, kg · s−1
Mi Momentum inertial terms ratio dimensionless jet parameter, −
Mt Thring and Newby dimensionless jet parameter, −
nj unity vector normal to the elemental surface dS pointing to the outside region of the
closed control surface S, m2
P mean static pressure, P a
R radius, m
r radial coordinate, m
S control surface, m2
U axial mean velocity, m · s−1
Ui mean velocity in i, direction, m · s−1
u′i u′j Reynolds stress tensor, m2 · s−2
Uj mean velocity in j direction, m · s−1
V volume, m3
V̇ volume flow rate, m2 · s−1
Subscripts
0 surface 0
1 coordinate direction 1, equivalent to the axial coordinate direction x
∞ far downstream plane
CL center line
D duct
EP external potential region
I inertial terms only
i, j coordinate direction indices
IN surface IN
J jet excess contribution
N nozzle
P pressure terms only
T total
V volume
X surface X
Symbols

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

δij Kronecker delta, −
ǫ turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, m2 · s−3
η dimensionless radial coordinate, −
Γ turbulent diffusion coefficiente, m2 · s−1
ρ specific mass, kg · m−3
τij stress, P a

I. Introduction

In the combustion literature, the dimensionless jet parameters were developed to deal
with two types of problems: equipments scale-up (or scale-down) and analogies between
isothermal and reaction flows to predict flame reaction profile.1 Thus, two jets are con-
sidered similar if the concentration profile and the point where the jet meets the wall are
similar. From the point of view of turbulence modelling, these characteristics are not ad-
equate. Turbulence RANS models have been including effects like pressure gradient, e.g.
wall-functions models;2 product of a turbulence quantity (k, ǫ and u′i u′j ) by gradients of the
mean velocity field, production terms;3 product of pressure fluctuation by gradients of the
velocity fluctuation, redistribution terms;4 and products of viscosity by gradients of velocity
fluctuation, dissipation terms.3 According to k, ǫ and u′i u′j transport equations the pressure
gradient do not have a direct influence over the turbulence. Notwithstanding, the pressure
gradient must be included in wall functions because the mean velocity field is deformed by
pressure gradient and the velocity field deformation modify the turbulence. The objective
of the present work is to study what type of effects the dimensionless jet parameters really
consider. Among the dimensionless jet parameters studied, a new parameter is proposed.
The first dimensionless parameter for confined jets was proposed by Thring and Newby.5
The combustion engineers are still using it due to its simplicity in making the analogies
between isothermal and reaction flow. This dimensionless parameter do not demand a com-
plex momentum balance. Craya and Curtet6 and Becker, Hottel and Williams7 developed
dimensionless parameters using a complete momentum balance. On the other hand, their
papers are difficult to understand. The dimensionless jet parameters developed by Thring
and Newby,5 Craya and Curtet,6 and Becker, Hottel and Williams7 are classified as classics
in the present work. Ref. 8 presents a chapter where the classic dimensionless jet parameters
are presented with some correction and in an adequate form to be used as design rules. On
the other hand, this book do not give a new interpretation for the classic dimensionless jet
parameters. Ref. 6, 9, 10 present experimental works parameterized by classic dimensionless
jet parameters. Ref. 11 presents interesting numerical results parameterized by the Becker,
Hottel and Williams7 dimensionless parameter. On page 34 of Ref. 11 there is a figure com-

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

paring numerical and experimental points of separation and re-attachment in a confined jet
at different operational conditions. Which figure shows the drawbacks of the differential
model used in the numerical simulation to predict these points, specially the re-attachment
points. Ref. 12 presents a numerical study about the similarity in confined turbulent coaxial
jets and Ref. 13, 14 present very complete reviews about various types of turbulent jets.

II. Integral Dimensionless Jet Approaches

In this section, it is used an unified approach do redevelop the classic dimensionless jet
parameters. This approach is based on a momentum balance whose terms are classified as
a source or flux terms, and as an inertial or pressure terms. The control surface used in the
momentum balance is divided according to the dimensionless jet parameter to be defined.
The dimensionless jet parameters can be interpreted according to the classification of the
momentum balance terms and to the part of the control surface used in their definitions.
In this way, the interpretation of the classic dimensionless jet parameters conflicts with
the concept that the pressure gradient do not have a direct influence over the turbulence.
Therefore, a new dimensionless jet parameter is defined to satisfy this concept. Initially, a
formulation for generic flows is presented, and then a formulation for an axi-symmetric axial
jet confined in a constant area duct is presented. In this way, the differences between each
dimensionless parameters can be evaluated theoretically.

II.A. Generic flow

The integral form of the momentum transport equation is,

Z  I
∂t ρ Ui dV + ρ Ui Uj dSj =
I V S
Z (1)
= (−P δij + τij ) dSj + ρgi dV + Mi
S V

Where Mi is a momentum source in the i direction, dSj = dS nj , dS is an elemental

area of the closed surface, S, and nj is the unity vector normal to the elemental surface dS
pointing to outside region of the closed control surface S.
Assuming the hypothesis of steady state, null shear stress on S surface, constant specific
mass, and no body forces, the integral form of the momentum transport equation reduces
to:
I
Mi = (ρ Ui Uj + P δij ) dSj (2)
S

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 Figure 1. Generic Flow used in the integral and dimensionless jet analysis.

Figure 1 shows an idealized generic flow confined by a duct with a variable cross section.
At surface 0, velocity vectors are parallel and the velocity x-component is U0 . The static
pressure at surface 0 is P0 . At surfaces IN and X the velocity vectors and the static pressure
are variable. The difference between the momentum flux through surface 0 and surface IN
is due to the momentum source Mi , as well as, between surfaces 0 and X. In this way, the
momentum balance in the volume defined by the walls and the surfaces 0 and IN gives.
Z Z
Mi = (ρUi Uj + P δij ) dS0,j + (ρUi Uj + P δij ) dSIN,j (3)
S0 SIN

Subtracting the pressure force due to P0 over the surface S0 from the above equation,
results:

Z Z
Mi = ρUi Uj dS0,j + ρUi Uj dSIN,j +
S0 SIN
| {z } | {z }
G0,i GI,IN,i
Z Z
+ P δij dSIN,j − P δij dS0,j (4)
SIN S0
| {z }
GP,IN,i

= G0,i + GIN,i = MI,i + MP,i

|{z} |{z}
GI,IN,i +G0,i GP,IN,i

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 It is important to make two notes: (i) GX,i is equal to GIN,i due the hypothesis of non-
dissipative flow and null shear stress on Sj surfaces; (ii) the area of the surface 0 must be
equal to the cross section area of the most interesting flow region.
Using the terms of this momentum balance, it is possible to define the following dimen-
sionless parameters:

Craya and Curtet (M c): is the ratio of momentum source to momentum flux on plane
0. It considers the turbulent diffusion coefficient, Γ, defined in the section II.B.5, as a
function of momentum source, Mi , and momentum flux, G0 .

M c = −Mi G−1
0,i (5)

Becker, Hottel and Williams (M b): is a dimensional modification of the M c parameter

to scale integral quantities like: expansion rate and center line jet velocity. In the
section II.B.5 this dimensional analysis is used, but applied to dimensionless parameter
M i.

0.5
M b = −G0,i Mi−1 (6)

Thring and Newby (M t): is the square root of the ratio of momentum flux through the
nozzle, GN , to momentum flux on plane 0. The definition of GN is given in the section
II.B.3, Eq. 32.

0.5
M t = −GN,i G−10,i (7)

Momentum inertial terms ratio (M i): is the ratio of the momentum source inertial
term to momentum flux on plane 0. It considers the turbulent diffusion coefficient,
Γ, defined in the section II.B.5, as a function of inertial part of the momentum source,
MI , and momentum flux, G0 . This dimensionless parameter has not been found in the
literature by the authors.

M i = − (GI,IN,i + G0,i ) G−1 −1

0,i = −MI,i G0,i (8)

II.B. Axi-symmetric axial jet

Figure 2 shows an idealized flow that represents an axi-symmetric axial confined jet. This
flow is confined by a duct of radius RD . On plane 0, the flow has a constant velocity, U0 , and
a mean static pressure, P0 . On plane IN , the flow has a mean static pressure, PIN , and is
divided in a region of constant velocity, UIN = UEP,IN , called external potential region; and
in a region of constant velocity, UIN = UEP,IN +UJ,IN . The differences between the velocities
of planes 0 and IN results from the a momentum source, Mi . On the plane X, the flow has

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 Figure 2. Flow variables of the axi-symmetric axial jet used in the integral and dimensionless jet analysis.

mean static pressure, PX , is divided in an external potential region, where UX = UEP,X , and
in a region where the velocity profile, UX , varies with the following function:

UJ,X
f (η) = (9)
UJ,X,CL
where:

r
η= (10)
RJ,V
UJ,X = UX − UEP,X (11)

The volumetric flow rate is calculated by:

Z RD
2
V̇J = 2π UJ,X r dr = UJ,X,CL πRJ,V (12)
0

RJ,V is defined in equation 12. Substituting the jet velocity profile, equation 9, into jet
volume flow rate, equation 12, results

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 Z RD
V̇J = 2π UJ,X,CL f (η) r dr
0
Z RD
= πUJ,X,CL 2 f (η) r dr
0
Z ηD
= πUJ,X,CL 2 f (η) (ηRJ,V ) (RJ,V dη) (13)
0
Z ηD
2


= UJ,X,CL πRJ,V 2 f (η)ηdη
0
Z ηD
∴ 2 f (η)ηdη = 1
0

The total volume flow rate is:

Z RD Z RD
V̇T = 2π UX r dr = 2π (UEP,X + UJ,X ) r dr
0 0
Z RD
(14)
2
= 2π U0 r dr = U0 πRD
0

Therefore, the axial mean velocity component of the external potential, UEP , region is:

2
V̇T − V̇J
V̇T − V̇J = UEP π RD ⇒ UEP = 2
(15)
π RD
The difference between the velocity profiles of planes IN and X is due to the momentum
diffusion. This plane may be located in a region between some nozzle radius downstream
from plane IN and many nozzle radius upstream the position, x, where the jet meets the
wall. Although it is known that in this region the similarity is not perfect, it is assumed a
perfect similarity in the analysis that begins with equation 9.
Considering streamlines forming a small angle with the mean direction of flow, it is
possible to assume null static pressure radial gradient: PX (r) = PEP,X or PIN (r) = PEP,IN .
In this way, equation 4 applied to planes IN and X are, respectively,

Z RD Z RD
2


M1 = 2π ρUIN rdr − 2π ρU02 rdr+
0 0
Z RD
(16)
+ 2π (PEP,IN − P0 ) rdr
0

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 Z RD Z RD

M1 = 2π ρUX2 rdr − 2π ρU02 rdr+
0 0
Z RD
(17)
+ 2π (PEP,X − P0 ) rdr
0

The main flow direction is aligned with the x direction (i = 1).

Invoking the hypothesis of non-dissipative flow, the integration of the momentum equa-
tion along a streamline (Bernoulli equation) located at the external potential region gives:

U02 2
UEP,IN 2
UEP,X
ρ + P0 = ρ + PEP,IN = ρ
+ PEP,X (18)
2 2 2
Substituting equation 18 into equations 16 and 17 gives respectively,

Z RD Z RD
2


M1 = 2π ρUIN rdr −2π ρU02 rdr +
0 0
| {z }| {z }
GI,IN,1 G0,1
Z !
RD U02 2
UEP,IN
+ 2π ρ − rdr (19)
0 2 2
| {z }
GP,IN1

= GIN,1 + G0,1 = GI,IN,1 + G0,1 + GP,IN,1

| {z } | {z }
MI,1 MP,1

Z RD Z RD
M1 = 2π ρUX2 rdr −2π ρU02 rdr +
0 0
| {z }| {z }
GI,X,1 G0,1
Z !
RD U02 2
UEP,X (20)
+ 2π ρ − rdr
0 2 2
| {z }
GP,X,1

= GX,1 + G0,1

Substituting equations 9 to 15 into equation 20 results,

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 Z RD
M1 = 2π ρ (UEP,X + UJ,X )2 rdr+
0
Z Z !
RD RD U02 2
UEP,X
− 2π ρU02 rdr + 2π ρ − r dr
0 0 2 2
Z !
2
RD UEP,X 2
= 2π ρ + 2UEP,X UJ,X + UJ,X r dr+
0 2
ρ
− U02 πRD2

2 2 
(21)
 V̇T − V̇J V̇T − V̇J 2


=ρ 2
+ 2 2
UJ,X,CL · πR J,V  +
2πRD πRD
" Z #
2 2

ηD U02
+ρ UJ,X,CL · πRJ,V 2 f 2 η dη − 2
πRD
0 2
" #
V̇T2 − 2V̇T V̇J + V̇J2 V̇T − V̇J
=ρ 2
+2 2
V̇J +
2πRD πRD
" #
V̇J2 V̇T2
+ρ K· 2
− 2
πRJ,V 2πRD

" #
V̇T V̇J 3 V̇J2 V̇J2
M1 = ρ 2
− 2
+K· 2
(22)
πRD 2 πRD πRJ,V

where
Z ηD
K=2 f 2 η dη (23)
0

II.B.1. Craya and Curtet

Substituting equation 14 into G0,1 term of equation 20 results,

V̇T2
G0,1 = − 2
(24)
πRD
Substituting the equations 22 and 24 into equation 5 results,
 !2 !2 !2 
V̇J 3 V̇J V̇J RD
Mc =  − +K·  (25)
V̇T 2 V̇T V̇T RJ,V

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

II.B.2. Becker, Hottel and Williams

Defining the nozzle velocity, UN = UEP,IN +UJ,IN in the region 0 ≤ r ≤ RN , and substituting
it in the equation 19, gives.

Z RN Z RD
M1 = 2π ρ UN2 r dr + 2π 2
ρ UEP,IN r dr+
0 RN

ρ
− ρ U02 πRD2
+ U02 πRD 2
+
2
Z RN Z RD
ρ 2 ρ 2
− 2π UEP,IN r dr − 2π UEP,IN r dr (26)
0 2 RN 2
" #
2

U 0
= ρπ UN2 RN2 2
+ UEP,IN RD 2 2
− RN − RD 2
+
2
" #
2 2
UEP,IN 2
U EP,IN 2 2


− ρπ RN − RD − RN
2 2

" #
2

UEP,IN U02
M1 = ρπ UN2 − UEP,IN
2 2
RN + 2
RD − 2
RD (27)
2 2

Substituting equations 24 and 27 into equation 6, results:

U0
Mb =  !2 0.5 (28)
2

RN UEP,IN U02
 UN2 − UEP,IN
2
+ − 
RD 2 2

Which is the Becker, Hottel and Williams parameter.

II.B.3. Thring and Newby

The Thring and Newby5 dimensionless parameter was developed using the incomplete sim-
ilarity between isothermal and reactive free jets and an empirical model to describe the
expansion rate of a confined jet. Here, this dimensionless parameter will be redeveloped
dividing the mass and momentum flux through plane IN in two parts.

ṁ0 = ṁN + ṁEP (29)

M1 = G0,1 + GIN,1 = G0,1 + GEP,IN,1 + GN,1 (30)

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 where

Z RD
2


GEP,IN,1 = 2π ρUEP,IN + PEP,IN − P0 rdr
RN
2

2 2 (31)
= ρUEP,IN + ρPEP,IN − P0 π(RD − RN )
2 2 2 2 2
= ρUEP,IN π(RD − RN ) + (PEP,IN − P0 ) π(RD − RN )

Z RN

GN,1 = 2π ρUN2 + PN − P0 rdr
0

(32)
= ρUN2 + PN − P0 πRN 2

= (ρUN2 + PN − P0 ) πRN
2

Substituting equations 24 and 32 into equation 7, gives.

" ! #0.5
ṁ2N 2
ρπRD
Mt = 2
+ PN − P0 ·
ρπRN ṁ20
 !2 0.5 (33)
2
ṁN RD ρπRD
= · + (PN − P0 ) · 
ṁ0 RN ṁ20

Becker, Hottel and Williams7 consider the pressure term, PN − P0 , important only for
highly pressurized nozzles. In the other cases, they suggest the following formulation.

ṁN RD ṁN RD
Mt = · = · (34)
ṁ0 RN ṁN + ṁEP RN

II.B.4. Momentum inertial terms ratio

Solving the integrals of equation 19, results,

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

  2 2 2


M1 = ρ UEP,IN π RD − RN + UN2 πRN
2
+
| {z }
GI,IN,1
!
U02 2
UEP,IN
−ρU02 πRD
2
+ρ − 2
πRD
| {z } 2 2 (35)
G0,1 | {z }
GP,IN,1

= GI,IN,1 + G0,1 +GP,IN,1

| {z }
MI,1

Substituting the terms of equation 35 into equation 8, gives:

!2

RN
UN2 − UEP,IN
2 2
+ UEP,IN − U02
RD
Mi = (36)
U02
the momentum inertial terms ratio.

II.B.5. Incomplete similarity

The integral characteristics of a jet are described by curves UJ,CL × x and RJ,V × x. In
Ref. 6, such curves are presented in a nondimensionalized form:
! !
U0 x
× (37)
UJ,CL · M c0.5 RD

and
! !
RJ,V x
× (38)
RD · M c0.5 RD · M c0.5

Ref. 6 does not presents the nondimensionalization procedure used to obtain these di-
mensionless parameters. In the present work, it is used a alternative nondimensionalization
procedure that gives the same final results.
The geometric characteristics of an axi-symmetric confined jet are described by the axial
coordinate, x, and the duct radius, RD . The coordinate x has the same direction of the jet
center line, the same sense of the bulk flow and its origin is on the nozzle exit section.
The expansion rate of a jet is described by a curve RJ,V × x and the axial velocity
decaying is described by a curve UJ,CL × x. Such variables are related to the turbulent
diffusion coefficient of the flow, Γ. In the case of turbulent flows, Γ is a function of the
inertial terms of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations only. Then,

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 [Γ] = [GI ]a · [ρ]b
" # " #a " #b
L2 M·L M (39)
= ·
T T2 L3

Γ ∝ G0.5
I ·ρ
−0.5
(40)

where, GI is a momentum flux (or source) of the inertial terms only.

Imagining the momentum source, M , being a point just downstream the plane 0, then
the inertial part of the momentum source, MI , represents the maximum momentum flux
(inertial terms only) of the jet. Therefore, equation 40 gives,

Γ0 ∝ MI0.5 · ρ−0.5 (41)

Defining a far downstream plane ∞ where the velocity profile evaluate and became uni-
form, then G∞ = G0 . In this way, equation 40 applied to this plane gives,

Γ∞ ∝ G0.5
0 ·ρ
−0.5
(42)

The Prandtl’s mixing length hypothesis gives the following approximation for Γ, which
includes the proper dimensions,
   
 ∂U   ∆U 
   
Γ ∝ ℓ2mix   ∝ ℓ2mix   (43)
 ∂r   ∆r 

Applying equation 43 to the jet region gives,

 
 ∆UJ 
2  
ΓX ∝ RJ,V ·  ∝ UJ,CL RJ,V (44)
 RJ,V 

Considering a plane ∞, far downstream, where the velocity profile is uniform, U∞ = U0 ,

and applying equation 43 to this plane gives,
 
 ∆UT 
2  
Γ∞ ∝ RD ·  ∝ U0 RD (45)
 RD 

Assuming:

Γ0 ΓX
∝ (46)
Γ∞ Γ∞

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 Substituting equations 41, 42, 44, and 45, in the above equation.
!0.5
MI UJ,CL RJ,V
∝ · (47)
G0 U0 RD

UJ,CL RJ,V
M i0.5 ∝ · (48)
U0 RD
Assuming the hypothesis that RJ,V ∝ x then,

UJ,CL x
M i0.5 ∝ · (49)
U0 RD
The equations 48 and 49 are used to scale the variables UJ,CL and RJ,V . Ref. 15, 16
presents a more detailed theory about similarity, scaling and dimensional methods.

II.C. Dimensionless jet parameters relations

The relation between M c and M b is easily obtained from equations 5 and 6.

1
Mc = (50)
M b2
The relation between M c and M i is:

GP,IN,i
M c = −Mi G−1 −1
0,i = −(MI,i + GP,IN,i ) G0,i = M i − (51)
G0,i
The numeric value of M c approximates the value of M i when GP,IN,i ≪ G0,i .
Combining equations 5 and 8, results:

M c = Mi G−1 −1 −1
0,i = −(GIN,i + G0,i ) G0,i = −(GN,i + GEP,IN,i + G0,i ) G0,i
(52)
= M t2 − GEP,IN,i G−1
0,i − 1

This relation is valid for the axi-symmetric axial jet confined in a constant area duct.
The numeric value of M t2 approximates that of M c when GEP,IN,i ≈ G0,i . In this
case, the combined momentum and mass balance implies GN,i ≈ Mi and RN ≪ RD . It is
important to note the independence of G0,i and Mi .

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 III. Studied Case

The studied case is the axi-symmetric axial confined jet flow shown in figure 2. The
duct and nozzle are 12 mm and 81 mm in diameter respectively. The operational conditions
analyzed are shown in table 1.
Table 1. Operational conditions of the axi-symmetric axial confined jet.17

Mc U0 UEP,IN UN
[−] [−] [m s−1 ] [m s−1 ]
0.570 9.5 8.95 102.3
0.126 19.0 18.5 103.2
0.0504 19.0 18.7 69.6

IV. Results and Analysis

Tables 2 and 3 shows, respectively, the momentum balance terms and the dimensionless
parameters values for each analyzed conditions. Figures 3 and 4 shows, respectively, the
center line jet velocity versus the axial distance and the volumetric jet radius versus the
center line jet velocity. These figures presents a comparison between some dimensionless
data of Ref. 17, scaled by M c and scaled by M i. The superiority of M i scalation is obvious,
but the curves do not colapse at x/RD > 4. This drawback occurs because the boundary
layer growth in this region becomes important. The scaling method used do not considers
the boundary layer variables and the hypothesis of RJ,V ∝ x is not valid near the wall.
Table 2. Momentum balance terms for each analyzed conditions.17

Mc G0 GI,IN GIN GN MI M
[−] [kg m s−2 ] [kg m s−2 ] [kg m s−2 ] [kg m s−2 ] [kg m s−2 ] [kg m s−2 ]
0.5700 1.86 2.83 2.93 1.18 0.97 1.07
0.1260 7.44 8.22 8.41 1.20 0.78 0.97
0.0504 7.44 7.72 7.83 0.55 0.28 0.39

Table 3. Dimensionless jet parameters values for each analyzed conditions.17

Mc Mb Mt Mi
[−] [−] [−] [−]
0.570 1.325 0.636 0.519
0.126 2.817 0.162 0.105
0.0504 4.454 0.074 0.037

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 2
M c = 0.570
M c = 0.126
1.5 M c = 0.0504

U0 /UJ,CL
1

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x/RD
(a) not scaled

0.5
M c = 0.570
M c = 0.126
0.4 M c = 0.0504
U0 · M c0.5 /UJ,CL

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x/RD
(b) scaled by M c

0.5
M c = 0.570
M c = 0.126
0.4 M c = 0.0504
U0 · M i0.5 /UJ,CL

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x/RD
(c) scaled by M i
Figure 3. Center line jet velocity versus axial distance.

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 0.6
M c = 0.570
0.5 M c = 0.126
M c = 0.0504
0.4

RJ /RD
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
U0 /UJ,CL
(a) not scaled

1.6
M c = 0.570
1.4 M c = 0.126
1.2 M c = 0.0504
RJ /(RD · M c0.5 )

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
U0 /UJ,CL
(b) scaled by M c

1.6
M c = 0.570
1.4 M c = 0.126
1.2 M c = 0.0504
RJ /(RD · M i0.5 )

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
U0 /UJ,CL
(c) scaled by M i
Figure 4. Jet volumetric radius versus jet center line jet velocity.

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Dimensionless Jet Parameters, Arima and Pimenta

 V. Conclusion

Theoretically, the main problem with the classical dimensionless jet parameters is the
pressure effect. This effect does not have a direct effect on the turbulence. In the case of
M t parameter, the terms used in its definition are inadequate. The new dimensionless jet
parameter proposed, M i, do not have these problems. The experimental data presented
shows the superiority of the new jet dimensionless parameter M i over the classics. But,
the used experimental data are few, old and were carried out for only one RD /RN ratio.
Therefore, it is necessary to apply the M i scaling method to more cases, specially with
different RD /RN ratios and with |GP,IN,1 | / |G0,1 |.
The next steps in the development of this scaling methodology are: (i) eliminate the
hypothesis of RJ,V ∝ x using one and two equation turbulence models; (ii) include the
boundary layer growth variables into the dimensional analysis.

Acknowledgments

This work was sponsored by National Council for Scientific and Technological Develop-
ment (CNPq); and University of São Paulo / Polytechnic School / Department of Mechanical
Engineering (USP/EP/PME).

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