Professional Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/265465411
CITATIONS READS
0 429
1 author:
Muhammad Hanif
ABB Riyadh Saudi Arabia
1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Muhammad Hanif on 09 September 2014.
¾§
Muhammad Hanif
ßÞÍÌÎßÝÌ factor will apply. As per IEC 62271-1 [3], Table 1a, the
rated power frequency and impulse withstand voltages for
The disruptive discharge of external insulation depends
36 kV rated switchgear are:
upon the atmospheric conditions. The dielectric strength of
Rated power frequency withstand voltage (rms):
need to be taken into account when external insulation
- to ground and between phases: 70 kV at 60 Hz, 1 minute
is designed and tested. By applying correction factors,
- across isolating distance: 80 kV at 60 Hz, 1 minute
can be converted into the equivalent value under the
Rated impulse withstand voltage (peak):
test conditions. During dielectric dry tests where external
insulation in free air is of main concern, the atmospheric - to ground and between phases: 170 kV, 1.2/50 µs
correction factor shall be applied and test voltage shall be
corrected. This paper discusses application of atmospheric - across isolating distance: 195 kV, 1.2/50 µs
correction factor in dielectric dry tests as per relevant IEC The technical data of switchgear shows that pole
standards. distance for load break switch is 360 mm and creepage
×ÒÌÎÑÜËÝÌ×ÑÒ distance for the insulators used in the switchgear panel is
385 mm.
The dielectric stresses during service life of electrical
equipment are due to power frequency voltage, temporary The applicable IEC standards for dielectric dry tests on
overvoltage, switching overvoltage and lightning a switchgear panel under discussion are IEC 60265
overvoltage. For a given stress, the behavior of external [4], IEC 62271-1 [3], and 60060-1 [2]. According to
insulation is affected by the atmospheric conditions.
for appropriate insulation strength using the appropriate
considered by using correction factors. This allows tests voltage waveforms at standard reference atmosphere.
under different atmospheric conditions but with the same For a given phase under test, the required number of
external insulation stress to be performed. impulse voltage applications for each impulse polarity is
a sequence of 15 standard lightning impulses of positive
The standard atmospheric conditions for which the polarity as well as negative polarity. After successful
standardized test voltages apply are an air temperature impulse test, AC power frequency withstand voltage test
of to = 20 oC, an absolute pressure of po = 1013 hPa shall be performed. The power frequency testing requires
(1013 mbar) and an absolute humidity of ho = 11 g/m3 each situation should be tested so that line to ground; line
according to IEC 60071-1 [1] and IEC 60060-1 [2]. The to line and open switching devices are tested.
actual pressure, temperature and humidity at the instant of
measurement are denoted by p, t and h. The atmospheric Ì»¬·²¹ Í»¬«°
correction factor Kt has two parts, the air density correction Figures 1 and 2 show the test setup and connections for
factor k1 and the humidity correction factor k2. impulse voltage and power frequency voltage test on a 36
When test voltages are applied without considering kV rated switchgear panel.
atmospheric conditions during dielectric dry tests,
insulation systems may be subjected to excessive stress
or understress. If insulation systems are overstressed then
probability of failure of dielectric dry tests will increase
which may also cause aging and generate defects in the
internal insulation. On the other hand, if insulation systems
are understressed then it will not be tested fully.
ßÌÓÑÍÐØÛÎ×Ý ÝÑÎÎÛÝÌ×ÑÒÍ ÚßÝÌÑÎÍ
As per guidelines of IEC 62271-1, clause 6.2.1, for considered 0.95 will be as follows:
switchgear and controlgear of rated voltage of 52 kV and
below, it can be assumed that: The impulse voltage (peak) will be 161.5 kV for ground
and between phases and 185.2 kV across isolating
m = 1 and w = 0 when the absolute humidity is higher distance. The power frequency rms voltage will be 66.5 kV
than that of the reference atmosphere, i.e. when h > 11 for ground and between phases and 76 kV across isolating
g/m3; distance.
m = 1 and w = 1 when the absolute humidity is lower ÝÑÒÝÔËÍ×ÑÒÍ
than that of the reference atmosphere, i.e. when h < 11
g/m3. The withstand capability of external insulation is affected
by the atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity.
For switchgear and controlgear having external and Withstand values given in IEC 62271-1 Table 1 and 2
internal insulation, the correction factor Kt shall be applied [3] are valid for standard atmospheric conditions. The
if its value is between 0.95 and 1.05. However, in order to atmospheric conditions at the testing place may deviate
avoid overstressing of internal insulation, the application from the standard reference condition and it is necessary
of the correction factor Kt may be omitted where the that correction factors may be applied for pressure,
satisfactory performance of external insulation has been temperature, and humidity. The voltage applied during a test
established. When the correction factor is outside the on external insulation is then determined by multiplying the
range of 0.95 and 1.05, details of dielectric tests shall be
subject to agreement between manufacturer and user. The application of atmospheric correction factor ensures
insulation systems are tested at correct voltages at normal
If Kt is above 1.0 then to fully test the external insulation stress. Therefore, risks of failure of dielectric tests and
system the internal insulation will be overstressed and
insulation aging are reduced if it would be overstressed as
steps may be necessary to prevent overstressing the well as risks of un-identifying the defects in the insulation
internal insulation systems. If Kt is below 1.0 then to test are minimized if it would be under stressed.
the internal insulation system fully, the external insulation
will be overstressed and steps may be necessary to ÎÛÚÛÎÛÒÝÛÍ
prevent overstressing the external insulation systems.
[1] IEC 60060-1: High-voltage test techniques - Part 1:
rd
The atmospheric correction factor shall be applied for Ed, 2010.
each type of test voltage. The impulse test voltage will be
“rated impulse voltage multiplied by the correction factor” [2] IEC 60071-1: Insulation co-ordination – Part 1:
th
and power frequency test voltage will be “rated power Ed, 2006.
frequency voltage multiplied by the correction factor” [3] IEC62271-1: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear
calculated from measured values of p, t and h. st
Ed, 2007.
Ý¿´½«´¿¬·±² ±º ݱ®®»½¬·±² Ú¿½¬±® ¿²¼ ß°°´·»¼ Ì»¬ [4] IEC 60265-1: High-voltage switches – Part 1:
ʱ´¬¿¹» Switches for rated voltages above 1 kV and less than 52
In the view of above discussion the correction factor and kV, 3rd Ed., 1998.
applied test voltages for lightning impulse and power Engr Muhammad Hanif Muhammad (hanif.muhammad101@
hanif.muhammad101@
voltage are calculated as under: yahoo.com) received his BEng degree in Electronics
yahoo.com
in 1983 from NED University of Engineering &
The assumed values of p, t and h for calculation purpose
Technology, Karachi, and PGD in Total Quality
during the test on the switchgear panel are 950.1 hPa,
Management from the University of Punjab. He
26 oC and 8.3 g/m3 respectively. The k1, k2 and Kt are
has worked in various public and private sector
calculated which are 0.919, 0.976, and 0.897 respectively.
organizations in Pakistan and presently works for
The correction factor Kt is 0.897 which is below than 0.95,
ABB Electrical Industries, Riyadh, in PPMV Business
therefore, this value may be taken if mutually agreed
Unit as the Quality Control Manager. Insulation testing, power
between manufacturer and user, otherwise 0.95 may be
transformer, instrument transformer, on-load tap-changer and
taken for calculation. The applied test voltages when Kt is
statistical quality control are his subjects of interests.
52 ×ÛÐóÍßÝ Ö±«®²¿´ îðïîóïí ©©©ò·»°ó¿ò±®¹