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Experimental Measurement: Methods and Methodology: 16.621 Experimental Projects Lab I
Experimental Measurement: Methods and Methodology: 16.621 Experimental Projects Lab I
16.62x
• Our goals:
– Measure the appropriate quantity,
– Measure with the appropriate accuracy,
to allow us to assess our hypothesis
• Some questions:
– What data do we need?
– What do we measure?
– How do we measure?
– How well do we need to measure?
– What do we do with the data?
2
ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
• This is the subject of a future class, but the idea is so important that
I mention it today as well
Data
Storage/Playback Readout
Element
Data Data
Transmission Presentation Observer
Element Element
Adapted from Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems: Application and Design, McGraw Hill
5
MEASUREMENT ELEMENT DEFINITIONS
¾ Amplifier, filter
Adapted from Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems: Application and Design, McGraw Hill
6
MEASUREMENT ELEMENT DEFINITIONS
Adapted from Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems: Application and Design, McGraw Hill
7
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE ELEMENTS
• Functional blocks
– Can have more than one of each type
– Not all measurement systems have all functions
– May be in any sequence (except primary sensing and data
presentation)
8
ERROR ANALYSIS
Materials
Machine
Humans
Controlled
Inputs
Outputs
Experiment
(Factors)
(Responses)
Amb Cond
Variation
Inst Drift
Continuous Error
9
16.622 MEASUREMENT GOALS
Our goals:
• Measure the appropriate quantity (DO THE RIGHT THING)
10
16.622 MEASUREMENT GOALS?
11
AN EXERCISE CONCERNING THE GREITZER-
12
16.050 TO THE RESCUE
14
A TURN TO YOUR PARTNER EXERCISE
• Describe the:
– sensors
– Instrumentation
– measurement chain
you will need to obtain the data.
15
UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENT DEVICES
16
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
17
MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND PRECISION
Accurate?___ Accurate?___
Precise? ___ Precise? ___
Accurate?___ Accurate?___
Precise? ___ Precise? ___
19
CALIBRATION
21
STILL MORE……….
– Resolution
• Smallest smallest
Output
detectable change
– Threshold
• Smallest detectable value
Input
– Hysteresis (dead band)
• Loop resulting from
complete calibration
using monotonically
changing values
Output
Input
22
MEASUREMENT METHODS
• Texts or articles
23
MEASUREMENT METHODS: MIT Video Tapes
• Introduction to Measurement
• Calibration, Accuracy and Error
24
SOME GENERAL MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS