1153EC105

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

PRESENTED BY
DR.BHARANIDHARAN N
ASST. PROF - ECE
PURPOSE OF THIS COURSE
• Understand analog and digital communication techniques.

• Learn data and pulse communication techniques.

• Be familiarized with source and Error control coding.

•Gain knowledge on multi-user radio communication.

COURSE OUTCOMES
Explain the concept of amplitude and angle modulations

Compare different types of shift keying techniques.

Describe various data and pulse transmission schemes

Study the error in the communication system using error Control coding techniques.

Describe about multi user communication concepts, radio communication and wireless
technology
SEQUENTIAL LEARNING COURSE
Computer Networks
ANALOG COMMUNICATION UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
 Communication:

 Exchange of messages between two or more people

 Transfer of information from one place to another

 From an engineering point of view:

 Communication is the mechanism of sending, processing and receiving data/information by electrical

means

 Should be efficient, reliable and secured

 Communication System:

 Combination of processes and the hardware used to accomplish the transfer of the Information

 Major elements of communication are the Transmitter, Channel/medium and Receiver

Elements of Communication System
 Elements of Communication System…
 Information or input signal
 Generates data/message to be transferred
 Data can be in the form of sound signal like speech or music or it can be in the form of pictures

 Input Transducer
 Information in the form of sound, picture or data signal is converted into a suitable electrical signal
 Example: microphones converts human voice into an electrical voltage or current signal

 Transmitter
 Processes input signal to produce a transmitted signal

 Channel
 Medium through which the message travels from the transmitter to the receiver
Elements of Communication System…
 Noise
 Unwanted electrical signal which gets added to the transmitted signal when it is travelling towards receiver

 Receiver
 To reproduce the message signal in electrical form from the distorted received signal

 Output Transducer
 Electrical signal at the output of the receiver back to the original form i.e. sound or TV pictures

 Eg loudspeakers
Examples of Communication System
Communication Channels
Communication Systems- Types

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication Systems- Types…
ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Data is transferred from transmitter and receiver with the help of analog signal
 Analog signal possesses continuous varying amplitude with time
 Any type of data such as voice, sound etc. can be transferred through an analog signal
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Uses digital signals for transmitting information between source and destination
 Data are of discrete values for sending the information over the channel
 Stores and transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s
Comparison
ANALOG COMMUNICATION DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

• Uses analog signal • Uses digital signal

• Low cost, less bandwidth, high power • High cost, more bandwidth, low power

• Amplitude and angle modulation used • Pulse code modulation(PCM) , DPCM used

• Represented by sine wave • Represented by square wave

•Used in analog devices only. Best suited for •Best suited for computing and digital electronics.
audio and video transmission.
 Amplitude, Frequency, Phase
Any wave has 3 characteristics ie amplitude, frequency and phase

Amplitude: Distance between origin and crest(or trough)

Frequency: is number of Oscillations per second

Phase: of a wave is the fraction of the cycle a particle has passed

through relative to a given starting point
Drawbacks Of Direct Transmission
Below are the drawbacks of transmitting low frequency signal over long distances.
Excessively large antenna heights.
Signals get mixed up.
Poor quality of reception
In order to avoid these drawbacks, modulation is necessary
 MODULATION
 Modulation is a process of altering some characteristic (amplitude, frequency or phase) of a carrier wave in

accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating signal.

The message signal/modulating signal is called baseband signal because they have low frequency (20Hz-20kHz) .

 The carrier wave is called bandpass signal because they have high frequency( above 20kHz).

Therefore ,in simple words modulation is a process of superimposing a low frequency wave with a high frequency wave.

Modulation is takes place in transmitter.

 MODULATION
 Signal resulting from the process of modulation is called modulated signal
 Wave Frequency
Can be measured by counting the number of

crests (high points) of waves that pass the fixed

point in 1 second.

 Higher the number of crests, greater the

frequency of the waves.

SI unit is the hertz (Hz),

Carrier Wave

 Carrier wave is a wave of high frequency, constant amplitude, constant frequency

Non-interrupted wave generated by RF oscillators

Inaudible waves

Function: to carry audio/video signal from transmitting station to receiving station

 NEED OF MODULATION
1) Radiation efficiency improves

Radiation efficiency will be poor at audio signal.

 By modulation, electrical energy can be radiated efficiently at high frequencies(above 20kHz)

2) Avoids mixing of signals

When we transmit low frequency signals directly from different sources, all of them would be mixed up.

 By modulation, different messages of different frequency level can be transmitted simultaneously without
any interference.
 NEED OF MODULATION
3) Reduces the height of the antena
 Length of the antenna should be one-fourth of the wavelength, ie
MODULATION- TYPES
Definition-AM,FM,PM
Amplitude modulation (AM):
Amplitude Modulation is defined as changing the amplitude of the carrier signal with
respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.
Frequency modulation (FM):
Frequency Modulation is the changing frequency of the carrier signal with respect to
the instantaneous change in message signal.
Phase modulation(PM):
Phase Modulation is defined as changing the phase of the carrier signal with respect
to the instantaneous change in message signal.
THEORY OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 THEORY OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 Third figure shows that the amplitude of both the positive and negative half cycles of the
carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instant amplitude of the message signal.
The positive and negative peaks of the amplitude modulated (AM) wave are
interconnected with an imaginary line.
This imaginary line on the AM wave is called envelope.
The shape of the envelope of AM wave looks same as the message signal.
Therefore, this envelope helps in recreating the exact shape of the message signal.
 THEORY OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The carrier signal does not contain any information so even if we change the
amplitude of the carrier signal, no information loss will occur.
However, if we change the characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the
message signal, information loss will occur because the message signal contains the
information.
So the characteristics of the message signal should not be changed.
 Mathematical Expression for Amplitude Modulated Wave
Let us represent the modulating signal by am and it is given as,

am = Am sin ωmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….(1)

and carrier signal can be represented by ac as

ac = Ac sin ωct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

Here, Am is maximum amplitude of modulating signal
Ac is maximum amplitude of carrier signal
ωm is angular frequency of modulating signal
ωc is angular frequency of carrier signal
The amplitude of modulated wave (A) is given as:

A = Ac + am. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(3)
Put am value from equation (1) into equation (3), then we get

A = Ac + Am sin ωmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)

Mathematical Expression for Amplitude Modulated Wave

The instantaneous value of the amplitude modulated wave (a) can be given as:

a = A sin θ

Here a = A sin ωct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)

Sub value of A from equation (4) into equation (5), then we get

a = (Ac + Am sin ωmt) sin ωct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

This is an equation of amplitude modulated (AM) wave.

Modulation Index & Percentage Modulation
Modulation index is defined as ratio of amplitude of the message signal to the
amplitude of the carrier signal.
m=Am/Ac.
where Am is max. amplitude of message signal
Ac is max. amplitude of carrier signal
 Percentage modulation: It is the percentage change in the amplitude of the output
wave when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal.
M= (Am/Ac)*100
 Modulation index or modulation depth describes how the amplitude,
frequency or phase of the carrier signal and message signal affects
the amplitude, frequency or phase of the modulated signal.
 Value of Am must be less than Ac to avoid distortion in modulated signal.
 Maximum value of modulation index, m=1 and minimum value of
modulation index, m=0, when Am = Ac
 If modulation index is higher than 1, then it is called overmodulation. In
overmodulation, the data loss will occur..
Calculation Of Modulation Index from Amplitude
Modulated Waveform
 Calculation Of Modulation Index from
Amplitude Modulated Waveform
From the figure, we can write,
 Calculation of Modulation Index from
Amplitude Modulated Waveform

The above equation (I.e. eq 5 ) gives the technique of calculating modulation index
from amplitude modulated (AM) wave.
 Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude Modulation
The carrier wave carries no useful information.
When such a carrier is modulated with a message signal, other frequencies can be detected in
it. These new frequencies that are caused by modulation are called sidebands.
 Sidebands are created above and below the carrier frequency.
 Sidebands that are created above the carrier frequency are called upper sidebands.
fUSB = fc + fm
 Sidebands that are created below the carrier frequency are called lower sidebands.
fLSB = fc – fm
Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude Modulation
Where, fc is the carrier frequency
fm is the message signal frequency
fLSB is lower sideband frequency
fUSB is upper sideband frequency
Frequency Spectrum Of Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Spectrum Of Amplitude Modulation
= Ac sin ωct + Ac Mi sin ωct sin ωmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

Here, first term represents carrier, the second term represents lower sideband and the
last term represents upper sideband.
Frequency Spectrum Of Amplitude Modulation

Note that ωc = 2πfc and ωm = 2πfm. Hence, the above equation (3) can also be
written as
 Frequency Spectrum Of Amplitude Modulation
From equations (4) and (5), we can prepare the frequency spectrum of AM wave as
shown in the below figure.

This figure shows frequency spectrum of an AM wave

This contains the full carrier and both the sidebands. Hence, it is also called Double
Sideband Full Carrier (DSBFC) system.
Bandwidth Of Amplitude Modulation
The bandwidth of the signal can be obtained by taking the difference between the
highest and lowest frequencies of the signal.
the bandwidth of AM wave as,
BW = fUSB – fLSB
= (fc + fm) – (fc – fm)
= fc + fm – fc + fm
= fm + fm
BW = 2 fm
Advantages, Disadvantages of AM
Advantages
1. Low cost
2. Few components needed
3. It is simple to implement.
4. Long distance communication

Disadvantages
1. Amplitude modulation is inefficient in terms of its power usage
2. This type of transmission can be easily affected by the external radiation.
3. This type of transmission is also affected by the man-made noises or radiations like waves from
other antennas or channels.
Applications of AM
1. Air band radio
2. Broadcast transmission
EVOLUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF SSB TECHNIQUES

 Single sideband modulation (SSB) is an amplitude modulation scheme in which only

a single sideband is transmitted through the channel.
Also known as SSB-SC which is for Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier as it allows
suppression of one sideband and carrier completely.
 EVOLUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF SSB TECHNIQUES

Single sideband modulation technique was adopted, as by suppression of one of the two
sidebands along with the carrier causes no loss of information.
Because the two sidebands of the modulated signal are particularly related to each
other.
 In other words, the two sidebands carry similar information. Thus, for the transmission of
information, only one sideband is needed. So, by suppressing one sideband along with
the carrier, no any information will be lost.
Due to the presence of single sideband in SSB modulation, the bandwidth requirement is
reduced to half. Hence, bandwidth in case of SSB-SC amplitude modulation wave is fm.
Methods of generation of single sideband modulated wave

1) Frequency discrimination method

Carrier signal and modulating signal fed into balanced modulator
The balanced modulator employed generates DSB-SC amplitude modulated wave as
its output.DSB output contains the two sidebands, and only carrier component is
suppressed
 So sideband suppression filter is needed further in order to eliminate one of the 2
sidebands.
Balanced mixer and crystal oscillator are employed to boost the frequency of SSB
signal up to the level of transmitter frequency.
The SSB signal is fed to a linear amplifier for further amplification.
The process of frequency boosting is sometimes also termed as Up-conversion.
Methods of generation of single sideband modulated wave

2) Phase shift method

The carrier signal generated by the carrier source after phase shift by 90⁰ is fed to the balanced
modulator 1 or BM1 . Also, the modulating signal is applied to the BM1.
The carrier is directly fed to the balanced modulator 2 or BM2, along with this a 90⁰ phase shifted
modulating signal is also applied to the same.
Output of the two balanced modulators, signals consisting of 2 sidebands are achieved.
BM1 generates USB and LSB but both with a phase shift of +90⁰
BM2 also generates a signal with both sidebands, but USB is shifted by +90⁰ while LSB is shifted by -
90⁰.
Summing amplifier adds the output of the two balanced modulators.
Two balanced modulator shifts the USB by +90⁰ each, this generates a double amplitude signal.
However, the two balanced modulator shifts the LSB by +90⁰ and -90⁰, thus cancels each other.
Hence at the output of summing amplifier, we only have USB of SSB signal.
 SSB-Advantages , Disadvantages
Advantages
Allows multiple signals to transmit.
Requires less bandwidth as compared to DSB technique.
Less power is consumed.
Allows transmission of the high power signal.
Provides less interference to noise due to the reduction in bandwidth.
Disadvantages
Implementation of SSB holds complex nature.
Expensive.
SSB-Applications
 Needed in all such applications where power saving and low bandwidth is required.
 The technique is utilized in point to point communication.
 Also used in land and air mobile communication.
 In telemetry and radar communication.
 ANGLE MODULATION
 Any modulation method that changes the angle instead of amplitude is called angle
modulation
Angle modulation classified into two-: Frequency modulation and Phase modulation.
Modulation that changes the frequency part is frequency modulation.
Modulation that changes the phase part is phase modulation.
 THEORY OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
 The frequency of the carrier signal is varied whereas the amplitude of the carrier signal
remains constant.
Frequency modulation is also simply referred to as FM.
Higher the amplitude of the information signal, the greater the frequency change.
Fig shows frequency modulation with a sine wave information signal.
THEORY OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
 THEORY OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
 The third figure shows that the frequency of both the positive and negative half
cycles of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instant amplitude of the
modulating signal,
 Note that the carrier frequency gets higher on the positive peaks and lower on the
negative peaks of the information signal.
The carrier wave does not contain any information so even if we change the
frequency of the carrier wave, there will be no information loss.
However, if we change the frequency of the modulating signal, some amount of
information loss will occur because the modulating signal contains the information. So
the frequency of the modulating signal should not be changed.
 THEORY OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
When no modulation, the carrier is at its normal center and is called resting
frequency or centre frequency (f0).
When the signal is applied, the carrier frequency deviates up and down from its
centre frequency is called frequency deviation.
Total variation in frequency from minimum to maximum value is called carrier swing
Carrier swing is twice the frequency deviation.
 Modulation Index of Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation index describes how the frequency of the carrier signal and
amplitude of message signal affects the frequency of the frequency modulated (FM)
signal
or
Frequency modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation
of the carrier signal to the frequency of the message signal.

Where, Δf = Maximum frequency deviation of the carrier signal

fm = Frequency of the message signal
Frequency Modulation Deviation Ratio
 Frequency modulation deviation ratio is defined as the ratio of the maximum carrier
frequency deviation to the highest message signal frequency.
Mathematical Representation of FM
Let the carrier voltage waves

Where vc is instantaneous value of carrier

Vc is peak value of carrier
ωc is angular velocity of carrier
Initial phase angle of carrier
Let the modulating voltage waves
vm = Vm cos ωmt..................(2)
Where vm is instantaneous value of modulating signal
Vm is peak value of modulating signal
ωm is angular velocity of modulating signal
Let
Sub value of (3) in (1),
This is the equation of FM wave
FM- Advantages and Disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
1. All the power transmitted in frequency modulation is useful
2. Adjacent channel interference does not takes place in frequency modulation.
3. Has less noise
DISADVANTAGES
1. Requires wider bandwidth
2. Complex and expensive transmitting and receiving equipment required.
Applications of FM
1. FM broadcasting
2. Radar
3. Magnetic tape recording systems
4. Telemetry
5. Two-way radio systems
FM Sidebands
 FM wave consists of the carrier frequency (fc ) plus a series of sidebands of decreasing
amplitudes, spaced about the carrier by the modulating frequency ie
fc, fc±fm, fc±2fm, fc±3fm and so on
THEORY OF PHASE MODULATION
 THEORY OF PHASE MODULATION
The third figure shows that the phase of both the positive and negative half cycles of
the carrier signal varies as per amplitude variations of the modulating signal.
During the positive half cycle, the carrier signal phase shifts in one direction, whereas
during the negative half cycle, the carrier signal phase shifts in the opposite direction.
Modulation index of PM is directly proportional to peak modulating voltage. Unit is
radian
 NOISE
 Channel is the main source of noise in communication systems
Noise is an unwanted electrical signal which gets added on a transmitted signal when
it is travelling towards the receiver.
For Example: In audio recording any unwanted electrical signals that fall within the
audio frequency band of 0 kHz to 15kHz will interface with the music and therefore
considered as noise.
Noise figure is a figure of merit and used to indicate how much the signal to noise
ratio gets degraded as a signal passes through a series of circuits.
 SOURCES OF NOISE
There are mainly 2-types of noise sources
1) External noise source
2) Internal noise source (are mainly internal to the communication system)
 1)EXTERNAL NOISE SOURCE

Noise generated outside the device or circuit.

There are three primary sources of external noise.
(i) Atmospheric , (ii) Extra terrestrial and (ii) Manmade noise.
Extraterrestrial Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from outside earths
atmosphere and is therefore also called as deep space noise. This noise originates from the
milky way , other galaxies and the sun.
 Extraterrestrial noise is subdivided into two categories.: (i) Solar and (ii) Cosmic.
Manmade noise is generated because of make and break process in current carrying circuit.
 2)INTERNAL NOISE SOURCE
 Noise caused by electrical interference generated within a device or circuit.
There are three primary kinds of internally generated noise are:
(i) Thermal. (ii) Shot, (iii) Transit time
 Thermal noise is generated by all resistances (e.g. a resistor, semiconductor, the
resistance of a resonant circuit, etc.).
NOISE CALCULATION
 COMPARISON-AM,FM,PM
AM
 Amplitude varies for amplitude modulated
wave.
Carrier power and one side band power is
useless.
Not immune to noise
AM broadcast operate in mid frequency
and high frequency range
Equipment is of less complex
Wider channel is not required
Television broadcasting
FM
 Amplitude of frequency modulated wave
remains constant.
All transmitted power is useful
More immune to noise
FM broadcast operate in ultra high frequency
and very high frequency range
Equipment is of complex
Much wider channel is required
Radio broadcasting
 COMPARISON-AM,FM,PM
FM
Frequency deviation is proportional to
amplitude of modulating voltage
Modulation index depends on
modulating voltage and modulating
frequency
Noise immunity is better than AM, PM
In radio broadcasting
PM
 Phase deviation is proportional to
amplitude of modulating voltage
Modulation index depends on
modulating voltage
Noise immunity is better than AM but
worse than FM
In mobile system