Annexure I

APPLICATION FOR GRANT OF RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT PROJECT/FACILITIES

UNDER GRANTS-IN-AID SCHEME OF AERONAUTICS R&D BOARD

(NB-Twenty copies of the application are required)

SECTION – A

(To be completed by the Principal Investigator)

1. Title of research/development Supersonic jet control by tabs with slanted

perforation
2. (a) Name of the Principal Investigator Dr.Suresh Chandra Khandai
Designation Associate Professor
Name of Institution Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Address Thandalam, Chennai-605 102
Email : sureshchandrakhandai@rajalakshmi.edu.in Phone : 9445575110
(b) Other Investigators G Ezhilmaran
Designation Assistant professor
Name of Institution Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Address Thandalam, Chennai-605 102
Email : ezhilmaran.g@rajalakshmi.edu.in Phone : 9578508259
3. (a) Proposed duration of the
24 Months
research/development proposal
(b) Proposed date of commencement of March 2019
project/facilities
4. Amount of grant proposed for
Grants Ist Year 2nd Year
(a) Research Staff ( Project Assistant, B.E) 2,16,000 2,16,000
(b) Special Equipment 4,00,000 -
(c) Consumable stores, chemicals, etc. 34,000 34,000
(d) Contingencies (5% of a, b, c) 40,000 -
(e) TA/DA 20,000 20,000
(f) Overheads
Total Rs. 7,10,000 2,70,000
Grand Total : Rs. 9, 80,000 (Rupees Nine Lakh Eighty Thousand) Only
5. a) Department of the institution where R&D project Rajalakshmi Engineering College,
will be carried out Thandalam, Chennai
(b) Other departments if any, which will cooperate in
Department of Mechanical Engineering
this study
c) Details of financial support sought/ obtained from
UGC funding agency and Rs. 9, 35,000.
other agencies
6. a) Specific Aim of the Project •Mixing enhancement by introducing
perforated tabs thereby improving the
efficiency of the combustion process and
minimize the combustion chamber
length.
•Noise reduction by enhancing mixing so
as to minimize the vibration level of the
aircraft components.
(b) Summary of proposed research/ facilities and The objective of this project presents
objectives supersonic jet control by solid tabs; tabs
with straight and slanted perforation of
(brief statement about the proposed investigation, its 300[4] will be placed at the nozzle exit
conduct, and the anticipated results in not more than (Typically opposite to each other at 1800
200 words) [1]). The perforated tabs are used to
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(c ) Key words
d) Classification of the project
(Please state whether Basic Research, Applied
Basic Research, Review of Investigation,
Research, Facility Set Up, Dissemination of
Review of Investigation.
Information, Process Development, Hardware
Development, Study or Exploratory or Review of
Investigation, Miscellaneous)
7. Background and justification
(Basis for the proposal with a brief review of the
state of the art in the subject, followed by an outline
of the relevance and importance of the project in
particular towards research/ development/design
related to Aircraft, Helicopters, Missiles and all other
Air Borne Vehicles
8. (a) Approach
(details of the actual approach intended to be
adopted in the execution of the project/ facilities
indicating how each of the objectives listed in item 6
(a) will be achieved)
(b) Bar chart/PERT chart indicating major
milestones may please be attached
9. Facilities available for carrying out the proposed
R&D work in the applicant’s institution (to be
attached as Appendix). Describe the general facilities
at your disposal. List major items of permanent
equipment which are essential for this project/
facilities and available in your institution
10. Previous work done in this or related fields (to be
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control the potential core in supersonic
jets. Study the performance of slanted
perforation in tabs for controlling high-
speed jets to enhance the mixing of the
jet with ambient air and to minimize the
thrust loss by the passive method.
Experimentation will be carried out for
over-expanded, optimum expanded and
under-expanded nozzle operating
conditions. The effect of perforated tabs
can be observed from the potential core
decay and drastic reduction in pressure
after several fluctuations ensuring
enhanced mixing by perforated tabs.
Supersonic jet, circular exit, slanted
perforated tabs, core reduction, enhance
the mixing.
Appendix I
• To Design and fabricate supersonic CD
nozzle contour of circular cross section
for various Mach Numbers (M=1.6,
1.8, 2.0).
• To Design and fabricate different
models such as solid tabs, tabs with
perforations (straight and slanted) for
experimentation.
• To set up a Schlieren system for flow
visualization.
• To visualize the shock patterns
(normal/oblique/expansion fan) and to
analyse the nature of flow in supersonic
free jet
• To study the jet flow characteristics
along radial directions.
Appendix II
Appendix III
Appendix IV
 attached as Appendix). Describe briefly any work
done that is particularly pertinent to the proposal and
list
(i) your personal publications in this and related
areas and
(ii) Personal publications in other areas
11. Details in respect of Research project facilities
currently being undertaken/ likely to be undertaken
by the PI and Co-Project Investigator from various -
sources including AR&DB (List all current research
support of the investigator from AR&DB and other
agencies)
Name of PI/Co-PI Name Title of project Total Total period of support with dates
of /facilities amount From To
sponso
ring
agency
PI:Dr.Suresh UGC Study of Rs. Feb 2015 to January 2017
Chandra Khandai Supersonic jet 4,75,000
characteristics
Co-PI:G Ezhilmaran - - -
-
12. a)Biographical sketch of investigator (s) Appendix V
b).Other research training and experience especially Project Title: Study of jet characteristics
establishing research qualification in area covered Project Status: completed.
by this application including previous and present a. Completed-duration, period (Feb
position 2015 to January 2017.), UGC
funding agency and Rs. 4,75,000
(c) Fields of major scientific interest in order of • Propulsion
choice • Aerodynamics
(d).Any other additional information

Appendix VI

Proposal No.-______________________________________(to be filled by AR&DB Sectt.)

Title of Project Proposal:-_______________________________________________________________________

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 APPENDIX I

i. International status
Bradbury & Khadem (1975)[1] were among the first to document the effect of tabs in a low
speed jet. With two square tabs placed normal to the flow at the nozzle exit, they observed a significant
increase in the centreline velocity decay caused by the tabs and the potential core length was reduced to
about two diameters. They considered the stirring action of trailing vortex motions shed from the tabs as a
possible mechanism for the observed effect. The grooved nozzles show better mixing characteristics than the
plain nozzle, manifested by shorter core lengths and faster jet decay both in the near and far fields.[2]
Rathakrishnan (2017) [3] observed both the unventilated and all types of ventilated truncated tabs promote
mixing efficiently. The shock strength reduction and jet spread caused by the unventilated tabs is found to be
identical to those caused by the ventilated tabs. When placed at major axis ends, the ventilated tabs slightly
retard the mixing at low NPRs. But as the pressure ratio is increased to highly under expanded conditions,
the ventilated tabs achieve around 50–60% core length reduction. The difference between the mixing
promoting efficiency of the unventilated and ventilated tabs is only marginal (around 5–6 %). Therefore, the
ventilated tab may be regarded as preferable choice since these tabs cause around 25–30% lesser thrust loss
than the identical unventilated tab.
Thus the perforated tab introduces smaller vortices which can travel longer distance in the
supersonic jet core downstream of the nozzle. By increasing the combustion efficiency the toxic gases can be
prevented. Green Aviation is the first authoritative overview of both engineering and operational measures to
mitigate the environmental impact of aviation.

ii. National status

Research has been carried out to minimize the noise level in the aerospace vehicles. Mixing
characteristics is one of the important parameter to minimize the pollution level and to enhance the
performance of the aerospace vehicles. So, Research and Development carried out in different organizations
such as educational institutes and Government R & D laboratories.

Asad Ahmed et al [4] have investigated on the mixing promoting efficiency of rectangular tabs of aspect
ratio 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 shows that, the tab of aspect ratio 1.0 is superior to tabs of aspect ratio 1.5 and 2.0. For all
the aspect ratios, the maximum mixing is around the correctly expanded state of the jet. The maximum core
length reduction achieved with the tabs of aspect ratio 1.0 was 84.2% at NPR 6, whereas the corresponding core
length reductions obtained with the tabs of aspect ratio 1.5 and 2 were 83% and 62.2%, respectively. The
qualitative analysis of the Shadow graphic images clearly reveals that the rectangular tabs of aspect ratio 1.0 are
more efficient in weakening the strength of the waves in the supersonic jet core than the other tabs.

Experimental study has been presented for different types of jet coming out from the nozzle [5]. The
radial Mach number profile with tabbed nozzle shows the distortion of jet at the near field of nozzle exit
whereas for the free jet the radial Mach number profile does not show any distortion. The distortion of jet
produced by the jet with slanted perforation tabs is dominant at the near stream locations when compared with
the free jet and Jet with Solid tab.

Furthermore, jet with perforated tab is able to have lesser thrust loss as compared to solid tab due to
lesser blockage factor. The higher blockage factor for solid tab leads to higher thrust loss as compared to
perforated tab. Moreover, the jet with perforated tab has lower loss of energy as compared to the jet with solid
tab. A comparison has been made for assessing the effectiveness of the slanted perforation tabs. In this study
free jet and jet with solid tab have been compared with the Jet having tab of straight perforation and different
slanted perforation angles.

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 It was found that the mixing efficiency of main jet with the ambient atmosphere increased as the angle
of slanted perforation increased. This resulted in faster decay of the jet as well as potential core length
reduction. It was found that the Jet with slanted perforation tab of 30◦ angle was extra efficient in decreasing the
potential core among the tabs that were compared. The radial plot shows the dip in near stream location which
is caused due to the shear action of primary jet and secondary jet and this dip is unique characteristic shown in
perforation only.

A preliminary work has been carried out in the supersonic jet using perforated tabs. The pitot pressure
measured along the axis of the nozzle from the exit shows good characteristics decay. Similar finding can also
be investigated in the jet radial profiles at particular X/D locations(X-along the Nozzle axis, D-diameter of the
nozzle). Further investigation should be carried out to study the fluid flow phenomenon by using intrusive
methods like PIV, LDA. The amount of mixing enhancement caused by roll up vortices due to the shear
produced by tabs can be visualized. Hence we extend this research to study the supersonic jet flow structures
like vortex shedding, roll up vortices, shear layers, shock train and cross over points etc.

[1] Afthab Shaban Nasser, Bikash Kumar Mondal, Fayaaz Hussain. G, Mohammad Mohiudeen Nawaz
and N.Karthikeya” (2013) Effect of perforated tabs on the noise field of an axisymmetric jet”. Applied
Mechanics and Materials Vol. 307 (2013) pp 250-256.
[2] Ahuja K.K. and Brown W.H. (1989) “Shear Flow Control by Mechanical Tabs”, AIAA, PP. 89-0994.
[3] Anuj Bajpai and Ethirajan Rathakrishnan (2016) “ Tab Geometry Effect on Supersonic Elliptic Jet
Control”. Int J Turbo Jet Eng 2016.
[4] Asad Ahmed R, Ethirajan Rathakrishnan and Thanigaiarasu Subramanian (2013) “Study of Slanted
Perforated Jets”,Int. J. Turbo Jet-Engines 2013;
[5] Asad Ahmed , ElangovanS.R , Thanigaiarasu S,VasuKannah DLV , Rathakrishnan E (2017) “Effect
of slanted perforation in tabs for subsonic and transonic jets”: Saha A, Das D, Srivastava R,Panigrahi
P, Muralidhar K. (eds.) Fluid Mechanics and FluidPower – Contemporary Research. Lecture Notes in
MechanicalEngineering. Springer, New Delhi, ISSN 2195-4356,2017;795–809.
[6] Dharmahinder S.C., Thanigaiarasu S., Elangovan S.,and Rathakrishnan E. (2011) “Perforated Arc-tabs
for Jet Control”, Int. J. Turbo Jet-Engines, Vol. 28, pp. 133-138.
[7] Dhakshnamoorthy.M, Jamesha Ibrahim , Kalaiselvan.E , Livingston.K and Muthupandi.S,(2015) .
“Numerical simulation of slanted perforated tabs using axisymmetric jet control”. International
Journal of Engineering Research in Electronic and Communication Engineering (IJERECE) Vol 2,
Issue 3, March 2015.
[8] Vishnu J, Rathakrishnan E. Acoustic characteristics of supersonicjets from grooved nozzles. J Propul
Power. 2004;20:520–26.
[9] E. Rathakrishnan and Saif Akram (2017) “Control of Supersonic Elliptic Jet with Ventilated Tabs”.
Int J Turbo Jet Eng 2017.
[10] Suresh Chandra Khandai, K M Parammasivam,(2015) "Effect of Cowl Length on the Jet
Characteristics of the SERN", International Journal of Applied engineering Research (IJAER), Vol. 4,
No.01 (2015) pp 10825-10840.
[11] Ezhilmaran, G., Khandai, S., Pavithrabalan, S.,Udhayakumar K(2018) “Supersonic Jet Control by Tabs
with Slanted Perforation”, International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines, ISSN (Online) 2191-0332,
ISSN (Print) 0334-0082, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2018-0034

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 Appendix II
Activity Months(add columns as required)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 0 1 2 3 4

Receive
Grant

Purchase of
equipment
Installation

Experiment

Numerical
Simulation
Exp. &
Numerical
Correlation

Report
preparation

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 Appendix III

List of facilities being extended by parent institution(s) for the project implementation.

a. Infrastructural Facilities:

S.No. Infrastructural Facility Yes/No/ Not required (Full or sharing

basis)
1. Workshop Facility Yes
2. Water & Electricity n Yes
3. Laboratory Space/ Furniture n Yes
4. Power Generator n Yes
5. AC Room or AC n Not required
6. Telecommunication including e-mail & fax n Yes
7. Transportation n Yes
8. Administrative/ Secretarial support n Yes
9. Information facilities like Internet/ Library n Yes
10. Computational facilities n Yes
11. Animal/ Glass House n Not required
12. Any other special facility being provided --

b: Equipment available with the Institute/ Group/ Department/ Other Institutes for the project:

Equipment Model, Make & Remarks including

Generic Name of
available year accessories available
Equipment
with of purchase and current usage of equipment
1. 8 Port pressure scanner in
combination with pitot /static
1. 8 Port Pressure
Adhiga probes is used for measuring the
scanner8
PI & his group Instruments,Chenna total and static pressures for the
i, 2015 model of interest in flows

2. Shadowgraph setup is used to

capture the shock patterns in the
2. Shadowgraph setup supersonic flow used by the
different types of nozzle.

1.Supersonic free jet setup Adhiga Study of free and co-axial jets can
with 3-D traverse Instruments,Chenna be carried out for nozzle and
mechanism i, 2015n combustion chambers.
PI's Department
For Acoustic Studies of High Speed
Indigenous Jets
2.Anechoic chamber

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Figure 1. Supersonic free jet facilities with 3-D traverse mechanism (manual) at Rajalakshmi Engineering
College, Chennai.

Figure 2. Schematic Layout of Jet facility

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 Appendix IV

WORK ACCOMPLISHED:

Research work was carried out in the area of supersonic jet and two published journal abstract
are summarised for your kind information.

Supersonic Jet Control by Tabs with Slanted Perforation

Control of Mach 1.8 circular jet with slanted tabs is studied experimentally. Two sets of perforated tabs
were used for this study. The perforation angles were 00 and 300 with respect to axis of the nozzle. The blockage
areas of the tabs were 3%. The mixing enhancements caused by these tabs were studied in the presence of
adverse and favourable pressure gradients, corresponding to nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 4, 5.74 and 8. For
Mach number 1.8 jet NPR 4 corresponds to 30% adverse pressure gradients and NPR 8 corresponds to 39.37%
favourable pressure gradients. The pressure decay characteristics and shadowgraph images of 2 tabs at different
NPR were compared. There is 45% and 65% reduction in jet core length were observed for the 00 and 300
perforated tabs respectively in both pitot and shadowgraph experiments in comparison to uncontrolled jet.

Effect of Secondary Injection on Non-Circular Jets

Studies on non-circular jets have become a captivating field of interest, since the technique exploits the
advantage of the nozzle exit geometry, in terms of mixing characteristics. The supersonic jet mixing can be
effectively employed in the injector orifice in a Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (SCRAMJET) engine, looking
for shorter combustor lengths that accounts to weight reduction of the engine. This paper puts forward the
experimental evaluation of mixing characteristics of supersonic flow through a conical converging-diverging
nozzle designed for Mach number 1.8.

Circular, blunt square, blunt hexagon and blunt octagon shape exit geometries is reckoned with circular
inlet and throat geometries. This is accompanied with an active flow control method (i.e.) secondary injection of
air located at 20.42% of the total length of the nozzle from the exit of the nozzle. The impact of the exit
geometries and the secondary injection on the potential core is scrutinized by intently studying the pitot pressure
decay at the downstream of the nozzle.

The experimental study involves the flow of non-reacting fluid (air) as the working fluid and secondary
fluid under cold flow conditions. The jet entrainment always occurs at the exit effectively, and mixes with the
ambient at a faster rate. The dimensionless pitot pressure is plotted against dimensionless centerline distance
under design and off-design conditions. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuations was found to increase at all
operating conditions with increasing number of sides in the exit geometry. The shock structures were captured
using shadowgraph technique for the above conditions. It is observed that the hexagonal jet with secondary
injection at an angle of 90◦ shows 16.79% decrease in supersonic core length among the four exit geometries.
The shock diamonds are found to be diminishing at a faster rate in hexagonal jet with secondary injection.

(i) Personal publications in this and related areas

[1] Suresh Chandra Khandai, K. Ashwin Kumar and K. M. Paramasivam, (2013) “Computational study of
the effect of geometric parameters on the performance of single expansion ramp nozzle flows”,
International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (IJMIE), ISSN: 2231-6477, Vol-3, Issue-
1, 2013.

[2] Suresh Chandra Khandai, K M Parammasivam, (2014) " Experimental Study of Single Expansion Ramp
Nozzle Flows (SERN) at Low Supersonic Speeds", International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics
Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 14, No. 05 (2014)84-89.
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 [3] Suresh Chandra Khandai, K M Parammasivam,(2015) "Effect of Cowl Length on the Jet Characteristics
of the SERN", International Journal of Applied engineering Research (IJAER), Vol. 4, No.01 (2015) pp
10825-10840.

[4] Suresh Chandra Khandai, Lokesh K. , Murali M. , K. M. Parammasivam, (2015) " Experimental Study
of Single Expansion Ramp Nozzle (SERN) Flows With 22° Ramp Angle Without Cowl",” Journal of
Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering", Vol. 2, No. 01 (2015) 22-26.

[5] Suresh Chandra Khandai, Karthik Selvam S. D., (2015) “Design and Development of a Subsonic
Ramjet for Experimental Comparison of Biofuel with Jet Fuel”, International Journal of Applied
engineering Research (IJAER), Vol. 10, No.23 (2015) pp 43328-43335.

[6] Ezhilmaran, G., Khandai, S., Pavithrabalan, S.,Udhayakumar K. (2018) “Supersonic Jet Control by Tabs
with Slanted Perforation”, International Journal of Turbo & Jet-Engines, ISSN (Online) 2191-0332,
ISSN (Print) 0334-0082, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/tjj-2018-0034.

[8] Suresh Chandra Khandai, Surya S., Swetha Sri S., (2018) “ Effect of Secondary Injection on Non-
Circular Jets”, “ International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and
Development ( IJMPERD)”, Vol. 8, issue 4 (2018), pp 845 – 852.

(ii) Personal publications in other areas

[7] Apoorva S., Suresh Chandra Khandai, (2018) “ Computational Charaterization of a C – D Nozzle with
Variable Geometry Translating Throat”, “Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in
Aerospace and Automative Engineering (I-DAD 2018)”, Lecture Notes in Mechanical
Engineering(Springer), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2718-6_2.

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 Appendix V
a) Biographical sketch of investigator (s):
1. Principal Investigator : Dr.Suresh Chandra Khandai
Designation : Associate Professor
Department : Aeronautical Engineering
Institute Name : Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Address : Thandalam, Chennai
Telephone : 9445575110
E-mail : sureshchandrakhandai@rajalakshmi.edu.in
Date of Birth : 17/04/1976
Gender (M/F) :M
Academic Qualification (Undergraduate Onwards):
Sl. Degree Year Subject University/ Institution % of Marks
No.
Aeronautical Aeronautical Society of
1 B. E. 2004 56
Engineering India
Aeronautical MIT, Anna University,
2 M.E. 2008 8.15
Engineering Chennai

Ph.D thesis title, Guide’s Name, Institute/Organization/University, Year of Award.

Ph.D thesis title : “Experimental Study of Single Expansion Ramp Nozzle Flows”
Guide’s Name : Dr. K. M. Parammasivam
Institute/Organization/ : Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University
University
Year of Award : 2016

Work experience (in chronological order).

Positions Name of the

S.No. Held Institute From To Pay Scale
Rajalakshmi
Associate
1 Engineering 16.06.2008 Till Date Rs.33,260-12000
Professor
College

2. Co-Investigator : G Ezhilmaran
Designation : Assistant professor
Department : Aeronautical Engineering
Institute Name : Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Address : Thandalam, Chennai
Telephone : 9578508259
E-mail : ezhilmaran.g@rajalakshmi.edu.in
Date of Birth : 07/03/1988
Gender (M/F) :M

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Academic Qualification (Undergraduate Onwards):
Sl. Degree Year Subject University/ Institution % of Marks
No.
Hindustan college of
Aeronautical
1 B. E. 2010 Engineering & Technology, 72
Engineering
Coimbatore
Aeronautical MIT, Anna University,
2 M.E. 2013 7.14
Engineering Chennai

Work experience (in chronological order).

Positions Name of the

S.No. From To Pay Scale
Held Institute

Rajalakshmi
1 Assistant Professor Engineering 6 Jun 2016 Till Date Rs.33260-12000
College

Nehru Institute of
Engineering and
2 Assistant Professor 7 Jun 2013 20 May 2016 Rs.25,000-12,000
Technology,
Coimbatore

Nehru Institute of
Engineering and
3 Lecturer 30 June2010 30 June 2011 Rs.12,000-8000
Technology,
Coimbatore

Appendix VI
1. Work plan:
i. Methodology
Supersonic flow will be achieved with the help of a CD nozzle. The fabricated models will
be mounted on the supersonic jet exit and 3-D traverse mechanism is allowed to move along
the flow direction. Once proper flow is achieved, a Schlieren system will be used to visualize
the shock pattern. A commercial CFD code will be used to simulate the flow for the same
experimental conditions.

ii. Suggested plan of action for utilization of research outcome expected from the
project
 To publish in the conference/journal
 UG Scholars, Research Scholars and faculty members can carry out their research work
to enhance their knowledge in the field of jet acoustics and jet mixing
 Researchers can able to measure the mixing enhancement during supersonic
combustion.
 Radial profile of supersonic jet from the circular nozzle, non-circular nozzle can be
measured.

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