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PARTS OF FUNGI
O Thalli or Thallus
WHAT IS FUNGI? O Vegetative body
O Molds, mushrooms, yeast O Non reproductive part of fungi
O Chemoheterotrophic O Hyphae
O Has cell walls that are typically composed of O thalli of molds are large and composed of long,
chitin (Nitrogenous polysaccharide) branched, tubular filaments
O Lack Chlorophyll (do not undergo photosynthesis) O Mycelium
O Saprobes (absorb nutrients from the dead) O hyphae intertwined to form a tangled mass
O Aerobic, though many yeasts are facultative O Fruiting bodies
anaerobes. O reproductive structures of molds and are only
small visible extensions of vast underground mycelia
SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNGI
O A good decomposer
O Use as food like mushrooms & truffles
O Produce antibiotics (penicillin and cephalosporin)
O Produce immunosuppressive drug: cyclosporine
O Also for the research (Saccharomyces)

Disadvantage of Fungi
O Diseases
O Can be Poisonous
O Food Spoilage YEAST VS. MOLDS
O Destruction of buildings

FUNGI VS. BACTERIA

O Cell wall – chitin; surrounds the cell membrane

• carbohydrates and protein.
• potent antigens
O Cell membrane – bilayered
• contains ergosterol
O Capsule – polysaccharide coating surrounds the
cell wall. Protection against phagocytosis
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HYPHAE
O Antler Hyphae – Like moose antler
O Racquet Hyphae – Enlarged, Club shaped
O Spiral Hyphae – Tightly coiled
O Rhizoids Hyphae - Rootlike Structure

SEPTATE
O Cross wall occurring perpendicular to the outer REPRODUCTION
walls of the hyphae
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SPARSELY SEPTATE HYPHAE O Formation of conidia following mitosis.
O Few cross wall at irregular intervals • Carried by fruiting structures known as
conidiogenous cells
ASEPTATE/COENOCYTIC • Phialides – vase like structures that produce
O Absence of septation phialoconidia.
O Coenocytic (multinucleate) • Annelides – Ringed structure that produce
annelloconidia.

O Arthroconidia
Formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae as
opposed to being formed by conidiogenous cells.

HYALINE AND PHAEOID

ASEXUAL SPORES BASED ON MODE OF

DIMORPHISM & POLYMORPHISM
DEVELOPMENT
O Sporangiospores form inside a sac called a
sporangium which is often borne on a spore-
bearing stalk, called a sporangiophore at either the
tips or sides of hyphae
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O Chlamydospores form with a thickened cell wall PHYLUM FUNGI

inside hyphae
GLOMEROMYCOTA (ZYGOMYCOTA)
O Order: Mucorales
• Lichtheimia (Absidia)
• Mucor
• Rhizomucor
• Rhizophus (Bread molds)
O Normally found in soil
O Opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised
hosts
O Profuse, gray to white, aerial mycelium with
hyaline
O Conidiospores (also called conidia) are • Asexual reproduction: Sporangiophores &
produced at the tips or sides of hyphae, but not Sporangiospores
within a sac. • Sexual reproduction: Zygospore

O Conidiophores
- stalk of conidia.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
O Requires the joining of two compatible nuclei
followed by meiosis.
• Telemorph – reproduce sexually
• Anamorph – when asexually form
• Synanamorphs - more than one anamorph
strain is present.
Example: Pseudallescheria boydii

ASCOMYCOTA
O Sexual Spores: Ascospores within the ascus (sac
like structure)
O Fruiting Bodies: Ascocarp
O Asexually: Conidiospores
O Example
• Microsporum spp
• Trichopyton spp.
• Pseudollescheria boydii
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MYCOSES

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
O Infections confined to the outermost layer of
skin/epidermis (Stratum corneum) or hair
O Formed ring shaped pattern
O Example:
• Malassezia furfur
• Piedraia hortae
• Trichophyton beigelii
BASIDIOMYCOTA • Hortae werneckii
O Molds have a presence of clamp connections
which occurs at the septation in the vegetative
hyphae.
Example:
*Filobasidiella neoformans (perfect form of
Cryptococcus neoformans vars neoformans)

CUTANEOUS MYCOSES
O Result of infection with a dermatophytes
O Result of a local inoculation of the skin
O Symptoms: Itching, scaling, ringlike, patches of
skin, brittle, broken hairs, thick and discolored nails.
O Example:
• Trichophyton spp
• Microsporum spp
• Epidermophyton spp
FUNGI IMPERFECTI (DEUTEROMYCETES)
O Largest number of organism that are causative Forms of Dermatophytes
agents of mycoses: Cutaneous, Subcutaneous &
Systemic disease.
O No mode of sexual reproduction.
O Asexual reproductive structures
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SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
O Deeper skin layer including muscle, connective
tissue, bone
O Progressive, non healing ulcers and presence of
draining sinus tract.
O Eumycotic mycetoma
• Caused by fungi and bacteria and result in
draining sinus tract and tissue destructions
• Example: Sporothrix schenckii

SYSTEMIC/OPPORTUNISTICS MYCOSES
O Affect the internal organs or deep tissue of the
body
O Frequently: Lungs
O Cause by thermally dimorphic fungi.
O Example:
• Histoplasma spp.
• Coccidiodes spp.
• Candida albicans
• Blastomyces spp.
• Aspergillus spp.
• Fusarium spp.
• Bipolaris
• Cryptococcus neoformans