Understanding

Culture, Society
and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 5
How Society is Organized
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: How Society is Organized
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ma.Teresa B. Berondo, Master Teacher II
Editor: Amalia C. Solis, Education Program Supervisor
Reviewer: Alvin V. Santos, Master Teacher II
Raul F. Espinosa, Master Teacher II (Content)
Susana T. Alabastro, Head Teacher VI, (Retired, Language)
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genie V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In Charge of LRMS and
ADM Regional Director
Maria Magdalena S. Lim, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS In Charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

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 11/12

Understanding
Culture, Society,
and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 5
How Society is Organized
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 11/12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on How Society is Organized

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics 11/12 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on How Society is Organized

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a

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learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

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 Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you understand the culture, society, and politics. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is intended for one lesson, namely:

 Lesson 1 – How Society is Organized

The Most Essential Learning Competency is:

To analyze the forms and functions of social organizations

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. understand the meaning of social groups;
2. examine the sociological perspectives about social groups;
3. differentiate the various forms of social groups;
4. analyze the functions of social groups; and
5. determine your social groups.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Anna enjoys doing things with her family. Every Sunday, they go to church
and eat in their favorite fast food restaurant after the church service. In what
social group does her family belong?
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group
2. Florante and Smart joined Tagisan ng Talino at Katha, a quiz bee contest.
They placed second among all the contestants. Some of the contestants who
belonged to their _________ congratulated them.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group

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3. Kim has just transferred in his new school. He meets new friends, Leo and
Mark. They like spending their free time in the library. Soon they become
good friends. In what social group do his friends in school belongs?
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group
4. Gilas Pilipinas represented the Philippines in the SEA Games Basketball
Tournament. They competed against other basketball teams from South
East Asian countries. Their opponent teams are considered __________.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group
5. Sexbomb Girls popularized some novelty songs and dances. Children
nowadays still idolize them. This is an example of ____________.
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group
6. Maria teaches Social Science to Grade 11 students in senior high school.
She joined her co-teachers during the educational trip. In what social group
do her co-teachers belong?
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group
7. Lorie likes singing a lot. One day she decides to join the Glee Club and
becomes friends with all the members of the club. This is an example of
_______.
a. In-group c. Primary Group
b. Out-group d. Secondary Group
8. Angel Locsin is one of the famous artists in the Philippines. Some celebrities
admire her beauty, acting skills and compassion. For them, Angel belongs to
their ___________.
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group
9. Lyca belongs to Generation Z, a generation of youth who are technologically
advanced and competitive. This is an example of _______.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group
10. Alex Gonzaga is a well-known Filipino vlogger. She has many social media
followers. This is an example of ________.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group

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Lesson

1 HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

A society is organized, not only because of individuals who interact and

share common interests, but also due to the prevailing interaction among them,
their state of belongingness, and the ability to influence one another and work
together to achieve common goals.

In this module, you will understand the meaning of social group, identify the
proponents of sociological theories, and examine the sociological perspectives about
social groups. Also, you will learn to determine the role of your social groups and
analyze the forms and functions of social organizations.

What’s In

Facts Analysis!
(Critical Thinking, Communication)

In the previous lesson you learned how to become a better member of

society. To test your understanding of the lesson, analyze the following situations.
Put a / if the situation exemplifies a good member of society and an X if not.
Explain your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Scholars of the University of the Philippines developed coronavirus test kits.

2. Sen. Manny Pacquiao donated protective masks to the Philippine National
Police and five buses to MMDA for the free rides of healthcare workers.
3. Sen. Aquilino “Koko” Pimentel III, who had tested positive for COVID-19,
visited Makati Medical Center despite strict home quarantine protocols.
4. A man posted on twitter that he would give a reward of 50 million pesos to
anyone who would kill the President.
5. Angel Locsin, with her team, set-up and donated tents for COVID-19
patients in 135 hospitals.

Notes to the Teacher

You may ask your students to watch on YouTube the video entitled
Social Groups: Crash Course to know more about social groups
Link: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-wFZ5Dbj8DA

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 What’s New

As you go on with this module, you are advised to study and give emphasis
to the words listed in the box to help you gain a deeper understanding of the
lesson.

In-group Out-group Reference Group

Network Primary Group Secondary Group

Read and reflect on the short essay then answer the guide questions on a
separate sheet of paper.

Man as a Social Animal

By Ma. Teresa B. Berondo

“Man is by nature a social animal.” This is a famous line by

Aristotle, a well-known ancient philosopher. What does it mean?
Do we take its meaning literally? Or does it have a deeper meaning
beyond the actual words?
Since the human being is considered the highest form of
animal, it can literally mean that man by nature is armored with
mechanisms like language and reason that he uses to interact
with others. In a deeper sense, human beings cannot exist in this
world alone. People want the company of others to feel the love
and care that they need. This feeling of closeness can be found in
our own family, close friends, and personal relationships. Also,
people form a social group with common interest and similar
perspectives in life despite their differences in terms of personality,
behavior, family background and other personal qualities. As
human beings form social groups, they create social relation with
others that are mutually beneficial to each other. This makes them
engage in common aspirations and support each other’s beliefs.
As man gets together and interacts with one another based
on relationships, common identity, and culture, man is indeed a
social animal.

Think About This!

1. Do you believe that man is a social animal? Why or why not?
2. How does man becomes a social animal based on the essay?
3. How important is human interaction in building the nation?

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 What is It

A society is mostly characterized as an organized interrelated group of people

who act together for collective living, as they share the same language, territory,
and culture. However, a group of individuals in a certain place does not instantly
make a social group. This group may just be individuals who happen to be in one
place asserting theirs commonality. Simply stated, when human relation begins, a
group starts to be organized. There are sociological theories that can explain
various aspects of social group existence.

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY

Social groups are fundamental parts of human life. They are a multitude of
people who see each other often and think of themselves as part of a group. There
appears to be groups of people everywhere. We could be a member of a church
group, college class, workplace, sports team, club, and others. The discipline of
Sociology focuses primarily on the study of social groups in a society.

Structural-functionalism believes that society is a constitution with

interconnected parts organized to attain the biological and sociological needs of
individuals in the society. Hebert Spencer (1820–1903)
claimed that just like the different organs of the body the
various parts of society worked together to keep society
functioning. These parts of society were the social
institutions such as government, education, family,
healthcare, religion, and the economy. Other early
sociologists like Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) believed that
society was composed of interdependent and interconnected Figure 1: Herbert Spencer
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia
parts that were put together to keep instability held /commons/9/96/Herbert_Spencer.jpg
collectively by shared social construct which served to
regulate social life such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashion,
and rituals. Also, Alfred Radcliff-Brown (1881–1955) considered the entire parts of
community work together to maintain stability for a healthy society. The purpose of
any continual human action as played in social life as a whole contributed to social
instability. Robert Merton (1910–2003) noted that social processes had functions.
Manifest functions are the outcomes of a social process that are expected. Examples
of education manifest functions are acquiring knowledge, preparing for a career, or
getting a good job. On the other hand, latent functions are unintended outcomes of
a social process. Examples of latent functions of education include finding new
friends, attending extracurricular activities, or even finding a life partner.
Dysfunctions may happen when social processes have undesirable outcomes for the
society. In education, examples of dysfunctions are getting failing grades,
nonattendance in school/classes, dropping out of school, not graduating on time,
and not finding an appropriate occupation.

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 Marxism sees society as a competition for limited resources. Karl Marx
(1818–1883) believed that society was composed of individuals in various social
classes competing for resources such as food, clothing, shelter, and employment.
Some organizations and individuals were able to acquire and keep more resources
than others. Social institutions such as education, health, religion, media and
government in some cases displayed this practice of inequalities and unequal social
structure between the rich and the poor. Max Weber (1864-1920) added that aside
from economic inequalities, there were also inequalities of social structure and
political power that caused struggle. He noted that various groups were treated
differently based on race, gender, and educational attainment. The people’s state of
inequality was influenced by class deviation, social immobility and representation
of political power.

Symbolic Interactionism studied the human relationship of individuals

within a society or human interaction in which people make sense of their social
worlds or communication through exchange of language, symbols and its meaning.
Nancy J. Herman and Larry T. Reynolds (1994) declared that this orientation
showed people as active individuals in the process of socialization than merely state
of human action. George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) is considered as the founding
father of symbolic interactionism. His student, Herbert Blumer (1900-1987),
coined the term and characterized it with these basic premises: (a) human beings
communicate based on the meanings they ascribe to things; (b) the attribute
meaning of things come from our interactions with others and society; and (c) the
meanings of things are interpreted through a process used by the individual in
treating the things he or she experiences.

There are various perspectives about groups in terms of the component that
should be considered among the social groups like race, gender, universities,
committees, political parties, corporations, and nations. According to John
Macionis (2012), the increase of group members trims down the exquisite
interaction of individual members. They are more firm and can withstand the loss
of other members. Bigger groups are not founded on personal affection but more on
conventional regulation and order.

FORMS OF SOCIAL GROUP

Groups are formed as an assemblage of people who often interact with each
other on the basis of a common outlook concerning behavior and a sense of
common identity. A social group may consist of two or more individuals who do
things together with a common goal and interest.

Examples: family relatives couples

friends church mate schoolmate
co-workers business neighborhood
organization team mate clubs

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Primary Group and Secondary Group

According to Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)

groups can generally be classified into two main types:
(1) the primary group and (2) secondary group. A
primary group is just a small group with members
engaged in tight, private and lasting relationships. This
group is noticeable by the care the members have for
each other as well as the common activities and culture Figure 3: Family - Primary Group
they share. This close-fitting interconnected group is Photo taken during New Year
among the most significant groups in any society as Celebration 2020 courtesy of
exemplified by the family. It also includes childhood Teresa Berondo
friends and long lasting intimate relationships. Primary
group members identify themselves strongly within the
group.

The secondary group can be a small or a big

social group usually formed for a short-term period. The
members are not related to one another and are not
influenced by personal feelings. Membership is founded
on what a person can do for each other. This group is
commonly found in schools and at the workplace. The Figure 4: Schoolmates - Secondary
members of this group follow a particular action with a Group Photo
common goal. Among the members of this group are our taken in PNU 2005, courtesy of BSE
History IV-18
co-workers and schoolmates.

In-groups and Out-groups

Another conceptualization of the characteristics of social groups is the self-

categorizing theory. This theory explains that the importance a person gives to
his/her group is influenced by his/her perception of people who do not belong to
his/her group. William Sumner (1840-1910), a sociologist, coined the concepts of
in-group and out-group. In essence, a person’s conceptualization of another person
as well as other groups depends on his/her perception of whether they are
members or part of his/her group or not. An in-group is a social group to which a
person identifies with. He or she may feel loyalty and respect toward the other
members of this group. This may include brotherhood or fraternity. On the other
hand, out-groups are groups to which a person does not identify with. He or she
may feel dislike or hatred toward a member of this group. This may include
opponents and rivals of their group.

Reference Group

With socialization, persons change necessarily to adjust to different groups

of people in society. Individuals evaluate their behaviour and attitudes through
their reference group which can be within their primary or secondary group.
Reference groups serve as an element or component that individuals use as a
standard towards the achievement of a desired behavior in making judgement
about the quality of life or things. It is not necessary that we become a member of a
reference group; this can be a person’s favorite fashion style, artist, pop idols,
sports team, mentor, or a well know personality we admire and want to emulate.

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Networks

Networks are created because of the need to

establish connection for some reasons like personal,
economic, religious, or political interests. These are
collective individuals functioning on similar
undertaking unnecessarily known to one another. A
network is a group that includes individuals who come
into casual connection but who do not have enough
sense of belongingness. Other intellectuals assert that Figure 5: Social Media
networks are unstratified, unstructured, and free of Image courtesy of: https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/filesocialmediapm.png
value organizations. Examples of these are Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and other social networking sites.

Functions of Social Groups

We typically belong to a certain type of social group, with each group having
its own functions.

The primary group plays a vital part in the socialization process. It forms the
social nature and ideals of individuals especially in shaping the culture and
personality where a person learns social norms, beliefs, morals, and values. On the
other hand, secondary group members tend to relate to others only in specific roles
and for practical reasons. This group helps in fulfilling various types of human
needs and brings about social awareness and social change. Also, this group helps
fulfill various special interests in such fields as sports, dance, music, and others.

An in-group may form within our secondary group such as our workmates,
group mates, or assembly which functions as a group of people who can connect
with each other because of their sense of identity and belongingness while out-
group functions as a competitor or rival group that an individual is opposed to.

Reference group provides a standard of measurement. This group has a

strong impact on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve as guide to a
member’s behavior and social norms. Thus, networks function as a social media
influencer.

Social networks are influential in a wide range of online platforms used for
building social relationships with other people including sharing of political
opinions, likes and dislikes, and can even show trending societal issues or
personalities.

What’s More

Concept Map
(Critical Thinking, Communication)

We are all part of a society because we interact with the people around us,
especially with those whom we share commonalities. As such, we influence each
other and we work together to achieve a common goal.

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 In this activity you will show your understanding of how society is organized
using a concept map.

You may do this!

1. Complete the concept map below by writing inside the small circles the ideas
or concepts on how society is organized.
2. Answer the questions that follow.
3. Use a separate sheet of paper for this activity.

How Society
is organized

Think About This!

1. What are the different sociological perspectives about social groups?
2. What are the different forms of social groups in our society?
3. Why are there various social groups formed in our society?
4. How important are social groups in our society?

My Social Group Collage

(Creativity, Character, Collaboration)

A person typically belongs to different types of social groups. You can be a

member of a class, workplace, church, sports, club, and many other groups, with
each group having its own purpose.

In this activity, you are tasked to make a collage of people or group of people
who belong to your primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups,
reference groups and networks.

You may do this!

1. Collect or ask pictures from your family, friends, schoolmates, clubs which
you are a member of, your favorite girl groups or boy groups, and your
friends in social media.
2. Paste the pictures on a short bond paper. Showcase your creativity by
adding a variety of designs and artworks in your collage.

Your output will be given points based on the following criteria:

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 Rubrics
Criteria Points
Creativity (artistry) 30 pts.
Content (relevance to the topic)) 25 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 25 pts.
Timeliness (submit on time) 20 pts.
Total 100

Think About This!

1. How do you choose the people who belong to your primary group and
secondary group; in-group and out-group; and reference group and
network?
2. How important are these social groups in your life?
3. If you were to choose among the different social groups that you
have, which group can you not live without? Why?

What I Have Learned

Compare and Contrast

(Critical Thinking, Communication)

Based on what you have learned, compare and contrast the following
concepts. Use a separate sheet for this activity.

Concepts Similarities Differences

Primary Group and Secondary Group
In-groups and Out-groups

Reference groups and Networks

Think About This!

1. Why are there various social groups in our society?
2. How do these social groups function in our society?
3. How do these social groups shape the beliefs, behavior, personality and
other aspects of culture of an individual?

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 What I Can Do

Make a Research
(Critical Thinking, Communication)

Although all of us belong to different social groups in our society, some experience
more difficult challenges with the group of people around them.

In this activity you are going to make a research paper concerning one of the issues
affecting social groups in our society.

You may do this:

1. Choose only one from the following topics:

A. Family problems of Filipino children
B. Peer pressures experiences of teenagers
C. Cyber bullying problem on social media
2. Write a research paper about the topic you have chosen using the
simple research outline provided below as your guide.

Simple Research Outline

I. Research Title:
II. Short Introduction of the topic
III. Statement of the Problem (Provide at least 3 questions
related to the topic)
IV. Data Presentation (Support your presentation by using
data from credible online sources)
V. Conclusion
VI. References

3. You are given one week to finish the research.

4. Your paper will be scored based on the following rubrics.

Rubrics

Criteria Percentage
Content (ideas, facts, information) 30 %
Organization (presentation of thoughts) 20 %
Grammar (correct grammar and spelling) 20 %
Originality (not copy paste) 20 %
Timeliness (submit on time) 10 %
Total 100 percent

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The Philippines national dragon-boat team represented our country during
the SEA Games in the traditional boat race. They competed against other teams
in Southeast Asia. The team considered the opponents of the Philippine team as
their __________.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group

2. Mary is a millennial. This generation is described as socially conscious,

ethnically diverse, and optimistic. This generation is an example of _________.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group

3. Manny Pacquiao is one of the world’s greatest professional boxers and a

senator of the Philippines. Many boxers want to follow his footsteps. For them
Manny Pacquiao is part of their __________.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group
4. Angeline and Jemelyn joined the HUMSS Core Quiz Bee competition. They
placed third among all the contestants. Their competitors belong to _________.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group

5. Ivana Alawi is a well-known vlogger in the Philippines. She has many

subscribers and followers in her other her social media platforms. This is called
______.
a. In-group c. Out-group
b. Network d. Reference group

6. Carlo is very close to his parents and siblings. Every summer vacation, the
family visits their grandparents in Samar. In what social group does his family
belong?
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group

7. Shirley love s reading novels. She is a member of the Book Lovers Club in her
school. In what social group do her friends in the Book Lovers Club belong?
a. In-group c. Primary Group
b. Out-group d. Secondary Group

8. Alex is promoted to grade 12 this school year. On his first day of class, he
meets Carlo, his seatmate who becomes his friend. In what social group does
his friend Carlo belong?
a. Network c. Reference Group

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 b. Primary group d. Secondary Group

9. Patty is a nurse in a public hospital. During her vacant time, she joins her
colleagues in the hospital canteen to eat dinner with them. In what social group
do her colleagues belong?
a. Network c. Reference Group
b. Primary group d. Secondary Group

10. Anne Shirley misses her cousin Diana Barre. She cannot wait to see her
cousin to spend her summer vacation with her. Diana Barre is part of Anne
Shirley’s _________.
a. In-group c. Primary Group
b. Out-group d. Secondary Group

Additional Activities

Song Analysis
(Critical Thinking, Character)

In a social group, sometimes you associate yourself with other people because you
see them manifest actions that serve as part of your accepted and desired behavior
or preference style that you want to create within yourself.

This time, listen to and reflect on the song “Elmer” from the album Talumpati by
Gloc 9 ft. Jaq Dionisio. Then answer the following guide questions on a separate
sheet.

You may do this:

1. The students may listen to the song from the radio, Spotify, or on
YouTube.
2. The lyrics of the song are provided below.

17
Think About This!
1. How did the song make you feel?
2. What is the message of the song? What is its significance to our society?
3. Analyze the chorus part of the song. What advice does it suggest when
choosing a social group?
4. Do you agree with the advice? Why or why not?
5. Why, do you think, the songwriter is giving this advice?

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 19
What I Know Assessment
1. b 1. c
2. c 2. d
3. d 3. d
4. c 4. c
5. c 5. b
6. d 6. b
7. a 7. a
8. c 8. d
9. d 9. d
10. b 10. c
Answer Key
References
Books

Atienza, Maria Ela et. al. (2016). Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics for
Senior High School, Quezon, City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Contreras, Antonio P. et. al. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics.
Quezon, City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Online Sources

Elmer by Gloc 9 (2011). Album Talumpati. Sony Music Entertainment (Philippines)

Inc. Retrieved from https://www.lyrics.com

Ibrahim.ID, Socialmedia-pm.png. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/

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