HISTORY

from the Greek word Historie or Historia which means “learning, inquiry and or investigation”

• a branch of the Social Sciences that deals with the systematic study of significant past, a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events and which
concerns people and human nature.

HISTORIOGRAPHY

• refers to the study of history itself.

• analyzes

• the history writer

• the motives of the writer

• the sources of the writer

• the context when the history was written.

• Theories are applied and other historical methods.

ELEMENT OF HISTORY

• Historian - refers to the person writing the history.

• PLACE - The location where the history was written

• SOURCES - Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.

• PERIOD - Refers to the context of the time when the history was written.

NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

• History has no subject matter of its own. Of course, the subject matter of history covers all the persons and all events that have happened in the past. It is actually very
broad since it does cover everything that has happened in the society including all aspects from political, economic social, culture etc.

• History synthesizes knowledge from other fields. Since it covers all phenomena, History as a branch of the Social Sciences analyzes the relations of different events,
their cause and effects using also the knowledge used in other fields of the Social Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology Economics etc.

• History illuminates pieces of the past. History provides for explanations of things that happened in the past. By looking at relationships of different events and
phenomena, it provides explanations for seemingly unexplainable gaps.

• History is constantly changing. Since claims to historical facts are based on personal accounts, documents and artifacts, a historian makes an analysis based only on
available sources of data. The historian cannot conclude something which is baseless. Unlike other Social Sciences which can gather actual and real time data or conduct
experiments to test their hypothesis, historians have to rely on what is available. Therefore, when new data are discovered, previous historical accounts can be changed.

• History sheds light to truth. Since a historian constantly write about previous phenomena using historical sources as basis, all claims therefore supports only the truth
base on the data available. This however does not preclude the fact that a historian uses also unwritten sources such as oral accounts and traditions.

HOW DOES HISTORY LINKS THE PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE

• It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous events and phenomena which therefore will provide us with proper basis on how to view the present and the future.
Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers for problems that pervades at present. Our historical view will in itself provide us with the manner by which we
view the present and how we prepare for the future.

• E. Kent Rogers

To know about the roots of our current culture.

To learn about human nature by looking at the trend that repeat through history.
To learn about mistakes of those who have gone before us.

• Ambeth Ocampo

History can be a mere narrative of past events, while kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay – it must have saysay or meaning.
Saysay gives us a way or looking at the world, a Filipino viewpoint that influences the way we see the past, the present, and hopefully the future.

SOURCES OF HISTORY

• Primary Source
provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art.
the evidences by eyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the said event or phenomena.
Example :
• historical and legal documents
• eyewitness accounts
• results of experiments
• statistical data
• pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects.
• Interviews
• Surveys
• fieldwork,
• Internet communications via email, blogs, and newsgroups

• Secondary Source
interpretations of history They describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources.
products of people or writers who were not part of the event or phenomena.
Example:
• articles in newspaper
• popular magazines
• articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research.
• Book (except autobiographies)
• movie reviews

• Tertiary Source
contain information that has been compiled from primary and secondary sources.
Example:
• Almanacs
• Chronologies
• dictionaries and encyclopedias
• Directories
• Guidebooks
• Indexes
• Abstracts
• manuals
• textbooksc

TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

1. ARCHIVAL MATERIAL
• Archives
• Manuscripts
• business and personal correspondence
• Diaries
• Journals
• legal and financial documents
• Photographs
• Maps
• architectural drawings
• Objects
• oral histories
• computer tapes,
• video and audio cassettes.

2. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS - provide evidence of activities, functions, and policies at all government levels.

3. SERIALS
• Journals
• Magazines
• Newspapers

4. BOOKS

5. VISUAL AND AUDIO MATERIALS

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• physical examinations of sources like documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and monuments.
• Authorship-author’s name in itself can provided for the test of authenticity
• Date and place of publication-correct
• Textual errors.
• Unintentional errors
• Intentional errors
• Meanings of words used-words used usually changes from generation to generation

INTERNAL CRITICISM
• You must be able to analyze and interpret the contents of documents in their real meaning.
• You must refrain from making your own conclusions so as not to convey their own interpretation rather than the true meaning of the content.
• Question the motive of the writer and question the accuracy of the document.
• Verify the writer of the document.
• The truthfulness or veracity of the document should be established
• *In cases of contradicting records, the historian should corroborate the facts from other claims or documents.

AUTHORSHIP

• No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatà written in Rizal's handwriting exists. The poem supposedly wrote in 1869 where he was only 8 years old then.
• The poem contains some very mature insights for an eight-year-old boy – the “stinky fish” line notwithstanding.

DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION

• The poem was first published in 1906, a decade after his death, in a book authored by the poet Hermenigildo Cruz.

TEXTUAL ERRORS
• Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a “c” rather than “k.” Further, the word “kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice.

MEANINGS OF WORDS USED

• Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal himself did not learn the word until he was 25 years old. Rizal first
encountered the word atleast by 1872 the years after the execution of GOMBURZA
• Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not yet needed in writing before 1864 and even later, especially since timawa/catimaoan was still widely used back then as meaning
‘free/freedom.’”