HISTORY

WHAT DO YOU
KNOW ABOUT
HISTORY?
HISTORY
• from the Greek word Historie or Historia which means
“learning, inquiry and or investigation”
• a branch of the Social Sciences that deals with the
systematic study of significant past, a branch of knowledge
that records and explains past events and which concerns
people and human nature.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
• refers to the study of history itself.
• analyzes
– the history writer
– the motives of the writer
– the sources of the writer
• the context when the history was written.
• Theories are applied and other historical methods.
ELEMENT OF
HISTORY
HISTORIAN
• refers to the person writing the history.
PLACE
• The location where the history was written
PERIOD
• Refers to the context of the time when the history was
written.
SOURCES
• Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the historian
such as documents, written or oral accounts.
NATURE OF
HISTORY AS AN
ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
• History has no subject matter of its own. Of course,
the subject matter of history covers all the persons
and all events that have happened in the past. It is
actually very broad since it does cover everything
that has happened in the society including all aspects
from political, economic social, culture etc.
• History synthesizes knowledge from other fields.
Since it covers all phenomena, History as a branch of
the Social Sciences analyzes the relations of
different events, their cause and effects using also
the knowledge used in other fields of the Social
Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology
Economics etc.
• History illuminates pieces of the past. History
provides for explanations of things that happened in
the past. By looking at relationships of different
events and phenomena, it provides explanations for
seemingly unexplainable gaps.
• History is constantly changing. Since claims to historical facts are
based on personal accounts, documents and artifacts, a historian
makes an analysis based only on available sources of data. The
historian cannot conclude something which is baseless. Unlike other
Social Sciences which can gather actual and real time data or
conduct experiments to test their hypothesis, historians have to rely
on what is available. Therefore, when new data are discovered,
previous historical accounts can be changed.
• History sheds light to truth. Since a historian
constantly write about previous phenomena using
historical sources as basis, all claims therefore
supports only the truth base on the data available.
This however does not preclude the fact that a
historian uses also unwritten sources such as oral
accounts and traditions.
WHY DO WE NEED
TO STUDY
HISTORY?
 HOW D OES HI S TORY
L INK S THE PA S T,
P RE SENT A ND F U T UR E
• It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous events
and phenomena which therefore will provide us with
proper basis on how to view the present and the future.
• Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers
for problems that pervades at present.
• Our historical view will in itself provide us with the
manner by which we view the present and how we prepare
for the future.
E. KENT ROGERS

• To know about the roots of our current culture.

• To learn about human nature by looking at the
trend that repeat through history.
• To learn about mistakes of those who have
gone before us.
AMBETH OCAMPO

• History can be a mere narrative of past events,

while kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay
– it must have saysay or meaning.
• Saysay gives us a way or looking at the world, a
Filipino viewpoint that influences the way we see
the past, the present, and hopefully the future.
SOURCES OF
HISTORY
• Primary Source
• Secondary Source
• Tertiary Source
 provides direct or firsthand
evidence about an event,

PRIMARY
object, person, or work of art

SOURCE the evidences by eyewitnesses

or created by people who
experienced the said event or
phenomena.
EXAMPLES:
historical and legal
eyewitness accounts results of experiments
documents

pieces of creative
writing, audio and
statistical data video recordings, Interviews
speeches, and art
objects.

Internet
communications via
Surveys fieldwork,
email, blogs, and
newsgroups
interpretations of history
They describe, discuss, products of people or
interpret, comment upon, writers who were not part
analyze, evaluate, of the event or
summarize, and process phenomena.
primary sources.

SECONDARY SOURCE
 articles in newspaper

popular magazines

EXAMPLES: Book (except autobiographies)

movie reviews

articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or

evaluate someone else's original research.
TERTIARY
SOURCE

C O N TA I N I N F O R M AT I O N
T H AT H A S B E E N
COMPILED FROM
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES.
 Almanacs
Chronologies
dictionaries and encyclopedias
Directories
EXAMPLES : Guidebooks
Indexes
Abstracts
manuals
textbooksc
TYPES OF
HISTORICAL
SOURCES
 ARCHIVAL MATERIAL
• Archives • Maps
• Manuscripts • architectural drawings
• business and personal • Objects
correspondence • oral histories
• Diaries • computer tapes,
• Journals • video and audio cassettes.
• legal and financial documents
• Photographs
 PROVIDE EVIDENCE

GOVERNMENT
OF ACTIVITIES,
FUNCTIONS, AND
P O L I C I E S AT A L L
DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT
LEVELS.
It was
already dated
and analyzed
 Journals

SERIALS Magazines

Newspapers
Serial Number
BOOKS
 VISUAL
AND AUDIO 1926 Documentary about the Igorots

MATERIALS

Tasaday Nomads of Marcos

HISTORICAL
CRITICISM
 • physical examinations of sources
EXTERNAL like documents, manuscripts, books,
CRITICISM pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and
monuments.
 Authorship-author’s name in itself can
provided for the test of authenticity

EXTERNAL
Date and place of publication-correct

CRITICISM Textual errors.

Unintentional errors
Intentional errors

Meanings of words used-words used usually

changes from generation to generation
 You must refrain from
You must be able to making your own
conclusions so as not to
analyze and interpret the
convey their own
contents of documents in interpretation rather than
their real meaning. the true meaning of the
content.

INTERNAL
Question the
motive of the
writer and Verify the writer
question the
accuracy of the
of the document.
CRITICISM
document.
*In cases of
The truthfulness contradicting records,
or veracity of the the historian should
document should corroborate the facts
be established from other claims or
documents.
 No manuscript for Sa Aking
Mga Kabatà written in Rizal's
handwriting exists. The poem
supposedly wrote in 1869 where
he was only 8 years old then.
AUTHORSHIP
The poem contains some very
mature insights for an eight-
year-old boy – the “stinky fish”
line notwithstanding.
 DATE AND • The poem was first published in
1906, a decade after his death, in a
PLACE OF book authored by the poet
PUBLICATION Hermenigildo Cruz.
 • In Rizal’s childhood they spelled
TEXTUAL words with a “c” rather than “k.”
ERRORS Further, the word “kalayaan”
(freedom) is used twice.
 • Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and
there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal
himself did not learn the word until he was 25
years old. Rizal first encountered the word
atleast by 1872 the years after the execution of
GOMBURZA
• Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not yet needed
in writing before 1864 and even later, especially
MEANINGS OF since timawa/catimaoan was still widely used
WORDS USED back then as meaning ‘free/freedom.’”