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VFT arise within a gas-insulated substation (GIS) any time there 2. BACKGROUND
is an instantaneous change in voltage. Most often this change
occurs as the result of the opening or closing of a disconnect 2.1 ORIGINOF VFTIN GIS
switch, but other events, such as the operation of a circuit
breaker, the closing of a grounding switch, or the occurrence of VFT overvoltages are generated in a GIS during disconnector
a fault, can also cause VFT. These transients generally have a or breaker operations, or by line-to-ground faults. During a
very short rise time, in the range of 4 to 100 ns, and are disconnector operation a number of pre- or restrikes occur due
normally followed by oscillations having frequencies in the to the relatively slow speed of the moving contact. Figure 1
range of 1 to 50 MHz. Their magnitude is in the range of 1.5 to shows the simplified configuration used to explain the general
2.0 per unit ofthe line-to-neutral voltage crest, but they can also switching behavior and the pattern of voltages on closing and
reach values as high as 2.5 per unit. These values are generally opening ofa disconnector at a capacitive load [4], [17].
below the BIL of the GIS and connected equipment of lower
voltage classes. VFT in GIS are of greater concern at the During closing, as the contacts approach, the electric field
highest voltages, for which the ratio of the BIL to the system between them will rise until sparking occurs. The first strike
voltage is lower. Some equipment failures and arcing problems will almost inevitably occur at the crest of the power frequency
between grounded parts have occurred at system voltages above voltage, due to the slow operating speed. Thereafter current will
420 kV, they have been correlated with disconnect switch and flow through the spark and charge the capacitive load to the
6-1
source voltage. As it does so, the potential difference across the In case of power transformers feeding the GIS, overall
contacts falls and the spark will eventually extinguish. The transients with frequencies in the range of 20 to 100 kHz can be
behavior on opening is very nearly a complete reversal of the observed caused by the oscillation of the whole system
above description. consisting of the GIS and the transformer,
In case ofa line-to-ground fault, the voltage collapse at the fault Due to the travelling wave behavior of the VFT, the
location occurs in a similar way as in the disconnector gap overvoltages caused by disconnector switches show a spatial
during striking. Step-shaped travelling surges are generated and distribution. Normally the highest overvoltage stress is reached
injected to GIS lines connected to the collapse location. The rise at the open end of the load side. The maximum value of the
time of these surges depend on the voltage preceding the local VFT overvoltages is dependent on the voltage drop at the
collapse. disconnectorjust before striking and on the location considered.
Breakdown phenomena across the contacts of a disconnector An example ofthese transient phenomena measured in an actual
during a switch operation or line-to-ground faults generate very GIS is given in Figure 2, where one prestrike of a disconnector
short rise time travelling waves which propagate in either switching is depicted showing the steep voltage transients at the
direction from the breakdown or fault location. Surges travelling supply and load sides. The basic frequency component of the
throughout GIS and to other connected equipment are reflected VFT in the MHz range, the overall transient and the steady state
and refracted at every transition point. As a consequence of waveform are also shown.
multiple reflections and refractions, travelling voltages can
increase above the original values and very high frequency The two following examples will be useful to illustrate the
oscillations occur. generation of VFT in GIS, and the influence of some
parameters on the frequency and maximum values of these
The propagation of VFT throughout GIS can be analyzed by transients. Figure 3 shows a very simple case, a GIS bus duct
representing GIS sections as low-loss distributed parameter represented as a lossless distributed parameter transmission line
transmission lines. Each section may be characterized by a surge is fed from a step-shaped source. The reflections of the
impedance and a transit time. Travelling waves are reflected and travelling wave at both terminals ofthe duct will produce at the
refracted at every point where they encounter a change in the open terminal a pulse-shaped transient of constant magnitude -
surge impedance. The generated transients depend on the GIS 2 pu - and constant frequency. The frequency of this pulse can
configuration and on the superposition of the surges reflected be calculated from the following expression
and refracted on line discontinuities like breakers, "T" junctions
or bushings. The main frequencies depend on the length of the
GIS sections affected by the disconnector operation and are in
the range of 1 to 50 MHz.
1
f
4 1 (1)
The internal damping of the VFT influencing the highest
frequency components is determined by the spark resistance. being t the transit time ofthe line. If the propagation velocity is
Skin effects due to the aluminum enclosure can be neglected. close to that of light, the frequency, in MHz, of the voltage
The main portion of the damping of the VFT occurs by generated at the open terminal will be
outcoupling at the transition to the overhead line.
6-2
2.2.2Externaltransients
75
f
d (2) An internally generated VFT propagates throughout the GIS
and reaches the bushing where it causes a transient enclosure
where d is the duct length, in meters. In this case, d = 12 m, then voltage and a travelling wave that propagates along the
the frequency is 6.25 MHz, which corresponds to a period of overhead transmission line. An explanation about the generation
160 ns, as shown in Figure 3.b. Therefore, the main reason why of external transients and some comments on their main
VFT are generated in GIS is due to the short length of ducts. characteristics follow.
6-3
Ie
0>---------
:. ; : :
" :;
b) Openingoperation
+-+-1-+-+H-+-+-+-IH-+-+-1H--+~H-J,--t-H~-!-..j.....,I4-+-J,........J~----,
.. ..
c) Closingoperation
Figure 1. Variationofload and source side voltages during disconnector switching [4].
6-4
Source side Load side
o tl 200 400 600 800 1000 o t1 200 400 600 800 1000
----.. t (lIS) - -..... t(ns)
1.5 1.5
Us (p.u.) UL(P·U.)
I I
1.0 1.0
b
0.5 0.5
0 t1 2 4 6 8 10 0 t1 2 4 6 8 10
• t (I-Ls) - -..... t(l-Ls)
1 1
1.0 1.0
c r'
,....-J
I
I
0.5 ~_--+--""_-+-_ _+--_--1 0.5 I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
1.5 1.5
Us (p.u.) UL(P·U.)
d 1.0 t----:::II~~___+__----I 1.0 I
0.5 0.5
o 1 t1 2 3 4 5
o 1 t1 2 3 4 5
- -.... t(ms) - -.... t(ms)
a) steepvoltage transients
b) basic frequency component of the VFT in the MHZ range
c) overall transients in the kHZ range
d) low frequency transient and steadystatecondition
Figure2. Transients on the sourceand load side of a GIS due to disconnector switching.
6-5
®
•
Length = 12 m
I i
If,.,.]
- , I} WOO l - ·_ · , 1} NU(JC» - f ll /rllJOO' "" ( 2 /NtJ()(M
R=O R=lOQ
L :
f····
: :
1{,./
••• • ,~ ~ lJOQI
'IN' - ",/rfUOO1
R=O R= 10Q
6-6
@
Leng th =
.....
...:"; :...r . L.':
..... L.!
•_ ••• • · · · 0 • •• :•.: : : ·· ~: : LF:l
...: . ..:
R=O R= IOn
. .....
i i
[...: I.
j r···-~
LoT'O ...f·-· :...:".. : ~ ..:
'...:
R=O R= IOn
6-7
!ove~he.ad
Both components are damped quickly as a result of the lossy
nature of the enclosure-to-ground plane transmission mode.
E TEV generally persists for a few microseconds. The magnitude
translDlSSlon
varies along the enclosure; it can be in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 pu
.. line
Ir-~~-...... of the system voltage, and reaches the highest magnitude near
the GIS-air interface.
6-8
the range of 10 to 20 MHz. the external enclosure to be perfectly earthed. IfTEV have to be
considered, it is necessary to add one more mode (enclosure-
ground) since at these high frequencies, the earth connections
2.3 EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT assume significant impedance values.
The level reached by VFT overvoltages originated by A short explanation about the representation of the most
disconnector switching or line-to-ground faults inside a GIS are important GIS components follows.
below the BIL of substation and external equipment. However,
aging of the insulation of external equipment due to frequent a) Bus ducts
VFT must be considered. For a range of frequencies lower than 100 MHz, a bus duct can
be represented as a lossless transmission line. The surge
TEV is a low energy phenomenon, and it is not considered impedance and the travel time can be calculated from the
dangerous to humans. The main concern is in the danger of the physical dimensions of the duct. Empirical corrections are
surprise-shock effect. TEV can also cause interference with or usually needed to adjust the propagation velocity. Experimental
even damage to the substation control, protection and other results show that the propagation velocity in GIS ducts is close
secondary equipment, and radiate EMF which may induce to 0.95 - 0.96% of the speed of light [14], [24]. The error
voltages and currents within electric circuits. committed by ignoring skin effect losses is usually negligible.
The main effects caused by VFr to equipment and the Other devices such as elbows or closed disconnectors can also
techniques which can be used to mitigate these effects are be modeled as lossless transmission lines.
summarized in Table 1.
b) Surge arresters
A surge arrester model should take into account the steep front
3. MODELING GUIDELINES
wave effect : the voltage developed across the arrester for a
given discharge current increases as the time to crest of the
Due to the travelling nature of VFT, modeling of GIS
current increases, and reaches crest prior to the crest of the
components makes use of electrical equivalent circuits
discharge current. A detailed model must represent each internal
composed of lumped elements and distributed parameter lines.
shield and block individually, and include the travel times along
At very high frequencies, the skin losses can produce a
shield sections, as well as capacitances between these sections,
noticeable attenuation. However, due to the geometrical
capacitances between blocks and shields, and the blocks
structure of GIS and the enclosure material, skin losses are
themselves. The model shown in Table 2 considers two
usually neglected, which gives conservative results. Only the
sections, represented as lossless transmission lines, and a
dielectric losses in some components, e.g. capacitively graded
capacitance paralleled by a resistance between sections.
bushing, need be taken into account.
Experimental results show that switching operations do not
The next two subsections present modeling guidelines to
produce voltages high enough to cause MOVs to conduct.
represent GIS equipment in computation of internal transients
Although sophisticated models have been developed to
and TEV.
represent an MOV, only its capacitance needs to be taken into
account.
3.1 COMPUTATION OF INTERNAL TRANSIENTS
c) Circuit breakers
All the distributed parameter lines take into account the internal The representation of a circuit breaker is very complicated due
mode (conductor-enclosure) only, assuming that the external to internal irregularities. In addition, circuit breakers with
enclosure is perfectly grounded. If TEV is of concern, then a several chambers contain grading capacitors. As these
second mode (enclosure-ground) is to be considered. Table 2 components are not arranged symmetrically, a circuit breaker
shows the equivalent circuits proposed to represent main has a different transient response depending upon which
components of a typical GIS [17]. More accurate models were terminal is connected to the surge source.
presented in [27].
6-9
TABLE 1- EFFECTS OF VERY FAST TRANSIENTS [17]
The insulation system of breakers and loadbreak switches is not endangered by VFf The development of a ground fault by branching of the leader discharge during a
overvoltages generated in adjacent GIS equipment. disconnector operation can be avoided by a proper disconnector design.
DISCONNECTORS Ground faults induced by VFTO have been observed in disconnectors operations, as
& BREAKERS residual leader branches can be activated by enhanced field gradient to ground and
by feeding them with GIS-1l;enerated VFTO.
TEV can cause sparking across insulated flanges and to insulated busbars ofCTs, and TEVs can be minimized
0\
I puncture of insulation which is intended to limit the spread of circulating currents - by a proper design and arrangement of substation mats
1--01
o within the enclosure. - by keeping ground leads as short and straight as possible in order to minimize the
ENCLOSURE inductance
- by increasing the number of connections to ground
- by introducing shielding to prevent internally generated VFT from reaching the
outside of the enclosure
- by installing voltage limiting varistors where spacers must be employed.
BUSHINGS SF6 insulated bushings can be affected as other SF6 equipment. Avoid high impedance in the connection of the last graded layer to the enclosure.
Very few problems have been reported with capacitivelv graded bushings,
CABLES No problems have been experienced on the main insulation. Grounding connections must be modified to eliminate troubles.
VFT effects appear always in grounded circuits and are originated by TEVs.
TEV may interfere with secondary equipment or damage sensitive circuits Correct cable connection procedures may minimize interference. The coupling of
- by raising the housing potential if they are directly connected radiated energy may be reduced
SECONDARY - or via cable shields to GIS enclosure by emitting free radiation which may - by mounting control cables closely along the enclosure supports and other
EQUIPMENT induce currents and voltages in adjacent equipment. grounded structures
- by grounding cable shields at both ends by leads as short as possible
- by using optical coupling services.
Voltage limiting devices may have to be installed.
TABLE 2 - GIS COMPONENT MODELS [17]
Spacer ( C ~ 20 to 30 pF)
Elbow
Open switch I
I
I I.---,- (n = numberof breaking
1" 1"
....L....L
chambers)
Closeddisconnector -+--)--.------}--
I
Open disconnector
Capacitive voltagetransformer
Earth connection
6-11
A closed breaker can be represented as a lossless transmission winding. Most of this terminal capacitance comes from the
line. The surge impedance is calculated from the diameters of capacitance of the terminal bushing to ground.
the conductor and enclosure. The electrical length is equal to the
physical length. The propagation velocity is also reduced to 0.95 Ifvoltage transfer is not of concern, an accurate representation
- 0.96% of the speed of light. The effect of grading capacitors can be obtained by developing a circuit that matches the
can be ignored. The representation ofa closed circuit breaker is frequency response of the transformer at its terminals, At very
more complicated because the electrical length is increased and high frequencies, the saturation of the magnetic core can be
the speed of progression is decreased due to the effects of the neglected, as well as leakage impedances.
higher dielectric constant of the grading capacitors [24]. If the
intermediate voltages are needed, the breaker is divided into as f) Current transformers
many sections as there are interrupters, all connected by the Insulating gaps are usually installed in the vicinity of current
grading capacitors. transformers. During high voltage switching operations, these
gaps flash over, establishing a continuous path. Travelling
A simpler model consists oftwo equal lengths ofbus connected waves propagate with little distortion. Current transformers can
by a capacitor with a value equivalent to the series combination often be neglected.
ofall the grading capacitors. Parameters ofthe two bus sections
are calculated from the physical dimensions of the breaker. A The parameters needed to represent these models can be
different representation has been proposed for circuit breakers determined either from manufacturer's data or by calculation
which contain pre-insertion resistors [24]. based on the physical sizes ofthe equipment. If neither ofthese
is possible, the capacitance values can be estimated from those
d) Gas to air bushings shown in Table 2, while surge impedances can be estimated
A bushing gradually changes the surge impedance from that of around 50-80 ohms.
the GIS to that ofthe line. A detailed model ofthe bushing must
consider the coupling between the conductor and shielding
electrodes, and include the representation of the grounding 3.2 COMPUTATION OF TEV
system connected to the bushing. A simplified model consists
of several transmission lines in series with a lumped resistor At the frequencies of the VFT caused by dielectric breakdown
representing losses. The surge impedance of each line section within the GIS (breakdown across disconnect switch contacts,
increases as the location goes up the bushing. If the bushing is line-to-ground faults), currents are constrained to flow along
distant from the point of interest, the resistor can be neglected the surface of the conductors and do not penetrate through
and a single line section can be used [24]. More advanced them. The inside and the outside ofthe enclosure are distinct, so
models for capacitively graded bushings were proposed in [9], that transients generated within the GIS do not appear onto the
[16] and [28]. outside surface of the enclosure until discontinuities in the
sheath are encountered. These discontinuities occur at gas-to-air
e) Power transfonners terminations (the most frequent case), GIS-cable transitions, or
A common practice is to model a power transformer as a external core current transformers.
capacitor representing the capacitance ofthe winding to ground.
When voltage transfer has to be calculated, interwinding The modeling ofthe GIS for computation ofTEV must include
capacitances and secondary capacitance to ground must also be the effects ofthe enclosure, the representation of ground straps
represented. At very high frequencies a winding of a and the earthing grid.
transformer behaves like a capacitive network consisting of
series capacitances between turns and coils, and shunt A GIS-air termination can be modeled as a junction of three
capacitances between turns and coils to the grounded core and transmission lines each with its own surge impedance, see
transformer tank. The equivalent capacitance, C; is given by Figure 5. This equivalent network can be analyzed using
lossless transmission line models to determine reflected and
(3) transmitted waves. The basic mechanism ofTEV is defmed by
the refraction of waves from the internal coaxial bus duct to the
where C, and C, are the equivalent series and ground enclosure sheath-to-ground system. The travelling wave incident
capacitances ofthe winding. The equivalent series capacitance, onto the GIS-air termination is reflected at this termination
C s' is more difficult to compute. The details of computation being the magnitude ofthe transmitted wave onto the outside of
have been discussed in [37]. The terminal capacitance to ground the enclosure sheath given by the coefficient
must be added to (3) to obtain the total capacitance of the
6-12
(4)
Z
s
= 60 In 2 12 h (6)
r
where ZI, Z2 and Z3 are the surge impedance of the coaxial bus where r is the strap radius and h the average height of the
duct, the overhead line and the sheath-to-ground system, section.
respectively [5]. The negative sign means that there is an
inversion ofthe waveform with respect to the internal transient. The representation of the earthing grid at TEV frequencies is a
very complex task. Furthermore, this grid may not be designed
TEV propagates back from the gas-to-air termination into the to carry very high frequency currents, as no standards for very
substation on the transmission line defmed by the enclosure and high frequency earthing systems are currently available. A
the ground plane. The first discontinuity in the propagation is simplified modeling may be used by representing the earthing
generally a ground strap. For TEV rise times, most ground grid as a low value constant resistance.
straps are too long and too inductive for effective grounding.
However, ground leads may have a significant effect on the Advanced models for GIS components in computation ofTEV
magnitude and waveshape ofTEV. This effect can be explained might consider a frequency-dependent impedance for ground
by considering two mechanisms [6] : straps, a frequency-dependent model for the enclosure-
to-ground line (which could take into account earth losses) and
* the ground lead may be seen as a vertical transmission line the propagation of phase- to-phase modes on the three
whose surge impedance varies with height; when the enclosures [6].
transient reaches the ground strap, a reflected wave is
originated which reduces the magnitude of the transmitted Distributed parameter models shown in Tables 2 take into
wave, being the reduction expressed by the coefficient account the internal mode (conductor-enclosure) only, assuming
2Z g the external enclosure to be perfectly earthed. IfTEV have to be
considered, it is necessary to add one more mode (enclosure-
2Z g + Z 3 (5) ground) since at these high frequencies, the earth connections
assume significant impedance values. A more detailed model is
where Zg is the surge impedance of the ground strap and then required, see Section 5.3.
Z3 the surge impedance of the enclosure-to-ground
transmission line; as Zg is usually much larger than Z3' the
attenuation produced by the ground strap will be usually 4. VALIDATION
small
The accuracy of a simulation depends on the quality of the
* the portion of the wave which propagates down the ground model of each individual GIS component. In order to achieve
strap meets the low impedance of the ground grid, then a reasonable results even for time periods ofsome micro-seconds
reflected wave will be produced at this point which or for very complex GIS structures, highly accurate models for
propagates back to the enclosure where it will tend to each internal component and also for external components,
reduce the original wave. connected to the GIS, are necessary. Figure 6 shows an example
of how a 420 kV disconnector with an arrangement of spacers,
The representation of a ground lead as a constant surge shielding electrodes and varying diameters can be simulated by
impedance is not strictly correct. In reality, the ground strap has the equivalent circuit derived from its geometry. Figure 6.c
a continuously varying surge impedance, so that a continuous shows the measured step response and the simulation result
reflection occurs as a wave propagates down the lead. An using the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 6.b. An excellent
analysis of the performance of different models for the ground correlation between measurements and calculations can be
lead was presented in [6]; simulation results did show that a observed.
constant inductor model may be adequate for straps with travel
time less than the surge rise time, while a nonuniform
impedance model may be necessary for much larger straps.
Reference [6] proposes to divide a ground strap into sections,
each one represented by a surge impedance calculated from the
following expression
6-13
V<>lt.11!l" I pu
1.5
1 .0
0 .5
- - - - measurement
_ _ simulat ion
o. 0 f-'-.,.-.,.--r--r--r-,--,--,--..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-~
m o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
121--+---'7'0 "I
t1lllo 1115
spacer spacer
b) Equivalent circuit
Measurement
1+-~----J'-r:'Y--~:----:7'"----t
:1-, _
21 U " I' 111
tiJle / DS o
6-14
Detailed calculations have been made for a 420 kV GIS with 2
Amplitude and frequency ofVFT can be reproduced withgood line feederbays,a transformer and a bus coupler, see Figure9.
accuracy for severalperiods and manydetailsin the waveform The double busbar system also included bus sectionalizers.
can be explained. Figure 8 shows a part of a 420 kV GIS on Single-phase enclosure is applied to the bays and three-phase
which measurements have been made at point M2. By closing enclosure forthebusbars. According to theirinternaldesign, all
disconnect switch Q12, one part of the switchyard has been GIS components have been represented thoroughly by line
connected. The measurements have been reproduced by a sections with the corresponding surge impedance and transit
detailedsimulation. Certain differences in the range of higher time, and by lumped capacitances for spacers and additional
frequencies did occur because the simulation was performed capacitances causedby internalshieldingdevices, see Figures
with a low damping equivalent circuit and measuring 11 to 14.Thethree-phase encapsulated busbarsare represented
instruments didnotcaptureveryhighfrequencies. However, the by surge impedances in positiveand zero sequence system.
main waveformhas been reproduced with sufficient accuracy.
Detailed data are given in Appendix A, Tables Al to A4.
Capacitive grading of thebushingshasbeensimulated assuming
5. CASE STUDIES two representative screens for each. The behavior of the
transformer winding under high-frequency transients has been
As it has been explained above, VFT in GIS are caused by simulated by an equivalent circuit,see Figure 13, proposed by
dielectric breakdowns. The collapsing electric field during a the manufacturer, according to the high-frequency
breakdown produces travelling waveswhichpropagate in both measurements performed in the factory.
directions from the disturbance location. This propagation can
be analyzed and simulated using transmission line theory, and The behavior of the spark in the disconnecting switch during
assuming that propagation losses are negligible. Travelling closing was represented by a fixed resistance of 0.5 ohms in
wavesappearexternally at enclosure transitions, e.g. gas-to-air serieswithan exponentially decreasing resistance, R =R, exp(-
terminations. At these transitions, reflected waves travelling t/T), with Ro = 1012 ohms and T = 1 ns, resulting in a time
back onto the station and transmitted waves coupled onto the duration of voltage breakdown of about IOns. Calculations
outsideof the enclosure sheathsare generated. were performed for a closing operation of the by-pass
disconnecting switch in the line feeder bay 1, see Figure 10,
The magnitude of the travelling waves will depend on their connecting the busbar 1 to the voltage source. Time-step size
source (disconnect switch operation, fault) and the GIS was 0.15 ns. Simulation results are shown in Figure 15 for the
configuration. Depending on the transient of concern, a measuring pointsM1 to M5 :
different modeling is to be considered. Guidelines for * point Ml - node 35 in Figure 13 -, voltage stress at the
simulation of internaland externaltransients werediscussed in connection inside the transformer between bushing and
Section3. transformer winding
* point M2 - node 34 in Figure 13 -, high-frequency
Due to the very high frequencies generated by a dielectric oscillations at the GIS-sideof the transformer bushing are
breakdown withinthe GIS, a digital simulation is restricted to caused mainly by the capacitive grading system of the
calculations duringtheVFTwaveformperiod,usually1or2 us, bushing
If the simulation is performed with an EMTP-like program, * point M3 - node 10 in Figure 11 -, the voltage oscillation
whichuses a constanttimestep size,then the valueof this step near the end of the switchedbusbar SS2 starts from non-
sizewilldependon the shortertransittimein the GIS.Thisstep zero conditions, since part of the feeding voltage on
size must be equal or smaller than one-halfthe shortertransit busbar SSI is capacitively coupled to busbar SS2 via the
time. capacitance of the open circuit breaker in the couplingbay
* point M4 and M5 correspond to nodes 3 in Figure 11 and
Three case studies are included in this section. The first one node 18 in Figure 13,respectively.
presents the simulation of VFT in a 420 kV substation
generated by a closingoperation. Thenexttwo casesarerelated The investigation clearlyshows that very detailed information
to low voltage tests in a 765 kV GIS. Low voltage tests are a of the internal design not only of the GIS but also of the
veryusefultool for development and validation of GISmodels. external equipment, likebushings and transformer windings, is
The first of these two cases presentsthe simulation of internal necessary to achieve reliableresults.
transients, while the secondone is aimedat calculating TEV.
6-15
bu. COuPI.~
t~on.fo~"'e~ feede~
line feede~ 2
bu. .ectionollzer
M4
M3
bus coupler
t~on.for"'er fe.de~
Figure 10. Configuration of the 420 kV GIS used for the simulation.
6-16
Zu".-409 o
btJslxJ SS2 -.4/ _
btJslxJ SSI--------.I--~-----
1 67 10 11
_ _--...,;.'4 16
15
'3~' 9
1,0\.
,!>
,\'0
9 4
10
1 1 12
1.3
7
'6 ~ 14
.n
8 IS
22
21 Figure 13. Line feeder.
27
------=2:.:::1....,,~....,,!--I-~---------
28
19 4
29 18
30 17
33 31 16
32 15
34 14
35 13
, 2.' 0 12
11
10
9
8
0.7!> ..F 7
6 .....-----45
Figure 12. Transformerfeeder.
6-17
1.0
5.2 LOW VOLTAGE TEST OF A 765kV GIS [24]
voltage - pu
-0.5 * charge both sides of the switch to the desired value and
close the switch.
voltage - pu 1 .06 _
1.0
POINT M5 --+---------------
-0.5
o time - J.1.S 2
6-18
BUSHING
-~/--t---t------:>.---,
UCI
) ) UK
(
Figure 16. One-line diagram ofa 765 kV GIS.
01
10 P F f
@
8
100 ohm @
8 § 8 (0 @ @ @)
®
8
@
8 e 8 e @
0
@) @ @ @ 8
-
2
@ @
0 8 S
@
75 ohm
8 @
@ @ @0 @ T3
75 oIlm
6-19
5.3 CALCULATION OF TEV IN A 765kV GIS [24]
At the bushing, the two modes split with one going up to the
bushing and the other connected to the grounding surge
impedance, see Figure 20.
,---------------------
AI.....
XAI----
b) Voltage at location UK B
GR.OUND
RES.STANCE
,~
6. CONCLUSIONS
a) Voltage at location VC1 A description of the origin and main characteristics ofVFT in
GIS, as well as their effects on substation and adjacent
equipment, has been summarized in this document. Modeling
guidelines for digital simulation of GIS networks in VFT
studies have been discussed. Their application was illustrated
with three case studies. Although guidelines proposed in this
document neglect propagation losses for many GIS components
and very simple models are proposed for most components,
validation tests have shown that an excellent correlation
,~
between simulation results and field measurements can be
achieved. More accurate models may be needed in some cases
b) Voltage at location UK for which propagation losses at very high frequencies should
Figure 19. Simulation results from closing a switch. not be neglected.
6-20
v(VJ
7. REFERENCES
6-21
Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 95-102, no. 1, pp. 316-323, January 1992.
April 1986. [27] Z. Haznadar, C. Carsimamovic and R. Mahmutcehajic,
[12] T. Yoshida et aI., "Distribution of induced grounding "More accurate modeling of gas insulated substation
current in large-capacity GIS using multipoint grounding components in digital simulations of very fast
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6-22
APPENDIX A - DATA OF THE 420 kV GIS TABLEA2 - TRANSFORMER FEEDER DATA
6-23
TABLE A3 - BUSBARDATA APPENDIX B - DATA OF THE 765 kV GIS
Branch Length Zo ZI C
(m) (0) (0) (PF)
1 - 2 1.80 157 113
Branch Z Travel time
2 - 3 3.70 157 113
(0) (ns)
3 - 4 5.60 157 113
4 - 5 0.90 157 113
UCI - J3 75 6.40
5 - 6 0.85 104 60 J3 - J4 75 48.0
6 - 7 0.15 104 60 J4 - T22 75 2.20
7 - 8 0.20 104 60
T22 - T23 51 1.90
8 - 9 1.80 157 113 J4 - 09 78 2.20
9 - 10 7.40 157 113 09 - 088 68 1.80
10 - 11 1.80 157 113 D88 - 066 59 4.20
1 - E 12 D44 - 022 33 5.80
2 - E 3 D22 - Dl 330 9.10
3 - E 3 J3 - T21 75 2.20
4 - E 3 T21 - T20 51 1.90
8 - E 3 T20 - Tl9 160 0.67
9 - E 3 T19 - T18 65 1.70
10 - E 3 T19 - T17 75 6.80
T17 - T16 65 1.70
T17 - J7 75 8.50
J7 - T24 75 2.20
TABLE A4 - BUS COUPLERDATA T24 - T25 51 1.90
Branch Length Z J7 - T26 75 2.20
C T26 - T27 51 1.90
(m) (0) (pF) T17 - T14 160 0.67
1 - 2 1.20 95 T14 - T13 51 1.90
2 - 3 0.45 42 TI3 - TIl 75 9.90
3 - 4 0.15 42 TIl - T12 65 1.70
4 - 5 0.90 42 TIl - J2 75 7.50
5 - 6 0.60 95 J2 - T9 75 2.20
6 - 7 0.90 72 T9 - TI0 51 1.90
7 - 8 1.00 95 TIO - T28 160 0.67
8 - 9 0.30 66 T28 - J6 75 7.10
9 - 10 4 J6 - UK 75 6.40
10 - 11 0.80 66 T28 - T29 65 1.70
11 - 12 0.85 66 T28 - J5 75 8.80
12 - 13 4 J5 - T30 75 2.20
13 - 14 0.30 66 T30 - T32 51 1.90
14 - 15 0.70 95 J2 - Jl 75 6.70
15 - 16 1.70 95 Jl - T4 75 2.20
16 - 17 0.45 95 T4 - T3 51 1.90
17 - 18 0.45 95 Jl - TS 75 2.20
18 - 19 0.45 42
19 - 20 0.15 42
20 - 21 0.75 42
21 - 22 0.15 42
22 - 23 1.20 95
8 - 14 900
2 - E 10
6 - E 10
7 - E 10
8 - E 32
11 - E 40
14 - E 32
15 - E 10
16 - E 24
17 - E 10
6-24