Department of Petroleum Engineering

College of Engineering and Applied Science

University of Wyoming
Well Test Analysis
PETE 4225
Fall 2020
Assignment #3

Date posted: October 19th , 2020 Due date: November 6th , 2020

Problem 1 (35 points): Pressure time data of a drawdown test for a hydraulically fractured gas
well are given in the following plots. Additional pertinent data are given as follows:
h = 5 ft; Tf= 220°F; =23.5%; ct =3.14  10-4 psi-1 ; rw =0.28 ft; q= 2000 MSCFD;

 g = 0.02 cp

Estimate permeability, skin factor, and fracture half-length.

t Pseudo pressure
(hours) psi2/cpx106 Derivative x106
0.00 630.58 -
0.04 626.59 1.75
0.46 617.59 6.31
2.03 604.21 12.32
7.86 582.85 20.15
29.53 549.19 32.37
84.55 509.40 43.95
241.68 459.60 51.56
690.60 404.70 54.75
1972.80 348.04 55.82

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Solution:
Sqr root pp
t Pseudo pressure Derivative time psi2/cpx106
(hours) psi2/cpx106 x106
0.00 630.58 -
0.04 626.59 1.75 0.19 3.99
0.46 617.59 6.31 0.68 12.99
2.03 604.21 12.32 1.42 26.38
7.86 582.85 20.15 2.80 47.73
29.53 549.19 32.37 5.43 81.39
84.55 509.40 43.95 9.20 121.19
241.68 459.60 51.56 15.55 170.98
690.60 404.70 54.75 26.28 225.89
1972.80 348.04 55.82 44.42 282.55

1000.00
Pp Change and Derivative

100.00

formation linear flow

Radial flow

10.00

1.00
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00
Time (hours)

Qualitative Analysis.
1. We observe the following. Formation-linear flow (a half slope) appears to exist for t < 2
hrs hours.

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 2. Pseudoradial flow appears to be present for 200 ≤ t≤ 2000 hours. In addition, the pressure
derivative is stable (unchanging) in this time region. Because the linear- and
pseudoradial-flow regimes have been identified tentatively, we should attempt to analyze
the data in these regimes and obtain an estimate of formation permeability, fracture
conductivity, and fracture half- length.

Pseudo Radial-Flow Analysis.

1. First, we plot the pseudo-pressure, psia2 /cp, vs. the log of flow time. The slope of the
straight line through the points during the time period 200 ≤ t≤ 2000 hours is m = 120 ×
106 psi2 /cp/cycle.
2. With the slope, the formation permeability is

1637 q g T 1637 q g T 1637 2000 220  460 

m k    3.17 mD
kh mh 120  10 6  5

  p pi  p p1hr    
S '  1.151    log  k   3.23 
  c r 2 
 m 
 t w 

 1hr 
  630.58 10 6  760  10 6   3.17  
1.151    log  4 2 
 3.23  6.15
 120  10 6
  0.235  0.02  3.14  10  0.28  

3. For an infinite-conductivity fracture, the fracture half- length is

Lf= 2rwe -s= (2)(0.28) e -(-6.15) = 264.3 ft.

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 x106
800.00
pp 1 hr=760x106 psi 2/cp
750.00

700.00

650.00
Pseudo-pressure (psi^2/cp)

600.00 Slope =120x106 psi2/cp/cycle

550.00

500.00

450.00

400.00

350.00

300.00
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Time (hr)

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 x106
630
Pseudo-pressure (psi^2/cp)

625

620
slope =18 psi2/cp/hr0.5
615

610

605

600
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Square root of time (hr^0.5)

Linear-Flow Analysis.
1. First, we plot pseudo-pressure, pp , vs. the square root of time
2. The slope of the straight line through the data points during the time period t ≤ 2 hours is
mL= 18 × 106 psi2 /cp/hr0.5 . With this slope and with permeability from the pseudoradial
flow analysis,
we estimate the fracture half-length

0.5
40 .93qT  1  40 .93  2000  (220  460 ) 
0.5
 1 
Lf    4 
 264 .31 ft,
m L h k   c t 
 18  10  5 3.17
6
 0.235  0.02  3.14  10 

which agrees with the estimate of 264 ft from the pseudoradial- flow analysis.

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Problem 2 (25 points): Given the following formation and fluid properties, estimate as many
fracture and formation properties as possible from the buildup test data. q = 80 STB/D; h = 20 ft;
B = 1.05 bbl/STB; pwf= 74.2, tp =900 hr; = 25%; ct = 8.5  10-6 psi-1 ; rw = 0.33 ft;  = 1.25 cp.

Horner time equivalent

t Pws p derivative
ratio time
(hours) (psi)
0 74.2
0.01 75.73 90001 0.01 1.53 1.50
0.02 77.56 40001 0.02 3.36 3.21
0.04 80 23623.04724 0.04 5.52 5.15
0.06 82.29 15598.92028 0.06 8.09 7.28
0.08 85 10831.32491 0.08 11.13 10.02
0.11 88.92 7993.895204 0.11 14.72 13.19
0.15 93.16 5973.13006 0.15 18.96 16.28
0.20 98.12 4537.290323 0.20 23.92 20.02
0.26 103.9 3489.372093 0.26 29.70 24.14
0.33 110.59 2703.702703 0.33 36.39 28.75
0.43 118.28 2113.676056 0.43 44.08 33.91
0.54 127.06 1661.516605 0.54 52.86 39.22
0.688 137 1309.139535 0.69 62.80 44.82
0.87 148.17 1035.482759 0.87 73.97 50.97
1.097 160.65 821.4193254 1.10 86.45 57.30
1.381 174.47 652.7016655 1.38 100.27 63.73
1.736 189.68 519.4331797 1.73 115.48 70.28
2.18 206.27 413.8440367 2.17 132.07 76.51
2.74 224.22 329.4671533 2.73 150.02 82.92
3.43 243.44 263.3906706 3.42 169.24 89.15
4.3 263.82 210.3023256 4.28 189.62 94.18
5.38 285.19 168.2862454 5.35 210.99 98.75
6.74 307.38 134.5311573 6.69 233.18 102.17
8.43 330.16 107.7615658 8.35 255.96 105.04
10.55 353.34 86.30805687 10.43 279.14 106.77
13.19 376.72 69.23351024 13.00 302.52 107.87
16.5 400.14 55.54545455 16.20 325.94 108.38
20.6 423.46 44.68932039 20.14 349.26 108.17
25.8 446.57 35.88372093 25.08 372.37 106.79
32.3 469.39 28.86377709 31.18 395.19 106.78
40.3 491.87 23.3325062 38.57 417.67 106.46
50.4 513.95 18.85714286 47.73 439.75 104.67
63.1 535.58 15.26307448 58.97 461.38 103.94
78.8 556.74 12.4213198 72.46 482.54 103.49
98.6 577.38 10.12778905 88.86 503.18 102.28
120 595.08 8.5 105.88 520.88

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Solution:
Qualitative Analysis.
1. Plot pressure change, Δp, and pressure derivative, vs. Δte on log-log paper.
2. On the basis of the preliminary analysis we observe that pseudoradial flow, which begins
at t= 30, appears to be present for this test.

1000
Pressure change(psi) and derivative

radial flow
100
Slope =1

well bore storage

10

1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Equivalent time (hours)

Pseudo Radial-Flow Analysis.

1. First, we plot the pressure, pws, vs. the log of Horner time ratio. The slope of the straight
line through the points during the time period 30≤ t≤120 hours is m = 230 psi/cycle.
2. With the slope, the formation permeability is:

162 .6qB 162 .6  80 1.25 1.05

m k   3.7 mD
kh 230  20
 p1hr  p wf  k  
S  1.151  log    3.23  

 
  ct rw 
2
 m 
 115  74 .2  3.7  
S  1.151  log  6 2 
 3.23   4.26
 230  0.25 1.25  8.5 10  0.33  

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For an infinite-conductivity fracture, the fracture half-length is Lf= 2rwe -s= (2)(0.33) e -(-4.26) =
46.73 ft.

700

600

slope=230 psi/cycle
500
Pressure

400

300

200
p1hr =115 psia

100

0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Horner time ratio

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Problem 3 (40 points): A pressure buildup test has been conducted in an oil well. In addition,
the following formation and fluid properties are reported for the well and the reservoir.
h = 17 ft; o = 1.72 cp;  = 0.13;
q = 125 STB/day; rw = 0.30 ft; Bo = 1.054 bbl/STB;
pwf = 211.20 psia; ct = 7.19  10-6 psia- 1 ; t p = 1200 hr.

Identify reservoir flow behavior and estimate all possible reservoir parameters that can be
obtained from this test.

Shut-In time, Δt (hours) Pressure, pws (psia) Shut-In time, Δt (hours) Pressure, pws (psia)
0 211.2 1.806 443.86
0.001 352.9 2.35 446.17
0.0023 365.64 3.05 448.46
0.004 373.73 3.97 450.71
0.0062 379.99 5.16 452.94
0.009 385.27 6.71 455.14
0.0128 389.93 8.73 457.32
0.0176 394.18 11.35 459.47
0.0239 398.13 14.76 461.6
0.032 401.83 19.18 463.71
0.0426 405.35 24.9 465.83
0.0564 408.7 32.4 468.03
0.0743 411.92 42.2 470.39
0.0976 415.02 54.8 472.98
0.1279 418.01 71.2 475.85
0.1673 420.91 92.6 478.99
0.219 423.71 120.4 482.35
0.285 426.44 156.5 485.83
0.372 429.1 203.5 489.35
0.484 431.69 264.5 492.79
0.63 434.22 343.9 496.11
0.82 436.7 447 499.24
1.067 439.13 581.1 502.16
1.389 441.51 720 504.37

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Solution:

Shut-In time, Pressure, pws Horner time Shut-In time, Δt Pressure, pws Horner time
Δt (hours) (psia) ratio (hours) (psia) ratio
0 211.2 1.806 443.86 665.4518272
0.001 352.9 1200001 2.35 446.17 511.6382979
0.0023 365.64 521740.1304 3.05 448.46 394.442623
0.004 373.73 300001 3.97 450.71 303.2670025
0.0062 379.99 193549.3871 5.16 452.94 233.5581395
0.009 385.27 133334.3333 6.71 455.14 179.8375559
0.0128 389.93 93751 8.73 457.32 138.4570447
0.0176 394.18 68182.81818 11.35 459.47 106.7268722
0.0239 398.13 50210.20502 14.76 461.6 82.30081301
0.032 401.83 37501 19.18 463.71 63.56517205

0.0426 405.35 28170.01408 24.9 465.83 49.19277108

0.0564 408.7 21277.59574 32.4 468.03 38.03703704
0.0743 411.92 16151.74024 42.2 470.39 29.43601896
0.0976 415.02 12296.08197 54.8 472.98 22.89781022
0.1279 418.01 9383.329945 71.2 475.85 17.85393258
0.1673 420.91 7173.743574 92.6 478.99 13.95896328
0.219 423.71 5480.452055 120.4 482.35 10.96677741
0.285 426.44 4211.526316 156.5 485.83 8.667731629
0.372 429.1 3226.806452 203.5 489.35 6.896805897
0.484 431.69 2480.338843 264.5 492.79 5.536862004

0.63 434.22 1905.761905 343.9 496.11 4.48938645

0.82 436.7 1464.414634 447 499.24 3.684563758
1.067 439.13 1125.648547 581.1 502.16 3.065049045
1.389 441.51 864.9308855 720 504.37 2.666666667

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 510
500 m = 36 psi/cycle
490
480
m/2 = 18 psi/cycle
470
(∆t2 + tp)/∆t2 = 25
460
450
pws (psia)

440
430
(∆t1 + tp)/∆t1 = 15000
420
p1hr = 408 psia
410
400
390
380
370
360 m = 36 psi/cycle
350
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

(∆t + tp)/∆t

On the Horner plot a straight line with slope m = 36 psi/cycle fits through the latter dater, Δt ≥
42.2 hours. Another straight line with the same slope is drawn through the early data, 0.001 ≤ Δt
≤ 0.0239 hours. Since the slope of the straight line between early and late data is m/2 = 18
psi/cycle, the reservoir is naturally fractured reservoir.

162 .6qB 162 .6  125  1.72  1.054

kh f  kˆ f h    1023 .522 mD  ft
m 36
1023.522
kˆ f  kˆ f h / h   60 .207 mD
17
The time at the beginning of flow regime 2 can be obtained from the intersection of straight
lines passed through flow regime 1 and flow regime 2, that is:
Dt1 + t p tp 1200
=15000 ® Dt1 = = = 0.08 hour
Dt1 15000 -1 15000 -1
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The time at the beginning of flow regime 3 can be obtained from the intersection of straight
lines passed through flow regime 2 and flow regime 3, that is:
t2  t p tp 1200
 25  t2    50 hours
t2 25  1 25  1
k m / hm2
Use time at the intersection of regime 2 and regime 3 (t=50 hours) to calculate as given
below:

km 532 .3mcmt  532 .3  0.13  7.19  10 6  1.72

   1.712  10  5 mD / ft 2
hm2 t2 50
km hmt rw2 k h 2 17
l ' =12 » 12 m2 rw =12 ´1.712 ´ ´10-5 0.30 2 = 3.07 ´10-7
k f hm h ft
2
hm k f h ft 1023.522
æ k h j c hl 'Dt1 ö
1/2

j f c ft h ft = 8.33´10 ç f ft m mt2
-4
÷
è mrw ø
æ 1023.522 ´ 0.13´ 7.19 ´10 -6 ´17 ´ 3.07 ´10 -7 ´ 0.08 ö
1/2
-4
= 8.33´10 ç ÷ = 4.232 ´10 ft / psi
-8

è 1.72 ´ 0.32
ø
j c h 0.13´ 7.19 ´10 ´17 -6
w ' = m mt = = 375.51
j f c ft h ft 4.232 ´10-8
1 1
w= = = 0.00266
1+ w ' 1+ 375.51
k æ k öæ 1 ö æ k öæ h ö
l =12rw2 m 2 =12rw2 ç m2 ÷çç ÷÷ =12rw2 ç m2 ÷çç ÷÷ = l ' = 3.07 ´10-7
k̂ f hm è m øè k̂ f ø
h è m øè f ft ø
h k h

t  t p
t  1   1201  p1hr  408 psi
t
æ Dp 1hr
S = 1.151ç
( ) - log æç ( k f h ft ) ö÷ + 3.23ö÷
ç m ç (j c h) m r 2 ÷ ÷
è è m mt w ø ø
æ æ ö ö
408 - 211.20 1023.522
= 1.151ç - log ç ÷ + 3.23÷ » 0.089
ç 36 ç ( 0.13´17 ´ 7.19 ´10-6 ) ´1.72 ´ 0.32 ÷ ÷
è è ø ø

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