UNIT-1(THERMODYNAMICS)

LESSON -1
Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and other forms of
energy. To learn the laws of thermodynamics and able to apply them successfully, we
need important terms likes heat and temperature.
In order to understand temperature and heat at the particle level we need to use and
understand the term moles and molar mass.
Mole is a measure of number of discrete particle in a substance

1mole = 6.02X1023 particle Avogadro’s number

What is the relation between number of moles, number of particle and Avogadro’s
number?

N = nNA equation (1)

number of number of Avogadro’s number
particle mole number
If n = 1, then N =NA = 6.02x1023particle
What is the relation between molar mass (M), mass of the substance (m) and the number
of mole?

m = nM equation (2)
mass of the number of Molar mass
substance mole

Using equation (1) and equation (2)

N m
n= N A and n= M

N m
NA = M

NM
m= NA

m is given mass for N number of particle

Special case: - What is the mass of single particle (N =1)?
M m
mp = NA or mp = N
Transfer of thermal energy
In solid, particles are vibrating. In liquids and gases, the particles are moving more freely.
It means all cases particles have kinetic energy. This causes particles to collide each other
so that thermal energy transfers from the energetic molecules to the less energetic
molecules,
If particles in a given substance are vibrating faster, then the substance is hotter, and its
temperature is higher. Therefore, particles in the hotter substance have more kinetic
energy than those in the colder body.
Internal energy: -It is the sum of kinetic and potential energy associated with the
molecules with in a system.
Temperature: - 1. It is a measure of the average random kinetic energy of particle
in a body.
2. It is used to determine in which direction there will be a net thermal
energy flow.
Zeros law of thermodynamic: - The zeros law of thermodynamic states that “Two bodies
that are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third body must be in thermal
equilibrium with each other.”
Note: - The temperature scale that should be used in thermodynamic or ideal gas is
Kelvin (K)
Absolute zero: -The temperature at which all the random motion of particles in a
substance ceases. It is 0K.
Triple point: - The specific temperature and pressure at which all three states of matter
can coexist. Example, triple point of water is 273K at 0.00610X105Pa
Critical point: - Critical point occurs when the critical temperature and critical pressure of
a substance meet.
 Above critical point clear phase boundaries cease to exist.
 It is not possible to form a liquid regardless of any increase in pressure
 Do not confuse critical point with that of boiling point.
Pressure
Fusin curve

Solid Liquid

Vaporization curve Critical point

Vapour
Temperature

Sublimation curve Triple point

(Phase diagram showing different states of matter)