Journal of Strength and Conditioning Rescrch, 19%, 102), 127-130 {5906 Natina Strongth & Conditioning Associaton Kinematic and Kinetic Relationships Between an Olympic-Style Lift and the Vertical Jump Paul K, Canavan, Gladys E. Garrett, and Lawrence E, Armstrong Deport Reference Data Canavan, PK.,G.B. Garrett, and L.E. Armstrong. Kine- matic and kinetic relationships between an Olympic- style iftand the vertical jump. J Strength and Cond. Res. 10(2):127-130. 1996. ABSTRACT This study was done to determine the kinematic and kinetic relationships between the squatting, vertical jump and the ‘Olympic hang snatch lit, Kinematic data were analyzed via the Peak 3-D system kinetic data were analyzed vin the AMTI force plate system, Two genlocked video cameras recorded performance. The subjects were 7 male varsity athletes from an NCAA Dis school. Ground reaction force data of the lower extremities and angular displacements of the left hip, knee, and ankle joints were collected, The moments of power anc force and the angular displacements were analyzed. Results revealed similar kinetic features between the squatting vert caljump and the hang snatch lit during the propulsive phase However, angular displacements of the leit hip, knee, and ankle wore statistically dissimilar between both exercises dur ing the propulsive phase. On the basis ofthe similar kinetic features, Olympic-style lifting may be beneficial in improv: ing power Key Words: power, open chain, closed chain, exercise Introduction Olympiclifting movementshavebeen shown toimprove power capability toenhanceathletic performance 5,13, 15). Olympic-style lifting has been used in the condi- tioning programs of many athletes, especially when their sport involves fast and powerful muscular actions, In the interest of training specificity, coaches and athletes needa good understanding of how the Olympic lift may be similar in biomechanical profile tothe vertical jump. Thisinturn givesa better iciea about how specific weight training exercises mightbeused toenhance performance (1,5, 8). We believe this is the first investigation on the vertical jump and Olympic lift kinematics and kinetics using the same subject population (6, 7). Empirical observations suggest there is a strong relationship between Olympic-style lifts and athletic performance (5, 7). Strength and conditioning profes- sionals have observed this carryover for years. Yetsome | of Sport, Leisure, & Exercise Science, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, people persist in promoting concepts that have litle facta bass for practice and exercise prescription re Iated to athletic performance (2). Thus the need for con “The most common approach fo exercise prescip- tom in resistance trainings based nthe concept Of specificity (12). The mainstream of though in this theory holds that “weight iting” exercises should be part ofa strength and conditioning program and should simu Tatea movernentas closely as possblein typeof muscle actions and contraction forces (4, 12). Supporters ofthis theory belive the muscle should betaaght howto work eutomotor learning inthe weight room fo improve power production onthe fla, Unlike] J Theuseofvariableresistancemachines,Olympicstylelit- | | ing involves multjpint explosive movements that could halpsynchronizemuscular contractions simulartohowan athleteuseshisorher muscles forexamplewithactvities suchas jumping(, 5) Conversely somestillcontend there isno need to have movement specific execs in iting because the exercises cannot replicate spors motion. Thi ti {theory hots that weight unining i the best way to f strengthen the muscles, and that the strengti will be har- nessed for use when practicing the sport. Proponents of this theory contend! that weight lifting such as Olympic- style lifting will only make better weight lifters, not, for example, better football players Still, no data on the specificity principle have been, presented to support this alternative view. Furthermore, power and rate of force production cannot be enhanced by strength increases alone, as there are limits to its con- tribution to the power equation (5, 9, 10). Strength and conditioning programs have typically been developed and modified by tial and error as well as personal pref- erences in training. The primary purpose of this study ‘was to investigate the kinematic and kinetic profile be- tween an Olympic-style lift and the vertical jump. Methods Subjects ‘The subjects were 7 men (football and track and field athletes) who were in a Div, [college varsity program. They ranged from 19 to 23 years of age and weighed 703 to 113A kg. Football and track athletes were cho-128 Canavan, Garrett, and Armstrong, sen because their sports involve quick and powerful ‘muscular contractions, All met the following inchusion criteria: (a) at least 1 year of experience with the hang, snatch lift; (b) free from any injury or discomfort that would affect their performance with the jump or lift; (e) able to perform both the jump and lift with both feet within the boundaries of the force plate; and (d) able to understand and perform the test as instructed. All sub- jects were fully informed of what the study would en- tail. They received verbal instructions and demonstra tions as to how the tests would be performed. The: signed informed consent and agreed to participate. Testing Procedures ‘To familiarize themselves with the testing procedures, the athletes did 3 to 5 practice squatting ve and hang snatches submaximally on the force plate prior to testing. All performed 3 maximal recorded trials of ‘the squatting vertical jump and the hang snatch lift. The latter was performed from the “hang above the knees” position, as described in the USWF Coaches Manual (14), with 65% of each subject's predicted 1-RM lift (Ne- braska Formula, unpublished data; 0.03 « reps « weight ‘+ eight). Theathletes were instructed to lift the weight as quickly and as maxi sible, with 1 min rest allowed between The non-countermovement vertical jump was done froma self determined squatting position. The athletes were instructed to jump as high as possible, without a counter ‘movement, while keeping their hands on their hips. They started the iftand thejump whenever they felt ready follow: ing a verbal “ready” cue from the researcher. They wore shorts and markers were visibly placed over the C7 spinous process left and right shoulders, elbows, and knees. The squatting vertical jumps (SV}) and the hang snatch lifts (HSL) were done on the AMTI force plate system (AMTI, Inc, Newton, MA) which was connected toan JBM desktop computer. Two genlocked Panasonic vvideo cameras positioned 85° to each other recorded the trials, The cameras recorded at 6) fpsand a shutter speed (of 1/1000 sec. The Peak 3-D system (Peak Technologies, Inc. Inglewood, CA) was used to analyze the Panasonic high grade videotapes, A 19-point spatial model was used. The following points were digitized: top of head, C7 spinous process, top of bilateral shoulders, elbows, wrists, end of hands, L-5 lumbar vertebrae, bilateral hips, knees, ankles, and end of feet ‘The data were analyzed and digitally filtered at 6 He. A digitizing error of 3 mm was evident. The force plate and video were synchronized as described by Luhtanen and Komi (10). The AMTI force plate was set to trigger when a force of the subject's weight plus 25 newtons was exerted at the startof the SVJ. When a force of the subject’s weight and the bar with weight + 30 newtons was exerted in the HSL, the force plate was triggered and data collection began. The raw force plate data was filtered at a frequency of 1,050 Hz. The per- centage of the predicted I-RM of the HSL, trigger levels al jumps ne force plate, camera placement, and other specifi were derived from previous pilot trials. Each subject's trial of the HSL with the highest maximal power value and the SVJ with the greatest ity was analyzed. After being digitized and analyzed, the filed data were transferred to an IBM [£59000 mainframe computer for statistical analysis, Analytical Procedures ‘The angular displacements of each individual's best hang snatch were compared to his best vertical jump in the propulsive phase. Angular displacements were ana- yzedl atthe start of each movement, the middle 8 frames, and the end of the propulsive phase that corresponded totakeoff, when the left foot was off the force plate. Each subject’s best HSL and SVJ were also compared in re: gard to maximal power values, time to maximal power values, maximal force values, and time to maximal force values in the propulsive phase. An interaction model was used to compare ang, Jar displacements throughout the propulsive phase. It compared all angular displacements of the left low extremity in the start, middle, and end phases of the HSLto the SVJ. The angular displacements were sb," by the Peak 3-D system: So vi Im = +ai +bj+Tk+Jl+ (ab)ij+@T ik+ GN jk ai = effect due to the person Subjects 1-7) Bj = effect of the performance (SVJ and HSL) Tk = angle effect (left hip, knee, and ankle) {l= phase effect (start, middle, and end) The interaction model compared all of the above features. Comparisons of the left hip, knee, and ankle angular displacements between SVJ and HISL perfor mances as a whole and in each phase were: Performance Y LS mean Ho: LS mean 1 = LS mean 2 (angle) (value) 1 sw 97.58 0.0005 2 HSL 106.89 Comparisons of the left lower extremity angles in the start, middle, and end of the SVJ and HSL were: HSI HSL ust YLS mean sant middle yy (angle) 1 2 3 sVisan 1 0.7531 0.0001 SVImid, 2 0.7131 0.9001 SViend 3 0.0001 0.0001 The model was able to form the left hip, knee, and ankle joint angles into one left lower extremity angle for comparing the SV] and HSL. The interaction model or the angular displacements had an ¥ of 0.87. This ‘means 87% of the variation was explained by the model, indicating a very powerful model. Results showed no significant relationship in the angular displacements of the left ower extremity between SVJ and HSL from be-Olympic Style Ligtand the VJ 129, ginning to end of each activity. There was a significant the group with regard to angular displacements and relationship between the group's angular displacement angles of the left lower extremity from start to end of from the stat to middle phases at te p< 005 level the SV) and HSL, This could have been duo to back All power and force values sere from the force ward movement of the center of mass in onter for the plate which involved bilateral lower extremities. Cor- barbell 0 pass the subject's face during the HSL. How related tests were used forall kinetic data calculations, ever, he hang snatch lift is simular tothe activity ofthe Significance was chosen as < 0.05, squatting vertical jump, as compared to many closed kinetic exercises such asthe seated leg press (Figure 2. Results The 3 top relative power values forthe hang snatch liftand the top2 values for the HSL were produced by track athletes (se Table 2) Relative power values take Into account body weight in relation to power values and are a good way to rank-order an athlete's power + Subject 1=26m-s* + Subject 5 = 2.5 m-s? | capability. Although the force-time curves shown have Individual subject characteristics as well as maximal vertical velocity on their best squatting vertical jump (propulsive phase only) were as follows: ‘ Subject 2 = 28m-s Subject 6=2.9m-s" different scales of force and time for each athlete, the + Subject3=3.1m-s" + Subject 7=29m-st variability of each athlete's mass is unique as well. It is + Subject 4 = 27 m-s still important to look at the curves in a qualitative man- ner. Subject 1 had a slower rate of force production and Subject 5 had a significant dip midway through the hang, snatch lift, possibly due to poor technique (Figure). Good technique the HSL is very important;itcalls for proper timing and coordination of the lower extremi- ties. The athletes with the top 2 relative power values for the SVJ (Subjects 3 and 6) were compared to the bottom 2 (Gubjects 1 and 5) in HSL technique (Figure 1). Subjects 3 and 6 had less backward movement ofthe center of mass compared to Subjects 1 and 5. The HSL performance of Subject 6in particular more closely related to his SV] than, was the case for Subjects 1 and 5 (Figure 2) Subjects I and Shad more horizontal translation of the head and trunk compared to Subjects 3 and 6. Sub- ject 7's time to peak power in the SVJ and Subject 6's time to peak power in the HSL both exceeded 0.40 sec possibly due to early triggering of the force plate by either swaying or leaning just prior to performing the Allsubjects' feet lft te force platform at the end ofthe propulsive phase of the HSL. These was a significant re- lationship between the angles ofthe left lower extremity between the start and middle of the performances, but not between the slast or middle tothe end of the perfor- mance. In other words, the greatest amount of angular ¥ displacement occurred between the micdleand end phase ofthe actions (SVJ and HSL). There were significant rla- tionships between SV] and HSLin several variables (Table 1), Rank order comparisons are shown in Table 2 ‘There were significant relationships (p< 005) in ) allkinetic comparisons—maximal power, time to maxi- | mal power, relative power, maximal force, and time to ‘maximal force—between the HSL and SVJ among sub- jets This strongly suggests thatthe HSL and SV) ar {Similar kinetically (Figures 1 and 2). Discussion activity. The feet of all subjects left the force plate atthe The primary findings ofthis study were the significant end of the propulsive phase of the HSL Kinetic relationships between the hang snatch lift and Adapiation by the neuromuscular system to de~ the squatting vertical jump (Table 1). These included mands on it are highly specific; therefore strength train- | maximal power values, time to maximal power, rela- _ingshould reproduce as closely as possible the movements tive power, maximal force, and time to maximal force. _for which training is desired (6). Slow contractions train ‘There was a significant relationship between the start the muscular system, fast contractions train the nervous and middle of the SVJ and HSL. system (12). Both types of training are essential ina com- ‘There was no significant kinematic relationship in prehensive strength and conditioning program, Tablet oree and Power Characteristics for Squat Vertical Jumps and Hang Snatch Lifts Max power Time to max al. pow ms) power see) (wate! BW, (Newtons) satjes sv is sv HSL sv HSL su HSL 1 soses aun 03 num Bis Ree i » asers a Wie9 13879 » ist eas ose stoz 038020 | : 587 sso) aint tiga to8 wo i s ao 07 massage 28 * 5000 eas Ms08 026.840 7 nn Ess 159403635120 Canavan, Garset and Armstrong, Table? Rank Order Comparison Between SVJ and HSL Relative Power Values Rank onder SV) Subject HSL Subject t 65.16 6 was 2 5927 ” 6x8 Be 3 59.26 4 SIT 2 4 55.99 2 sal? 5 19.36 7 sex 3 6 agar 5 wn 1 7 4573 1 350 4 rack aes son of HSL technique of Subjects 1,3, 5, and (subject selection based on SVJ performance crite) SVS HSL had the highest relative power value ofthe SV]. Due to the limited research, lack of standardized protocols and procedures with the vertical jump, ex pressed current interest, and the potential use, more research is needed on Olympie-style lifting as part of an athlete's strength and conditioning program. Kine- maticand kineticdata provide insight into how a move- ment is performed. Olympic-style lifting can provide the type of exercise for training the neuromuscular sys tem to enhance performance, Practical Applications Using 65% of an athlete's predicted 1-RM of his or her hang snatch lift may be beneficial toa strength and con- ditioning program. Coaches must continue to stress the importance of technique in performing Olympic-style lifts. The vertical jump is a quick and easy test forlower extremity power. It has even been used to predict skat- {ng speed of professional ice hockey players and weight lifting performance (11, 13), Strength and conditioning ches need to appreciate the importance of research in this area to ultimately apply a technique that has sci- entific backing, Olympic-style lifting, if done correctly, may improve intermuscular coordination and rate of force development capability. References 1-C.and PN, Komi, PV. Mechanical characteristics and f i) Sete SL Weigh taining versus weight lifting Al). pp. 54 1}. Gxrhanumer Blochanical comparison hang ‘leas and vertical amps, A, Spt Sees, 271983, dgerton, VR. Nevrortncilar adaption to power and endur tance work Caf App. Sport Se, 48-58. 196, mer, and R Crege tensity for weight iting and vertical jmp, |. App. Spont 143) 120-134. 1092, ea, Wand D. Sule. Physiology of weight ting eerie. ‘At. Phys Sea 63:235-297 198 2, Jae 8, D.Ristanovie a DM. Cores The relationshipbetween nuscle kinetic parameters and Kinematic variable tna com Plex moverent Eur App. Pliysbl 8:370-37, 198 8, Komi, PX, and C. Bosco, Utilization of stored elastic energy in Tegestncor muscesinmenand women, Mat, Se, pot 10260 285. 1578, 9. Lightsey, A. A formula for messinement of leg power in the ‘vertical jmp. Is Bionecharte Il. Terauds ed. Delma, CA [endemic 1985. p. 3 1 Late, , and PV. Komi, Segmental contribution to forces in the vel jump. Exe. Appl Pst 38181-188.1978, Mascaro, T, BL Seaver, and L. Swanson. Prediction of shat ropusion forces a. fanction of with office testing in professional hockey players) (rg Sports Phys Ther 13219258 1982 2. Sale, D, and D. MacDougal. Specify n strength ening: A anal athlete. Car] Sprt $2872. 198 Tes and M. Wood, Relationship between ‘naetobic power and Olympic weightlifting performance. ris ed 2098-102, 198, 14, Unie States Wegtlifing Pterton Coaching Mind! Value nig. Bakr, ed Colorado Springs USI, 1982 is. Ma and &Tobo, Sere of Stil Sports Fines and Tang, [New York Arbor Howse, 1987 Thanks to Tracey Dexter for help with data collection. Paul ‘Canavan is now with the Penn State Center for Sp dine, 1850 E, Park Ave,, University Park, PA 16803.