Used Car Buying Guide April 2021

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UCBGDNM
Contents APRIL 2021
Honda CR-V
P. 31
4 Should You Buy CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 6

a Newer Car?
Use this helpful flowchart to 32 Stretch Your 62 Think Before You Buy 78 Keep Your Car and
determine whether you Fuel Economy How to navigate the world Tires in Top Shape
should keep your current From gasoline to hybrids to of auto financing, from Tips on how to save money
car or buy a newer one. full electric vehicles, we help banks and credit unions to on car maintenance and
you make sense out of saving FICO and HELOC. advice on shopping for tires.
money when you refuel. Plus: CR’s exclusive tire
CHAPTER 1
R ATI N G S
CHAPTER 5
test results.
6 Find the Right R ATI N G S
Vehicle for You CHAPTER 3 72 Get Top Dollar
PHOTO, COVER: EVOXSTOCK
Used vehicles are a tremen- for Your Old Car 96 Vehicle Profiles
dous value. We help you 48 Avoid a Lemon When you need to dispose Expert reviews, pricing,
narrow your choices down This is your best chance to of your old car, do you and crash-test data for 284
to the best options for you. size up the car you might buy. trade it in or sell it yourself? cars, trucks, and SUVs.
R ATI N G S Here’s how you can make We detail what you need R ATI N G S
the most of it. to do to make the best choice
for your bank account.
CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 1

From the Editors
INSIDE
President and CEO Marta L. Tellado
CR’S LABS
Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer Leonora Wiener
Vice President, Chief Content Officer Gwendolyn Bounds
Editorial Director, Print Ellen Kunes
Design Director Matthew Lenning Creative Director, Brand Young Kim
Associate Design Director Sheri Geller
Art Directors Lisa Slater, Tracy Stora
Photo Editors Emilie Harjes, Karen Shinbaum
Vice President, Research, Testing & Insights Liam McCormack
Senior Director, Content Development Glenn Derene
Deputy Director, Content Development Christopher Kirkpatrick
Enterprise Editor Kevin Doyle
Associate Directors, Content Development Scott Billings, Althea Chang
Senior Director, Content Impact & Corporate Outreach Jen Shecter
Editorial Director, Digital Erle Norton
Senior Director, Product Testing Maria Rerecich
Associate General Counsel Camille Calman
Director, Lab Operations Lilian Kayizzi
AUTO TEST CENTER: Editors/Writers: Jeff S. Bartlett, Managing Editor;
Jonathan Linkov, Deputy Editor; Mike Monticello, Road Test & Reviews
Manager; Keith Barry, Benjamin Preston, Multimedia Content Creators Auto
Test Center: Jake Fisher, Senior Director; Jennifer Stockburger, Director;
Michael Bloch, Child Seat Project Leader; Frank Chamberlain, Track
Maintenance Specialist; Erik Dill, Facilities Manager; Steve Elek, Senior Auto
Data Analyst; Kelly Funkhouser, Program Manager, Vehicle Interface; John
The CR Difference Ibbotson, Chief Auto Services Manager; Michael Jascot, Maintenance
Specialist; Chris Jones, Auto Tire Technician; Alex Knizek, Auto Engineer;
Steve Kuczynski, Facilities Technician; Anita Lam, Associate Director; Gene
Petersen, Tire Program Manager; Ryan Pszczolkowski, Auto Tire
IF YOU’RE READING this, you’ve to you, the consumer—with Technician; Mike Quincy, Auto Content Specialist; Mary Reed, Business
already made two smart deci- tips on how to keep a dealer- Manager; Gabriel Shenhar, Associate Director; Shawn Sinclair, Automotive
Engineer; Emily A. Thomas, Auto Safety Engineer; Joe Veselak, Senior
sions: You’ve decided to buy a ship from fast-talking you into Testing Technician
used car, and you’ve asked buying a lemon (page 48), how Chief Scientific Officer James H. Dickerson
CR’s experts to help you choose to get the lowest interest rate Content Operations Robert Kanell, Director
the right one. on a car loan (page 62), and Copy Editing Leslie Monthan, Copy Chief; Noreen Browne, Alison France,
Wendy Greenfield
A used car can be a great how to get the most for your Fact Checking & Research David Schipper, Associate Director; Tracy
value. They’ve already taken trade-in (page 72). Anderman, Sarah Goralski, Christine Gordon, Karen Jacob, Jamison Pfeifer
Premedia William Breglio, Associate Director; Eugene Chin, William Hunt,
their biggest depreciation That way, we can help you Anthony Terzo
hits, so you can often find one make an informed buying Production Nancy Crowfoot, Associate Director; Eric W. Norlander,
Manager; Letitia Hughes, Terri Kazin, Aileen McCluskey
with moderate mileage and decision free of marketing hype,
in good condition at an attrac- so you can get the right car Photography John Powers, John Walsh
Imaging Francisco Collado, Mark Linder
tive price. Buying used also at the best price.
Chief Research Officer Kristen Purcell
means that you will end —CR’s Auto Test Team Consumer Engagement Testing Charu Ahuja, Director; Linda Greene,
up driving a car with more ad- Dana Keester
Statistics & Data Science Michael Saccucci, Director; Kristen Dorrell,
vanced safety features than Dina Haner, Keith Newsom-Stewart
you would find in a similarly Survey Research Karen Jaffe, Simon Slater, Associate Directors; Dave
FOLLOW Gopoian, Kendra Johnson, Debra Kalensky, Martin Lachter, Jane Manweiler,
priced new car But with so John McCowen, Adam Troy, Tian Wang, Tess Yanisch
many vehicles for sale, it can CONSUMER REPORTS’
EXPERTS Consumer Insight Selina Tedesco, Frank Yang
be tough to find the one that Marketing Dawn Nelson, Senior Director
will meet all your needs. Procurement Operations Steven Schiavone, Associate Director
That’s where we come in. FACEBOOK Administration Decarris Bryant, Dawn Yancy Elleby, Donna Johnson
Only CR has tested almost 750 fb.com/
VICE PRESIDENTS: Financial Planning & Analysis JoAnne Boyd; Chief
consumerreportscars
vehicles over the past decade, Digital Officer Jason Fox; Advocacy David Friedman; Chief Intelligence
Officer Esther Han; General Counsel Michael Hubner; Chief Human
putting each one through YOUTUBE Resources Officer Rafael Pérez; Chief Marketing Officer Lauren Stanich;
more than 50 evaluations. And /consumerreports Chief Social Impact Officer Shar Taylor; SVP, Chief Financial Officer
Eric Wayne
only CR conducts reliability
CONSUMER REPORTS USED CAR BUYING GUIDE (ISSN
and owner satisfaction surveys 1530-3267) is published by Consumer Reports, Inc., 101 Tru-
INSTAGRAM
of its members, with data from man Ave., Yonkers, NY 10703. CONSUMER REPORTS USED
@crcars CAR BUYING GUIDE is registered in the U.S. Patent Office.
the latest surveys on about Contents of this issue copyright © 2021 by Consumer Reports, Inc. All rights
329,000 vehicles. reserved under international and Pan-American copyright conventions.
About the only things you TWITTER The information in USED CAR BUYING GUIDE is intended solely for the use
of its readers and may not be used in advertising or for any other commercial
won’t find in this guide are car @CRCars
purpose. For information on how Consumer Reports content can be used,
company advertisements. CR is go to CR.org/nocommercialuse. Reproduction of this publication in whole or
in part is forbidden without prior written permission (and is never permitted
a nonprofit organization, and for advertising purposes).
PINTEREST
we don’t answer to automak- /consumerreports CR’s staff operates under a contract between CR and The NewsGuild of
ers or dealers. We answer only New York Local 31003, CWA. Printed in U.S.A.
2 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

Who We Are and
How We Test
ROAD-TEST READY
Our 327-acre
Auto Test Center,
located in central
Connecticut.
WE ARE CONSUMER REPORTS, the coun- but we drive each car thousands of miles One involves driving the cars up to and
try’s preeminent independent, nonprofit over several months. beyond their limits on our road course.
consumer-product testing organization. Our evaluations consist of more than The other, a crash-avoidance course,
Results of our tests and surveys appear at 50 individual tests. That’s how we know simulates the maneuver needed to avoid
CR.org, in Consumer Reports magazine, which cars are best for short and tall hitting a child, an animal, or an object that
across social media, and in books like this drivers (page 11) and which pickup trucks suddenly appears in your lane of travel.
one, the Used Car Buying Guide. get the best fuel economy (page 39). CR’s fuel-economy tests are independent
Inside you’ll find a wealth of information Some evaluations, such as those for of government and auto-company claims.
about 2011 to 2020 used cars, SUVs, and acceleration, braking, and fuel economy, First, we splice a precision fuel meter
trucks. We’ll let you know which models are objective, instrumented tests that system into each car’s fuel line. Then we
are available and how they compare in require state-of-the-art electronic gear. conduct a stop-and-go city-driving circuit
performance, fuel economy, and safety. Others, such as assessments of seat at the track and log highway fuel economy
We also give you expert advice on deter- comfort, ease of use of controls, and ride at a steady 65 mph on a straight stretch
mining how much you can afford, the quality, are more subjective and graded of public highway. We derive our overall
best ways to shop, and how to get the most by a jury of auto-test staffers. Each tester fuel-economy figures from these tests.
for your money—even if you hate haggling. spends hours behind the wheel of each CR evaluates headlights through instru-
Each year, CR conducts its exclusive car, at our facility, in everyday driving, mented tests and on a nighttime course
member surveys for auto reliability and and on road trips and travel with lined with a series of black targets set up at
owner satisfaction—we received data on their families. specified distances apart.
about 329,000 vehicles in 2020—so you Separate evaluations cover controls In addition to vehicles, we evaluate tires
can trust us to tell you which cars to buy and displays, cabin and trunk space, and and child seats.
and which to avoid. vehicle fit and finish. ± Tires. As part of our exhaustive tests,
Our auto test track allows us to safely we run tires for thousands of miles to proj-
How We Test Cars evaluate all cars under similar conditions ect tread life. We evaluate most common
Situated on 327 acres in rural Connecticut, and at their testing limits. It includes a types of car and SUV tires, from all-seasons
the Consumer Reports Auto Test Center 4,400-foot main straight that runs into a to ultra-high-performance and winter
is home to some 30 staff members— 3,500-foot handling course of undulating tires (page 78).
ILLUSTR ATION: NICOL AS R APP
automotive engineers, auto writers and turns of varying radius and elevation. ± Child seats. We evaluate every car to see
editors, technicians, analysts, and support We use dedicated lanes to test dry and how easy it is to install a variety of child
staff. They take turns anonymously buying wet braking, and for our evaluations seats and get them cinched up securely.
each of the 60 or so cars and trucks of emergency handling. Many trials are Crash-testing for child seats is conducted
tested each year. industry-standard tests, but some are at an outside contract lab.
Most other car reviewers borrow cars unique to us: Learn more about how Consumer Reports
from manufacturers for a week at a time, Emergency-handling tests are twofold. tests at CR.org/autotest.

How to Shop for Your Next Car
START HERE
Should You Buy

a Newer Car? If you
want to save
money.
Is your car
a gas guzzler?
ARE YOU ITCHING to replace your about cost, safety, and connectiv- Yes
car? It may be surprising, but ity. If your mechanic is spending
the one you’re driving right now more time with your car than you
Would you
could be a keeper. Here’s why: are and your repair bills are as big save a lot of
money with
No
Cars built in the past decade are as monthly payments on a newer more mpg?
more reliable than ever. With car, it’s probably time to trade up.
proper care, many newer cars will The only older cars that are worth
provide relatively trouble-free ser- keeping are the ones that are reli- No
vice for 200,000 miles or more. able and safe.
If your car is only a few years At a minimum, an older car
old, keeping it will free you from should have electronic stability Are annual
repair costs
a new cycle of payments and control and curtain airbags. Yes more than car
payments?
save you a bundle in insurance, Newer cars can be found with
taxes, and other expenses. It will forward collision warning (FCW),
also save you from depreciation: automatic emergency braking
Yes
Today’s brand-new cars lose 46 (AEB) with pedestrian detection,
percent of their value, on average, and blind spot warning (BSW)—all
in the first three years. recommended safety features. No
Even if that newer car has bet- And if you’re looking for the
ter fuel economy, you’ll still need latest electronic convenience and
to save a lot of money at the pump entertainment systems, such as
to make up for those depreciation Android Auto or Apple CarPlay,
and sales-tax hits. you’re going to want a newer car.
But money isn’t everything. Certain features, such as Blue-
Your current ride probably doesn’t tooth capability for hands-free
have the latest safety and conve- calls, can be added to an older car
nience features, and your warranty with aftermarket equipment but
has probably expired. And even may lack the integration and ease
the most reliable models grow of use of a factory system.
troublesome as they age. Finally, be sure to choose from
To determine whether you our list of reliable used cars, start-
should replace your car, think ing on page 26. Keep your car
for a few
more years.

START HERE START HERE
If you want If you

more safety want more
features. technology.
Do you Have your

have electronic vehicle needs
stability control changed?
(ESC)?
Yes No
Do you want
more up-to-date Do you want
No the latest in-car Yes
safety features?
technology?
No No
Are you
concerned about Do you have
Yes Yes Bluetooth and
breakdowns? navigation?
Yes No
What’s CR’s Are you

Used-Car No okay with an Yes
ILLUSTR ATION: RYAN VULK
Verdict for aftermarket

your car? solution?
Above Below
No Yes
Average Average
SALE!
Buy a 2- or Upgrade your

3-year-old phone and
used car. keep your car.

1
FIND THE
RIGHT
VEHICLE
FOR YOU
You know which features you want in your
next car—and here’s how to get them.
Savvy buyers know that used cars are great

values. A 3-year-old car might sell for
half what it cost new, yet its performance
and driving experience remain similar
to those of a brand-new version. But the
process can be confusing: There are three
times as many used cars sold each year as
new cars. Sure, choices are available at
every price, but it’s tough to sift through all
the variants. In this chapter we will help
you sort through the clutter.
6
7
1 Find the Right Vehicle
Why Buy Used?

It’s the Smart Choice.
8
THE KEY TO MAKING the right choice 100,000 miles without major work, more rapidly (about 50 percent).
is finding the vehicle that best fits and many could reach 200,000 miles. Several factors determine deprecia-
your priorities, such as price, fuel econ- Warranties and repairs. Although tion, including the model’s popularity,
omy, safety, comfort, and reliability. used cars are more reliable than perceived quality, supply, and whether
The thrill of finding the right car might ever, maintenance and repair costs or not it’s the current generation. The
seem fun at first, but it can get over- are still an important consideration— average depreciation on a $38,000 car
whelming—and fast. That’s where we especially with luxury models. means that after three years it’s worth
can help. Our recommendations are Plus, used cars may run out of war- only about $20,000—a huge hit.
based on hands-on testing, the largest ranty coverage. You can expect not Interest rates. Historically, loans
pool of reliability data available any- only more problems as the years and for new cars have a lower interest
where, and our car experts’ accu- miles pile up but also more costly ones. rate than ones for used cars. But the
mulated knowledge. This chapter will You’ll have to budget for potentially COVID-19 pandemic may have changed
guide you to the best models and steer costly repairs in addition to parts that that. In late October 2020, the national
you away from those that don’t mea- get worn, such as tires, brakes, and bat- average interest rate for a 48-month
sure up. At the same time, we’ll show teries. But even if you replaced all those new-car loan was 4.21 percent, accord-
you where to find the information to things the moment you bought a used ing to Bankrate.com, while the average
make a smart decision. car, you’d still save over buying new. interest rate for a 36-month used-car
There is always the risk that you’ll loan was 4.56 percent. That isn’t a sig-
The Used-Car Sweet Spot buy a lemon. Even a model with a nificant difference.
Even though used-car prices skyrock- great reliability history may include a Insurance and taxes. You’ll usually
eted in 2020, 2- and 3-year-old used poor example, or have been abused, pay a bit less to insure a used vehicle
vehicles are still among the best values neglected, or damaged by its owner. than a new version of the same model.
you’ll find when shopping for a car. By using the tips in Chapter 3 and having The same usually goes for excise or
Their price is lower than a comparable the vehicle thoroughly inspected by a wheel tax, if applicable.
new car’s, and continuing expenses qualified mechanic, you can protect Safety. When you buy a used car you
such as collision insurance and taxes yourself against nasty surprises. might not get the latest safety features.
are lower. Plus, a 2- or 3-year-old car Depreciation. Rapid depreciation Features such as rearview cameras,
has already taken its biggest deprecia- is one major disadvantage of buying AEB, and BSW might not be available
tion hit but may still have warranty a new car. Models usually lose about on older vehicles. But systems such as
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPRE AD: ISTOCK PHOTO. PHOTO, OPPOSITE PAGE: K ATHRYN ALLEN HURNI/GET T Y IMAGES
coverage left. Buying used is also a way 46 percent of their value during the first antilock brakes, traction control, and
to get a nicer, safer car than you’d be three years, compared with 24 percent electronic stability control are quite
able to afford new. over the next three, but this can vary. commonplace. Be sure to check crash-
But buying a used vehicle means The BMW 328i, for example, holds its test ratings because newer cars tend to
being able to find the right balance value relatively well (about 43 percent perform better than older ones.
of value and risk. The following section depreciation over the first three years),
presents some issues to consider. If while the Lincoln MKZ has depreciated How Much Will It Cost?
you are still unsure about whether to You may already be dreaming of a model
keep your car or buy a newer one, turn that caught your eye, or of features
to our decision tree, on page 4. that will make your driving more plea-
Reliability. One thing that has made surable. But the first step in buying a
used cars more appealing is their car should be to estimate what price
36%
WHAT CAN YOU AFFORD?
improved reliability. In Consumer range you can afford. To do this, you
Reports’ 2020 Annual Auto Surveys, need two pieces of information:
members reported about one-third Down payment. How much money
fewer problems with 5-year-old cars can you pay up front in cash, with a
than those of the same age in the 2015 trade-in, or both?
surveys. Rust and exhaust-system prob- Monthly payment. If you plan to
lems are no longer common, and borrow money, what is the maximum
major engine and transmission prob- monthly payment you can afford?
lems have also decreased, making It used to be easy to find an auto loan
Your total monthly debt
late-model used vehicles far less of a payments should never exceed that required a low down payment
risk. When properly maintained, this percentage of your gross or none at all. But those deals are now
today’s vehicles should easily surpass monthly income. more difficult to find. To minimize your

overall cost for the loan, put down as How much can you afford? To you may “qualify for” and can “afford”
much as you can afford—preferably at get a ballpark figure for the monthly are different things. When you make a
least 20 percent. A higher down pay- payment, a common rule is that your realistic assessment of all your monthly
ment reduces the amount of money total monthly debt payments should financial obligations, and consider that
you need to borrow, which lowers your be no more than 36 percent of your insurance, gasoline, and other running
monthly payments and reduces the monthly gross income. Of course, costs must be met, you may find that
amount of overall interest you’ll pay. less is always better, but by follow- you have far less available for a car loan
A down payment doesn’t have to ing this rule, you can use these steps than you thought.
be all cash. If you already have a car, to determine how much you can By knowing your down payment
any trade-in allowance the dealer afford to spend: and monthly payment, along with a
gives you for it can be credited toward Figure out your monthly gross income typical interest rate and the number of
your down payment. For a variety (your income before taxes and other years you’re willing to make car pay-
of reasons, a dealer might offer you deductions) and multiply it by 0.36. ments (the term of the loan), you can
very little for your trade-in, and you’d Itemize and total all your monthly pay- calculate the price of the vehicle that
be better off selling it privately or to ments, including your mortgage or you can afford and the loan amount for
another dealer. For instance, if your rent, credit card bills, and other install- which you’ll need to qualify. Compare
present car is old or in bad shape, or not ment loans. your bank or credit union’s with the
in demand where you live, the dealer Subtract the total of your monthly competition, which you can find at sites
might plan to sell it on the wholesale payments from the 36 percent figure. such as Bankrate, LendingTree, and
market. If that’s the case, then expect For example, if your pretax annual NerdWallet. For more information on
a bottom-dollar offer because the car income is $75,000, total debt payments auto financing, see Chapter 4.
will change hands at least twice before should not exceed $27,000 per year. In addition, you need to think about
it gets to the next retail owner—a sce- If your existing debt payments equal, other costs, such as sales tax, registra-
nario we discuss in greater detail in say, $20,000 per year, you shouldn’t tion fees, and insurance premiums.
Chapter 5 (see page 72), where we also exceed $7,000 annually, or $583 per Taxes and registration fees can
offer advice on how to get the best month, for car payments. increase your out-of-pocket cost by
price for your current car. That’s just a starting point. What 10 percent or more. Driving a car that’s
worth more than your current one
will cost extra in insurance. Before
getting too far into the buying process,
check with your insurance agent or
ALL ABOARD
get insurance quotes online so that you
Take your family
on the test drive. understand what you’re getting into.
Focus on Your Needs

Begin by asking yourself some basic
questions to find models that excel in
the areas that matter to you.
How many people will you carry?
Most vehicles will accommodate five

people, although the center-rear posi-
tion is often cramped. If you need to
PHOTO: ISTOCKPHOTO. ILLUSTR ATION: RYAN VULK
carry more people, look for a vehicle

with a third-row seat. This includes
all minivans and a number of SUVs.
Depending on the design, these vehicles
can carry seven or eight people.
Keep in mind, the third-row seats in
small and midsized SUVs are cramped
and appropriate only for children.
If you frequently drive with kids in
car seats, read our detailed reviews at
CR.org to see just how easy it is to

THE TALL AND SHORT OF IT
Before you buy, make sure your next car fits your size
Most vehicles are supposedly account. To find out which ones all-around visibility. A few cars Toyota Tacoma, serve neither
designed for a wide range are better or worse, we took a were rated very highly by both tall nor short drivers very well. In
of body types, but many don’t look at the scores of recently tall and short testers. Families sports cars like the Z and Boxster,
accommodate short or tall tested models that are relevant with different-sized drivers might tall people might hit the roof and
drivers very well. The shortest to late-model used cars and consider the Honda Odyssey short people might not be able
tester on our staff is 5 feet, 1 inch equivalent designs. We focused or Subaru Forester. Several, to reach the clutch comfortably
tall; the tallest is 6 feet, 2 inches, on ratings for seat comfort, including the Ford Fiesta ST, without compromising the
so we take their experiences into driving position, access, and Nissan Z, Porsche Boxster, and driving position.
10 Best Cars 10 Worst Cars 10 Best Cars 10 Worst Cars

FOR SHORT Acura MDX Chevrolet Camaro FOR TALL Audi A8 Fiat 124
DRIVERS BMW 7 Series Ford Fiesta ST DRIVERS Ford Flex Fiat 500 Abarth
Ford Flex Fiat 124 Honda Odyssey Ford Fiesta ST
Honda Accord Jeep Wrangler Kia Cadenza Lexus IS
Honda Odyssey Mazda MX-5 Miata Lexus GS Mazda MX-5 Miata
Kia Soul Mitsubishi Mirage Lexus LS Nissan Z
Lexus ES Nissan Titan Mercedes-Benz Porsche Boxster
E-Class
Lexus LS Nissan Z Range Rover
Subaru Forester Evoque
Lexus RX Porsche Boxster
Toyota Highlander Toyota Tacoma
Subaru Forester Toyota Tacoma
Volvo XC90 Toyota Yaris
11
install car seats—and how many can sizable cargo areas can be enlarged still have a stiff, sometimes uncomfort-
safely fit across one row. Car seats may by folding down or removing the able ride.
overlap another seating position, ren- rear seats. Keep in mind that carrying Maybe you prefer a softer ride, lux-
dering it useless. And fitting three seats passengers in a third-row seat signifi- urious seats, plenty of convenience
across can be tricky. cantly reduces the room for cargo. features, and isolation from the out-
Many two-door coupes provide seat- A pickup is useful if you often carry side world. Plenty of luxury vehicles,
ing for four people, but the rear seat is dirty, heavy loads. A crew cab, with from family sedans to SUVs, deliver
often very tight and uncomfortable, two sets of full doors and two regular that experience.
and folding the front seat forward so rows of seats, is a popular choice Perhaps you need only basic trans-
that you can load groceries or secure because it can seat up to six people. portation—a comfortable, reliable,
a child’s safety seat in the back seat If you prefer a smaller car with cargo- fuel-efficient commuter. Though on
gets old fast. carrying ability, consider a hatchback. paper a number of models fill this need,
How much cargo do you carry? It often has more interior space than it’s still important to do your research.
Most car trunks accommodate a reason- a car with a trunk, it’s even more ver- Within a given price range there are
able amount of luggage, but sometimes satile with the rear seats folded down, big differences in reliability, fuel econ-
you’ll want to carry things that won’t fit and the hatch makes it easier to get omy, comfort, and overall value.
in a trunk. For carrying more cargo or large items in and out. Even if you aren’t an enthusiast, it’s
longer items, make sure the car you’re How do you like to drive? If you’re important to remember that a car that
considering has rear seatbacks that an enthusiast who wants to feel the handles well isn’t just about sporty driv-
fold down, enlarging the trunk area. road and be one with every part of the ing. A vehicle with sharp reflexes can
Certain sedans have a front passenger driving experience, quick acceleration, help you retain control in an emergency
seat that can fold flat as well, making crisp handling, and responsive steer- situation, such as swerving to avoid
it easier to carry extra-long items. ing will probably be high on your prior- an obstacle or another vehicle.
If you regularly carry large items, ity list. Most sportier cars fit the bill, but The best way to gauge the driv-
such as camping or sports equipment, some make you sacrifice space for car- ing experience is to narrow your
a minivan, an SUV, or a wagon may rying passengers and cargo. list by reading the reviews in the
be better suited to your needs. Their Even more practical choices may profiles that begin on page 96,
and electronic stability control invite young drivers to bring

(ESC). If you can reach a little along passengers, who can be
TOP USED CARS deeper and get a car equipped

with AEB, so much the better.
a source of distraction.
Sports cars increase the risk
FOR TEEN DRIVERS The lifesaving assistance those

systems can provide is worth
of speeding and have a higher
rate of accidents, and consequent-
every penny in an emergency ly, they carry tuition-sapping
Vehicles that meet our safety, reliability, situation, and they can be insurance premiums.
and performance criteria. especially beneficial to an inexpe- Also, keep in mind that every
rienced driver. used car gets treated differently.
All cars from the 2012 model The older a car gets, the more
year onward have standard ESC. its care and maintenance history
The list here includes models will affect its overall performance
that are safe; performed well and reliability. That’s why it’s
overall in our tests; have proved important to get a used car
to be reliable, according to our inspected for any issues before
Annual Auto Surveys; and have you buy it.
PHOTO: TANA TEEL /STOCKSY
standard ESC. To help you find the best

Buying a car for a new driver newest, most reliable model You’ll notice that we don’t vehicle for a teen driver, we’ve
can be a balancing act between with the most safety equipment recommend any large pickups curated this list of cars that
getting a model you can you can afford. Do not even and SUVs for young, inexpe- are particularly suitable to
afford and finding one that’s consider a car without antilock rienced drivers. That’s because teen drivers. For even more
safe and reliable. brakes (ABS), side and head- they don’t handle or brake as information on teen car safety,
The best bet is to buy the protection curtain airbags, well as smaller vehicles and go to CR.org/teens.

then do a thorough test drive.
Fuel economy vs. performance. SAFE AND SOUND
Many automakers offer several A reliable car with
powertrain choices for each model, the newest safety
gear is best for a
but which is best for you depends teen driver.
on your priorities. Do you want a
higher-performance vehicle, or some-
thing more economical?
Smaller vehicles and many midsized
models offer four-cylinder engines,
which usually provide the best fuel
economy but might lack the power
or smoothness of a six-cylinder. Some
automakers are getting better at
squeezing more power out of smaller
engines. Many family sedans, such as
the Ford Fusion, Honda Accord, Nissan
Altima, and Hyundai Sonata, have
four-cylinders that are more than
adequate. Turbocharged four-cylinders
are in an increasing number of
vehicles, from small hatchbacks to
sports cars and SUVs. They deliver
more power than you might think,
often with much better fuel economy
than a larger engine provides.
Six-cylinder engines, available in
RECOMMENDED Honda Accord (2012 or Kia Forte (2019-20) Mazda CX-9 (2017 or Toyota Corolla,
VEHICLES newer) newer) Corolla Hatchback
Kia Niro (2018)
(2010 or newer)
Audi A3 (2017, 2020) Honda Civic (2013-15) Nissan Altima (2019-20)
Kia Sedona (2016-17)
Toyota Highlander
Audi A4, Allroad(2017-19) Honda CR-V (2015-16, Nissan Murano (2015 or
Kia Sorento (2016 or (2008-19)
2019) newer)
Audi Q3 (2016 or newer) newer)
Toyota Prius, Prius
Honda HR-V (2017-18) Nissan Rogue (2017 or
BMW 3 Series (2017 or Kia Soul (2010-11, 2013, Prime (2011 or newer)
newer)
newer) Honda Insight (2019 or 2015, 2017 or newer)
Toyota Prius V (2012-17)
newer) Nissan Rogue Sport
Buick Encore (2016 or Kia Sportage (2015)
(2017 or newer) Toyota RAV4 (2013 or
newer) Honda Odyssey (2015-16)
Lincoln MKX (2017-18) newer)
Subaru Crosstrek (2018
Chevrolet Equinox Hyundai Elantra GT
Lincoln MKZ (2016 or or newer) Toyota Sienna (2011-13,
(2016 or newer) (2018 or newer)
newer) 2015 or newer)
Subaru Forester (2016
Ford Edge (2015, 2019 Hyundai Kona (2018 or
Mazda3 (2014 or newer) or newer) Volkswagen Jetta
or newer) newer)
Mazda6 (2015 or newer) (2016-18)
Subaru Impreza (2014
Ford Escape (2015, Hyundai Santa Fe (2017
Mazda CX-3 (2017 or or newer) Volkswagen Passat
2018-19) or newer)
newer) (2016-18)
Subaru Outback/
GMC Terrain (2014, 2016 Hyundai Santa Fe
Mazda CX-5 (2014 or Legacy (2013 or newer) Volvo S60 (2017-18)
or newer) Sport (2017-18)
newer) Toyota Camry (2012 or
Hyundai Tucson(2011-15)
newer)

midsized and larger models, are qui- provide better fuel economy than a 30 percent better fuel economy than
eter and smoother than four-cylinder similar-sized conventional vehicle. Older similar gasoline-powered vehicles. But
engines. hybrids that have performed well in our in most places diesel fuel costs more per
Eight-cylinder engines usually deliver fuel economy tests include the 2013 Ford gallon than premium gas, and hybrid
lots of power but, as you might expect, Fusion Hybrid and 2016 Hyundai Sonata vehicles have much lower emissions.
also return the lowest gas mileage. They Hybrid (39 mpg); 2012 Honda Civic, Finally, electric cars are starting to
are becoming rare, with the exception 2014 Honda Accord, and 2011 Lexus CT hit the used-car market. If they meet your
of luxury and larger cars, muscle cars, hybrids (40 mpg); 2016 Chevrolet Malibu needs, they can be great values and
SUVs, and pickups. A V8 is a good choice Hybrid (41 mpg); 2018 Accord and inexpensive to maintain.
if you tow heavier loads. Toyota Camry hybrids (47 mpg); and For more information, see Chapter 2,
If fuel economy is a high priority, 2016 Toyota Prius (52 mpg). “Stretch Your Fuel Economy,” begin-
starting on page 39 you can compare The 2015 Lexus NX and 2016 RX ning on page 32.
the overall gas mileage of the about 750 hybrids (29 mpg) and 2011 Toyota High- Manual or automatic: Which trans-
vehicles Consumer Reports has test- lander Hybrid (27 mpg) have the best mission do you want? Automatic
ed over the past 10 years. We recommend fuel economy of any older SUV we have transmissions are the overwhelming
that you first find a reliable and safe tested. The 2017 Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid choice of American car buyers. Auto-
vehicle, then look for one that gets good got 27 mpg overall. But used hybrids matics with six or more gears are
fuel economy. might cost more to buy than similar con- commonplace because they can wring
Some of the best fuel-economy ventional vehicles, so it could take years out more miles per gallon as well as
figures we’ve attained have been with to recoup the investment. make for smoother, quieter power
hybrids and diesels. They tend to Diesel cars usually get more than delivery.
Another type of automatic is a con-
tinuously variable transmission. A CVT
does not have a set number of gears,
but it can constantly vary between the
GET A GRIP
highest and lowest ratios for optimal
If you regularly
drive in snow, fuel economy and performance.
winter tires A sequential-shift transmission is
will provide a computer-shifted manual transmis-
grip for getting
moving.
sion that works like an automatic, but
it shifts faster and provides the sporty
shift feel of a manual.
These transmission styles often
feature a manual-shift mode, which is
marketed as a way of adding some fun
to driving a car with an automatic. It
can be handy when driving in hilly or
mountainous areas because it provides
more control when shifting down on
long descents, and it also allows drivers
to select a lower gear in winter condi-
tions. A few automatics and CVTs have
PHOTO: ASHLE Y COOPER PIC S/AL AMY STOCK PHOTO
a winter mode, where the transmis-

sion adjusts to lower engine speed and
improve traction on slippery surfaces.
Manual transmissions, available only
in inexpensive or sporty models, can
be more engaging for drivers. But they
no longer offer a big fuel economy
advantage over the newest automatics.
2WD, AWD, or 4WD: How much
traction do you need? Most vehicles

use two-wheel drive, where power is

sent to the front or rear wheels. Front-
wheel drive is used in most cars, wag-
THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION
ons, minivans, and 2WD versions of
car-based SUVs, and leaves more room
The more reliable a car is, the more you’re
inside for passengers and cargo. It’s
better than rear-wheel drive in slippery likely to be satisfied with it over the years,
conditions because more weight is on and it can significantly influence resale value
the drive wheels.
Rear-wheel drive places less demand
when you’re ready to replace it.
on the front wheels, allowing them
to be used primarily for steering. This
configuration is commonly used on Some pickups and truck-based SUVs checking its profile in this publication.
pickups and truck-based SUVs made to use part-time 4WD systems. This Look to our profiles for notes on
handle heavy-duty chores such as tow- requires the driver to select the drive safety and recalls. Moreover, only a few
ing. But it is also popular on sports cars mode with a switch, knob, or gear organizations purchase their vehicles
and high-performance sedans because lever, limiting the vehicle’s ability to and conduct their own instrumented
it helps improve handling. provide optimum traction when condi- testing, which allows more accurate
Traction control, a common standard tions suddenly change. In addition, comparisons between and among dif-
feature, helps maximize traction at the they can’t be driven on dry pavement ferent vehicles.
drive wheels by preventing wheel spin. in 4WD mode without running the risk The key is to find reviews that are
It’s particularly useful when accelerat- of severe drivetrain damage. Remem- in-depth enough to give you a good,
ing on a wet, snowy, or icy surface. But ber, AWD and 4WD systems add weight solid overview of the car and cover the
if no drive wheel has grip, traction con- to a vehicle, hurting fuel economy. aspects that are most important to you.
trol won’t help. In wintry conditions, CR road-test reports. Consumer
a 2WD vehicle with traction control Making the Final Cut Reports maintains road-test ratings on
will have more difficulty getting up a When you know your price range and groups of competing vehicles in a
slippery slope than one with all-wheel the type of vehicle that interests you, similar price range and category (such
drive or four-wheel drive. and you’ve used our tools and compari- as family sedans, small SUVs, minivans,
AWD feeds power to all four wheels. son charts to find the models that meet etc.). This way, once you have decided
It provides maximum forward traction your requirements, it’s time to narrow on the type of vehicle you want, you
and is especially helpful in slippery the candidates to a few promising mod- can easily compare models within a
conditions and when driving over models that are worth spending the time particular class.
erate off-road terrain. AWD is also help- to test-drive. You can compare vehicles by ar-
ful in rapidly changing conditions or To do this, gather as much informa- ranging test drives of the same class of
when driving on a road with intermit- tion as you can to compare each vehicle vehicle one after the other. Take notes
tent snow and ice. Its relatively light, in important areas such as driving on areas of special interest to you, such
compact design makes it the system of experience, reliability, fuel economy, as seat comfort and driving position,
choice for many vehicles. safety, and features. and the presence or absence of features
Although 4WD and AWD are often A key to quick and efficient auto you like, such as heated seats, leather
used interchangeably in advertising research is knowing where to go and trim, and lots of cargo space.
and brochures, the major difference is how to evaluate the information you CR owner-satisfaction data. Though
that 4WD incorporates low-range gear- get. On the internet you can quickly user reviews provide some helpful
ing. That helps in more challenging gather data and info. But just as cars information, each year our members
off-road conditions such as traversing can vary greatly in quality, so can give us detailed feedback on their satis-
rocks or deep water, or tackling steep sources of information. The following faction with the vehicles they own.
off-pavement hills. But the majority of pages help you assess what’s available. Our owner-satisfaction ratings are
4WD-vehicle owners never come close CR’s reviews. You can get started by unbiased and are based on hundreds
to needing this capability. reading the summary reviews in the of thousands of member reports, as
Modern 4WD systems are either vehicle profiles that begin on page 96. part of our Annual Auto Surveys. For
full-time—engaged all the time—or CR All Access or Digital members can more information, see page 20.
automatic, where the vehicle switches also see our full road-test reports and Other sources of reviews. To get
between two- and four-wheel drive generation summaries. You can see when an in-depth perspective on a model,
depending on the conditions. a model has had a major redesign by it’s important to read reviews from

sources you trust. Good ones can tell but keep in mind that the owners usu- and drive systems, all of which can be
you how a vehicle handles, accelerates, ally don’t have experience with a wide serious and more expensive to repair.
and brakes, and how comfortable and range of vehicles with which to compare These ratings are included in our
user-friendly the interior is. They also theirs. And sometimes the reliability of Reliability History charts, which are part
highlight shortcomings and deficiencies the information can be questionable. For of our vehicle profiles. Starting on
you might overlook. Because different example, you have no way of determin- page 26, you’ll also find lists of the worst
sources have varying points of view, we ing the source of an entry—it could be and best used cars, in terms of reli-
recommend reading several of them. from a disgruntled automaker employee, ability. It includes all models, by year,
There’s no shortage of reviews of a dealer, or a dealer’s competitor. that have had above- or below-average
older vehicles that were written when Avoid reviews that talk about only reliability, so you can quickly see which
the cars were new. Plus, the review specifications or performance promises. models to look for and which to avoid.
for a new model will often be applicable These just recycle what they pick up Other reliability sources. Although
to a late-model used version. from automakers’ press kits. They don’t they lack the reach of CR’s data,
Whether it’s streamed or printed, review, judge, or test products and ser- there are other services that provide
keep in mind that most car reviews are vices themselves. supplemental sources of information.
supported by advertising and based on The most widely known of these
borrowed cars. Those reviewers might Reliability Ratings services is J.D. Power (jdpower.com).
not want to offend the companies that Reliability is perhaps the single most The Power survey of most interest to
advertise with them or loan them important consideration for a buyer new-car shoppers is the Initial Quality
vehicles. Plus, vehicles are specially when choosing a used car. A vehicle’s Study (IQS). Designed to help auto-
prepped before the cars are delivered reliability can seriously affect how makers gauge the initial quality of the
to reviewers, and usually only well- satisfied you’ll be with a car over the vehicles they’re producing, it is based
equipped models are loaned out. So years, and it can significantly influ- on about 87,000 responses for 2020.
although you can get insight into a ence resale value when you’re ready to But the IQS covers only the first three
vehicle’s performance and driving replace it. Reliability is also the most months of ownership, a period when
character from those reviews, you will difficult quality to evaluate on a vehicle relatively little goes wrong. It also
seldom find very much hard-hitting because the information has to come asks owners about many subjective
criticism or an in-depth exploration of from vehicle owners’ direct experi- impressions of their vehicles, not
safety or reliability concerns, and their ence overtime. just serious problems they’ve had.
commentary may be based on a higher CR provides the most comprehensive For used cars, J.D. Power has a vehicle
trim level than most people buy. reliability information available to con- dependability study, which measures
Auto-enthusiast publications tend to sumers. It’s based on our annual surveys problems experienced by original
focus on a vehicle’s performance of our magazine and online members, owners on 3-year-old vehicles. The 2020
attributes, often at the expense of more who are asked about any serious prob- VDS is based on about 36,555 vehicles.
everyday concerns such as safety, reli- lems they had with their own vehicles in You can also post and read mess-
ability, and fuel economy. the preceding 12 months. ages in online forums for owners.
YouTube and other video reviews These surveys generate hundreds of Remember that gathering anecdotes
can give an in-depth look at the ins thousands of responses—the 2020 sur- about particular vehicles is not the
and outs of a new car, but remember veys, for example, provided informa- same as consulting a scientifically
that some are created by reviewers with tion on about 329,000 vehicles—which designed survey, but it can help you
limited automotive experience. Some of give us a solid foundation for our new- determine how much common
these “reviewers” may actually work and used-car reliability ratings. issues cost to fix.
for a dealer or be paid directly by car We provide reliability information
companies, or they might try to get in several forms. For used-car buyers, Compare Fuel Economy
more viewers by intentionally offering we give ratings for 17 trouble areas The fuel-economy figures printed on
outrageous opinions. over 10 model years, so you can see a vehicle’s window sticker are estimates
User-review sites are different in that a model’s individual strengths and based on a test created by the Environ-
their reviews have been submitted weaknesses. We also provide a Used- mental Protection Agency. For detailed
by owners. You can find a range of top- Car Verdict for each model year that information on fuel economy, includ-
ics, from car-buying experiences and sums up the vehicle’s overall reliability. ing the real-world test results for about
discussions of recurring problems to The reliability verdicts are weighted 750 models that CR has tested in the
service frustrations. to emphasize major problems in areas past 10 years, see the fuel-economy and
All that can give you valuable insight, such as engine, transmission, cooling, test data charts beginning on page 39.

3 Points You Must Consider Before Buying
1. SAFETY 2. MONEY ownership, often more vehicle depreciation
rapidly than your monthly based on the average
EVERY CAR HOW MUCH VALUE THAT NEW
payments are paying down new-car price for a 2020
SHOULD HAVE CAR WILL LOSE
the loan—putting you model. The average
Antilock brakes (ABS) Cars depreciate significantly “upside down” financially. new car loses about half
Electronic stability control over the first few years of The chart here shows typical its value in just three years.
(ESC)
Curtain airbags
Consider these the safety
basics. Don’t have them now?
Buy a new or recent car that Vehicle Price
has all three. $38,723
Sept. 2020 Avg.
G ET TH E S E TO B E
E V E N SA F E R
Forward collision warning

(FCW)
Automatic emergency $40K
braking (AEB) with pedestrian $29,509
detection
Blind spot warning (BSW) $30K
Rear cross traffic warning $20,294
(RCTW)
$20K $17,711
Lane departure warning $15,429
(LDW) $13,394
$11,590
Backup camera
A Good score $10K
in IIHS crash tests
6 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years 5 Years
Decision point You need
to shop wisely to find a good
late-model car with most SOURCE: Kelley Blue Book
or all of these features at a
reasonable price. Keep in mind
that only the latest designs do
well in the difficult IIHS 3. CONNECTED FEATURES SPECIALT Y ITEMS functions; good systems can
small-overlap crash test. BASICS IN MOST Voice commands for selecting reduce distraction. Built-in
LATE-MODEL CARS audio, or Siri or Google Voice navigation gives you larger
Why they’re worth it Many compatibility screens than on your phone or
of today’s cars work to avoid USB port for plugging in a portable navigation device,
Built-in or smartphone-based
crashes altogether. Advanced a phone plus it will automatically adjust
navigation
systems can automatically Bluetooth phone connectivity stereo volume for instructions.
Ability to use integrated
slow or completely stop a car. apps such as Android Auto, Apple Android Auto and Apple Car-
Visibility aids, such as rear Decision point Most cars have Play will put car-specific versions
CarPlay, Pandora, or Spotify
cameras and BSW, show these as standard. You can of certain apps on your dash-
what’s around you, helping install an aftermarket Bluetooth board, like Google Maps or Waze
Decision point Getting these
situation-al awareness. kit in your current car, and various for navigation and Audible for
features usually requires an
All things being equal, buy audio system upgrades can either entertainment. They’ll replace a
aftermarket addition or buying
the safest car you can afford. add modern features to some car’s own voice recognition with
a 2- or 3-year-old car. Voice
older factory systems or replace Google Voice or Siri, too.
commands simplify complicated
them entirely.

in this type of situation. The ratings

are available at safercar.gov.
Roof strength. The IIHS also tests
for roof strength. During a rollover,

stronger roofs crush less, reducing the
risk that people will be injured by
contact with the roof itself.
Rear-impact protection. Although
rear-end accidents have a low fatality

rate, they have a high injury rate,
especially for whiplash neck injuries.
The design of a car’s head restraints
and seats are critical factors in the
severity of a whiplash injury.
Consumer Reports evaluates head
restraints. Front head restraints usually
SOLID
meet or exceed evaluation requirements,
STRUCTURE
but rear head restraints differ greatly.
Both the IIHS and
NHTSA conduct Another good source for information
crash tests. on rear-impact protection is the IIHS
website (iihs.org). The institute con-
ducts evaluations of head restraints and
performs dynamic rear-impact tests
that measure how well the seat/head-
Safety Ratings impact. For every crash, there are restraint combinations in different mod-
Several elements affect a vehicle’s over- numerous near misses that statistics els protect against whiplash.
all safety capability. don’t reflect. Several factors contribute Rear blind zones. Every year chil-
Crash tests. Frontal- and side-impact to a vehicle’s crash-avoidance capa- dren are injured or killed because
crash tests are conducted by the Insur- bility, with the two most important being drivers don’t see them while they are
ance Institute for Highway Safety (iihs. braking and emergency handling. Using backing up their vehicle. A contributing
org) and the National Highway Traffic our test data, our new-car publications factor is that larger vehicles, such as
Safety Administration (safercar.gov). provide a crash-avoidance rating for SUVs and pickups, have very large blind
Starting with the 2011 model year, all tested vehicles. zones. The blind zone is the area be-
NHTSA made its crash tests more strin- Rollover resistance. Rollover hind a vehicle that the driver can’t see
gent. As a result, the 2011 and newer accidents are of particular concern when looking in the rearview mirror.
model results are not comparable with with SUVs and pickups. To help con- To check a vehicle’s blind spot,
older years. sumers compare vehicles, NHTSA sit in the driver’s seat of the parked
In 2012, the IIHS added the small- provides a rating system called the Roll- vehicle while someone stands in
overlap front test, which replicates the over Resistance Rating. back and holds out a hand at about
driver side of a car hitting a tree or The RRR is based on two factors: waist level. Have the person walk back
pole straight on. The IIHS retroactively a vehicle’s Static Stability Factor and slowly until you can see the hand
applied the results of cars crashed in a dynamic rollover test. The SSF, through the rear window. This will give
2012 and later to earlier versions of determined from at-rest or “static” you an idea of how big that vehicle’s
the same model. The IIHS also added measurements of the vehicle, essen- blind spot is.
a small-overlap front test to the front- tially indicates how top-heavy it is.
passenger side in 2018. The results are The dynamic rollover test simulates Recommended
applied to earlier model years of the a driver having to make severe Safety Features
same generation. The vehicle profiles steering maneuvers, as can happen Buyers often overlook the availability
starting on page 96 include major in an emergency. of many important safety features
crash-test results for the past 10 years. Vehicles that tip up fail the test, because they aren’t aware of them or
Crash avoidance. A vehicle’s ability but this failure downgrades the over- don’t understand their benefit. We rec-
to help you avoid a crash is just as im- all star rating only slightly. We will not ommend that even when you are buying
portant as its ability to protect you in an recommend a vehicle that tips up a used car, you look for the following

safety gear. To see which models were Blind spot warning (BSW). A
available with particular safety features blind spot warning system uses radar
when new, see the vehicle profiles. ADVANCED or cameras to scan the areas beside
Antilock brake system. This system
DRIVER and behind you, looking for vehicles
prevents the wheels from locking en-tering or lurking in your blind spot.
up under hard braking, particularly
ASSISTANCE When such a vehicle is detected, an
on slippery surfaces. Without it, the SYSTEMS illuminated icon appears in or near the
vehicle tends to keep plowing ahead in As more cars come appropriate side-view mirror.
whatever direction it was going, leav- equipped with these If you signal a turn while a car is in
ing the driver unable to steer. Locked features, more used cars your blind spot, certain systems send
wheels can also cause a vehicle to will get them, too. a stronger alert, such as a blinking
slide sideways or even spin. light or louder chirps. More advanced
Electronic stability control. ESC systems help keep you in your own
helps keep the vehicle on its intended lane by applying the brakes on one
path during a turn to avoid sliding or side of the vehicle.
skidding out of control. It’s especially Rear cross traffic warning. Often
helpful in slippery conditions and part of a package that includes blind

accident-avoidance situations, such as spot warning, this system warns
when trying to steer around a person or of traffic approaching from the sides as
car that has pulled out in front of you. you reverse. The warning usually
It can also help keep a top-heavy Forward collision warning consists of an audible chirp and a visual
vehicle, such as an SUV or a pickup, and automatic emergency cue in either the outside mirror or
from getting into a rollover. Note that braking FCW warns you the rear camera’s dash display. The
of an impending collision
starting in 2012, all cars and light- more advanced systems can also pick
with a car in front. AEB
duty trucks have standard ESC, which can stop the car if the out bicycles and pedestrians, or even
means they also have ABS. driver doesn’t react in time. brake to prevent a crash.
Head-protecting side airbags. Lane departure warning (LDW)
You should look for a car with dedicated and lane keeping assistance (LKA).
head-protection airbags that deploy Lane departure warning systems use
from above the windows. Curtain air- visual, audible, and/or haptic (often a
bags cover the side windows in the front buzzing in the steering wheel or seat)
and rear, preventing occupants from warning to alert the driver if he or she
hitting their heads, while also helping is crossing lane markings and wander-
to keep a person from being ejected ing out of the lane.
in a side impact or rollover. Lane keeping assistance will auto-
Forward collision warning (FCW) matically correct the steering input,
and automatic emergency braking Blind spot warning Scans or even brake the car, if it attempts to
(AEB). These stand-alone or combined for cars not in view. cross the markings, in an effort to bring
radar-, laser-, and/or camera-based the vehicle back into the proper lane.
systems warn drivers of an impending Backup cameras. These became
collision by using visual, auditory, mandatory starting with the 2018 model
and/or physical cues. Certain vehicle year. They can help prevent a back-
systems also precharge the brakes to over accident, such as hitting a child who
help the driver apply enough braking wanders behind your car when you
force to avoid a collision, in addition are reversing.
to steps to prepare for impact. If the Adaptive cruise control. This is more
driver ignores the warnings, systems of a driver-assist system that automati-

with automatic emergency braking will cally maintains a safe following distance
apply partial or full braking force. They Rear cross traffic warning between you and the car ahead. Some
can be active at anywhere from walking Alerts of an approaching work only at highway speeds, but others
vehicle when backing up.
to highway speeds. Some newer cars offer “stop and go” assist, automati-
have AEB systems that will brake for cally braking and accelerating the vehi-
pedestrians and cyclists. cle, even when driving in heavy traffic.

‘I Love My Car!’
Would Owners Buy
Their Car Again?
20
MOST PEOPLE LOVE their cars at first,
but what about after that new-car smell
wears off ? Once you’ve lived with a car Owner Satisfaction Champs
for three years—let alone five or 10—the
features and qualities that gave you
goose bumps in the showroom often
turn into cold chills down the road.
This is what we found out when
we asked our members whether they
would get the same car all over again,
and how satisfied they were with the
vehicle’s driving experience, comfort,
value, and styling.
2018 Tesla Model 3 2018 Porsche 911

Consistent Performers
We found that no matter their age, the
vehicles inspiring the strongest loyalty
are reliable, performed well in our
tests, are fun to drive, deliver great fuel
economy or can be driven solely on
electricity, or dress you in a high-tech,
luxurious driving environment. Those
that performed poorly in some—or all—
of these areas sit at the bottom.
Vehicles that performed well in CR
tests are often ones that also give own- 2016 Tesla Model S 2016 Dodge Challenger
ers higher satisfaction.

The Tesla Model S all-electric lux-
ury sedan, which provides all those
attributes in one car, is among the most
satisfying cars in our surveys, with a ingly that they would buy it again. The of its limited driving range.
score of 92 out of a 100 for the 3-year- Toyota’s competitors shuffle through- Not all sporty models, with their
old model. At 5 years old the Model S out the years, with the Kia Sedona and promise of being “fun to drive,” end
continues to satisfy, scoring a 93. Honda Odyssey performing well, while up delivering. The Mini Cooper scores
The 3-year-old Porsche 911 is the most the Dodge Grand Caravan sits at the bot- very low for a 3-year-old model, with
satisfying vehicle in the surveys, with tom of the rankings. The Chrysler Paci- just a 53, and the 10-year-old Cooper
97 percent of owners reporting to us fica continues to please owners and is scores a 45. Compare that with the
that they would definitely buy it again. the top-scoring 3-year-old minivan. Mazda Miata, which gets an 86 and
Two other performance-minded ve- There are models that defy this 85, respectively.
hicles have high scores among 5-year- over-all trend, but they tend to be out Our Annual Auto Surveys ask our
old models. liers. The Dodge Challenger and Jeep members about owner satisfaction with
Year after year the midsized Subaru Wrangler didn’t fare well in our the following question: “Considering
Outback and Toyota Highlander satisfy tests, but their owners love these spe- all factors (price, performance, reliabil-
PHOTO, OPPOSITE PAGE: MASKOT/PL AINPICTURE
owners no matter their age. At the cialty vehicles. The Tesla Model X ity, comfort, enjoyment, etc.), would
same time, a number of models were is another example of this. It’s unreli- you get this car if you had it to do all
consistently near or at the bottom able and didn’t score well in our tests, over again?”
of the rankings, including the Chevrolet but it tops the luxury midsized/large A model’s score is based on the per-
Equinox, Ford Explorer, and Nissan SUV category. centage of respondents who answered
Pathfinder. None of these were strong Fuel-efficient models dominate many “definitely yes.”
performers in our testing, either. of the categories, but the green promise In our most recent survey we re-
The Toyota Sienna, a highly rated isn’t satisfying on its own. The Nissan ceived responses on about 390,000
minivan in CR tests, dominates over Leaf is one of the least-satisfying hy- vehicles, spanning the 2011 through
time: Owners responded overwhelm- brid/electric cars, probably because 2020 model years.

Most & Least Satisfying Vehicles

On these pages are our owner- would you get this car if you had For example, the Nissan Outback midsized SUV) per-
satisfaction survey results for it to do all over again?” Respon- Sentra had unimpressive perfor- formed very well in our 2010, 2013,
3-, 5-, and 10-year-old vehicles dents have four choices, from mance in our tests. Owners and 2015 tests. Owners agreed
by vehicle category. “definitely yes” to “definitely no.” responded in kind, ranking it at with us, ranking both of those
Each year Consumer Reports In the majority of cases there the bottom of the compact models at or near the top of their
asks the following question in is a link between how a vehicle cars category. respective 3-, 5-, and 10-year-old
our Annual Auto Surveys: “Con- performs in Consumer Reports It’s a similar story for the satisfaction categories.
sidering all factors (price, perfor- testing and how it performs in Subaru Legacy, but in a positive
mance, reliability, comfort, etc.), our owner-satisfaction survey. way. The sedan (and the similar
3-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction 5-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction 10-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction
% Would Buy % Would Buy % Would Buy

Make + Model (2018) Make + Model (2016) Make + Model (2011)
Again Again Again
S U B C O MPACT CAR S S UB C OMPACT CA RS SU BCO MPACT CA R S

Honda Fit 71 Chevrolet Spark 63 Honda Fit 70
C O MPACT CA R S Honda Fit 60 Nissan Versa Hatchback 45

Hyundai Accent 53 Ford Fiesta 28
Volkswagen Golf 82
Ford Fiesta 45
CO MPACT CA R S
Volkswagen Beetle 79
Nissan Versa Note 33
Hyundai Elantra GT 69 Kia Soul 64
Kia Soul 68 CO MPACT CA RS Chevrolet HHR 63
Mazda3 67 Volkswagen Golf 67 Toyota Corolla 63
Honda Civic 64 Mazda3 66 Mazda3 58
Toyota Corolla 62 Mini Cooper Clubman 62 Ford Focus 51
Subaru Impreza 60 Toyota Corolla 61 Hyundai Elantra 49
Hyundai Elantra 59 Volkswagen Beetle 61 Subaru Impreza 46
Toyota Corolla iM 58 Kia Soul 61 Mini Cooper Clubman 45
Mini Cooper Clubman 53 Honda Civic 60 Honda Civic 45
Chevrolet Cruze 50 Volkswagen Jetta 56 Nissan Sentra 41
Ford Focus 49 Subaru Impreza 56 Volkswagen Jetta 38
Volkswagen Jetta 49 Chevrolet Cruze 49 Chevrolet Cruze 31
Kia Forte 47 Kia Forte 41
HYBR ID S/E L ECTR I C CA R S
Nissan Sentra 40 Hyundai Elantra 41
Toyota Prius 71
Toyota C-HR 30 Ford Focus 39
Lexus CT 200h 56
H Y B R I D S/E LECT R IC CARS Nissan Sentra 24
Nissan Leaf 47
Toyota Prius 84 H YBRID S/ ELECTR IC CA R S
MI D SI ZE D CA R S
Chevrolet Bolt 82 Toyota Prius C 82
Toyota Camry 75
Hyundai Ioniq 78 Toyota Prius 81
Subaru Legacy 67
Toyota Prius Prime 77 Toyota Prius V 77
Honda Accord 66
Chevrolet Volt 76 Chevrolet Volt 70
Ford Fusion 54
Kia Niro 72 Ford C-Max 69
Mercury Milan 54
Honda Clarity 70 Nissan Leaf 53
Kia Optima 49
Ford C-Max 67
M I DSIZ ED CA R S Nissan Altima 44
Nissan Leaf 56
Toyota Camry 72 Hyundai Sonata 40
BMW i3 53
Subaru Legacy 70 Chevrolet Malibu 29
M I DS IZ E D CA R S Honda Accord 68
Mazda6 76 Chrysler 200 68
Subaru Legacy 74 Volkswagen Passat 66
Ford Fusion 68 Kia Optima 64
Kia Optima 67 Mazda6 64
Toyota Camry 66 Hyundai Sonata 60
Honda Accord 66 Ford Fusion 59
Hyundai Sonata 63 Chevrolet Malibu Limited 54
Volkswagen Passat 61 Nissan Altima 48
Nissan Altima 57 Chevrolet Malibu 48
Chevrolet Malibu 53


Again Again Again
LA R GE CA R S LA RG E CAR S L A R G E CA R S
Chrysler 300 80 Dodge Charger 90 Toyota Avalon 84
Chevrolet Impala 80 Toyota Avalon 81 Buick Lucerne 58
Toyota Avalon 76 Hyundai Azera 77 Ford Taurus 57
Dodge Charger 69 Chrysler 300 73 Chevrolet Impala 56
Ford Taurus 67 Ford Taurus 72 Nissan Maxima 44
Nissan Maxima 67 Chevrolet Impala 67
LUXU RY CO MPACT CA R S
LUXURY C O M PACT CAR S Nissan Maxima 55
Lexus IS 71
Tesla Model 3 94 LUXU RY CO MPACT CA RS Infiniti G 61
Kia Stinger 85 BMW 3 Series 64 Acura TSX 59
Buick Regal 77 Lexus IS 63 BMW 3 Series 54
Audi A4 74 Audi A4 63 Mercedes-Benz C-Class 52
BMW 3 Series 62 Buick Regal 61 Audi A4 52
Acura TLX 59 Mercedes-Benz C-Class 61 Buick Regal 41
Mercedes-Benz C-Class 59 Audi A3 59
LUXU RY MI D SI ZE D/ L A R G E CA R S
Audi A3 55 Volvo S60 57
Lexus ES 80
Volvo S60 54 Acura TLX 52
Lexus LS 75
Infiniti Q50 42 Acura ILX 51
Cadillac DTS 72
LUXURY M I DS IZE D/ LARG E CARS Cadillac ATS 32
Hyundai Genesis 71
Tesla Model S 92 LUXU RY MIDS IZED/L A RG E CA RS Mercedes-Benz E-Class 66
Lexus GS 85 Tesla Model S 93 Infiniti M 62
Genesis G80 81 Hyundai Genesis 79 Cadillac CTS 62
Lexus ES 77 Lincoln MKZ 78 Lincoln MKZ 57
Lincoln MKZ 73 Lexus ES 77 Buick LaCrosse 52
Cadillac XTS 73 Lexus LS 74 BMW 5 Series 52
BMW 5 Series 72 Audi A6 73
SP O R T Y CA R S
Lincoln Continental 71 Lexus GS 73
Mazda MX-5 Miata 85
Cadillac CT6 71 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 72
Ford Mustang 73
Audi A6 71 Audi A7 68
BMW 1 Series 58
Genesis G90 68 Mercedes-Benz E-Class 67
Mini Cooper 45
Mercedes-Benz S-Class 62 Cadillac XTS 63
Volvo S90 61 BMW 5 Series 62 WAG O NS
Buick LaCrosse 60 Cadillac CTS 61 Toyota Venza 75
Mercedes-Benz E-Class 59 Buick LaCrosse 59 Honda Accord Crosstour 69
Lexus LS 46
C OUPES & CONV ER TIBL ES Volkswagen Jetta
58
SportWagen
CO U P ES & C O N V E R TIB LES BMW 4 Series 70
BMW 4 Series 75 Audi A5 69
Audi A5 74 Buick Cascada 46
S P OR T Y CA RS S POR T Y CA RS
Porsche 911 97 Dodge Challenger 90
Mazda MX-5 Miata 86 Mazda MX-5 Miata 88
Porsche 718 Boxster 79 Porsche Boxster 85
Porsche 718 Cayman 79 Porsche Cayman 85
Chevrolet Camaro 79 Chevrolet Corvette 83
Chevrolet Corvette 77 Ford Mustang 71
Dodge Challenger 77 BMW 2 Series 68
Volkswagen GTI 76 Volkswagen GTI 67
Ford Mustang 75 Mini Cooper 62
BMW 2 Series 72 Chevrolet Camaro 62
Mini Cooper 53
WAG ON S
WAG O NS Volvo XC70 74
Volkswagen Golf Volkswagen Golf
76 64
SportWagen SportWagen
Volkswagen Golf Alltrack 63 Volvo V60 57
Volvo V90 61
Volvo V60 54


Again Again Again
M I N IVA N S M I NI VA NS MI NIVA NS
Chrysler Pacifica 69 Toyota Sienna 73 Toyota Sienna 70
Toyota Sienna 67 Kia Sedona 68 Honda Odyssey 68
Kia Sedona 64 Honda Odyssey 61 Chrysler Town & Country 53
Honda Odyssey 62 Chrysler Town & Country 60 Dodge Grand Caravan 29
Dodge Grand Caravan 50 Ford Transit Connect 51
CO MPACT SU Vs
S U B C O MPACT SU Vs Dodge Grand Caravan 40
Honda Element 83
Subaru Crosstrek 75 S UB C OMPACT SU Vs Toyota RAV4 65
Hyundai Kona 65
Subaru Crosstrek 65 Honda CR-V 65
Honda HR-V 53
Jeep Renegade 49 Subaru Forester 61
Nissan Rogue Sport 49
Honda HR-V 48 Nissan Xterra 57
Mazda CX-3 42
Mazda CX-3 32 Ford Escape 51
Ford EcoSport 31
Chevrolet Trax 32 Mazda Tribute 51
Jeep Renegade 22
CO MPACT SUVs Mercury Mariner 51
C O MPACT S UVs Nissan Rogue 47
Subaru Forester 71
Subaru Forester 75 Kia Sportage 44
Toyota RAV4 67
Mazda CX-5 72 Hyundai Tucson 39
Honda CR-V 66 Honda CR-V 65
Mazda CX-5 64 MI D SI ZE D SU Vs
Kia Sportage 65
Toyota RAV4 61 Ford Escape 53 Toyota Highlander 80
Ford Escape 56 Jeep Cherokee 49 Toyota 4Runner 78
Jeep Cherokee 54 Nissan Rogue 45 Subaru Outback 71
Hyundai Tucson 52 Hyundai Tucson 44 Honda Pilot 62
Mitsubishi Outlander 50 Kia Sportage 42 Ford Edge 62
Volkswagen Tiguan 48 Volkswagen Tiguan 42 Jeep Wrangler 60
Nissan Rogue 47 Jeep Patriot 30 Jeep Grand Cherokee 57
Jeep Compass 33 Hyundai Santa Fe 54
M I DSIZ ED SU Vs
M I DS IZ E D S UVs Kia Sorento 53
Volkswagen Touareg 77
Mazda CX-9 53
Subaru Outback 74 Subaru Outback 75
Nissan Murano 53
Mazda CX-9 73 Toyota Highlander 74
Toyota 4Runner 72 Ford Explorer 46
Toyota 4Runner 71
Jeep Wrangler JK 69 Chevrolet Equinox 37
Jeep Grand Cherokee 70
Jeep Grand Cherokee 69 GMC Terrain 37
Hyundai Santa Fe Sport 68
Jeep Wrangler 68 L A R G E SU Vs
Jeep Wrangler 66
Toyota Highlander 68
Nissan Murano 62 Ford Flex 71
Nissan Murano 66
Mazda CX-9 62 Chevrolet Tahoe 68
Ford Edge 63
Hyundai Santa Fe 62 GMC Yukon 68
Chevrolet Equinox 63
GMC Terrain 63 Kia Sorento 61 Chevrolet Suburban 59
Kia Sorento 61 Ford Edge 59 GMC Yukon XL 59

Hyundai Santa Fe Sport 61 Honda Pilot 57 Ford Expedition 58
Hyundai Santa Fe 61 Ford Explorer 55 Chevrolet Traverse 48
Honda Pilot 59 Chevrolet Equinox 52 GMC Acadia 40
Volkswagen Atlas 58 GMC Terrain 52
Ford Explorer 58 Nissan Pathfinder 42
Nissan Pathfinder 48
LA RG E SU Vs
L A R GE S UVs
Toyota Sequoia 76
Toyota Sequoia 76 Chevrolet Suburban 72
Chevrolet Suburban 74 GMC Yukon XL 72
GMC Yukon XL 74 Dodge Durango 70
Ford Expedition 72 Ford Flex 68
Chevrolet Tahoe 72
Ford Expedition 63
GMC Yukon 72
Chevrolet Tahoe 61
Dodge Durango 67
GMC Yukon 61
Ford Flex 64
Chevrolet Traverse 55
Chevrolet Traverse 64
GMC Acadia 47
GMC Acadia 58


Again Again Again
LUXURY C O M PACT SU Vs LUXU RY CO MPACT S UVs LUXU RY CO MPACT SU Vs

Porsche Macan 78 Porsche Macan 84 BMW X3 57
BMW X3 71 Volvo XC60 67 Acura RDX 54
Mini Cooper Countryman 70 Infiniti QX50 64 Cadillac SRX 51
Volvo XC60 68 Audi Q5 63 Audi Q5 47
Audi Q5 65 Lexus NX 59 Volvo XC60 38
Alfa Romeo Stelvio 60 BMW X3 59
LUXU RY MI D SI ZE D/ L A R G E SU Vs
Cadillac XT5 55 Buick Encore 58
Lexus RX 76
Mercedes-Benz GLC 54 Lincoln MKC 53
Lincoln MKX 62
Audi Q3 54 Audi Q3 52
Acura MDX 51
Lexus NX 54 Acura RDX 52
Buick Enclave 47
Acura RDX 52 Mercedes-Benz GLC 51
Mercedes-Benz M-Class 47
Buick Encore 52 BMW X1 50
BMW X5 45
Buick Envision 51 Cadillac SRX 47
Mercedes-Benz GLA 50 Mini Cooper Countryman 42 CO MPACT PI CKU P S
Lincoln MKC 50
LUXU RY MIDS IZED/L A RG E SU Vs Honda Ridgeline 82
BMW X1 43 Toyota Tacoma 66
Tesla Model X 82
BMW X2 30 Ford Ranger 48
Lexus RX 75
LUXURY M I DS IZE D/ LARG E SU Vs Nissan Frontier 45
Mercedes-Benz GLE 74
Tesla Model X 74 Lexus GX 72 F U L L- SI Z ED PI CKUP S
Lincoln Navigator 73 BMW X5 70 Chevrolet Avalanche 74
Lexus RX 72 Porsche Cayenne 69 Toyota Tundra 72
BMW X5 71 Lincoln MKX 60 Ford F-350 71
Cadillac Escalade 68 Cadillac Escalade 59 Ford F-150 65
Audi Q7 67 Volvo XC90 57 Dodge Ram 1500 54
Lincoln MKX 65 Buick Enclave 56 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 51
Mercedes-Benz GLS 61 Acura MDX 37 GMC Sierra 1500 51
Buick Enclave 61
C OMPACT PICKU P S Ford F-250 51
Volvo XC90 61 Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 48
Toyota Tacoma 59
Lexus GX 59 GMC Sierra 2500HD 48
Chevrolet Colorado 56
Mercedes-Benz GLE 56
GMC Canyon 56
Acura MDX 46
Nissan Frontier 36
CO M PACT PI CKUP S
F ULL- SIZ ED PI CKU PS
Honda Ridgeline 78
Toyota Tundra 76
Toyota Tacoma 62
Ram 1500 71
Chevrolet Colorado 58
Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 69
GMC Canyon 58
GMC Sierra 3500HD 69
Nissan Frontier 48
Ford F-150 68
F ULL- S I ZE D PI CKUP S Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 65
Ram 3500 81 GMC Sierra 2500HD 65
Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD 75 Ram 2500 65
GMC Sierra 2500HD 75 Ford F-350 63
Ford F-350 73 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 62
Toyota Tundra 72 GMC Sierra 1500 62
Ford F-250 71 Ford F-250 59
Ford F-150 69
Ram 1500 67
Chevrolet Silverado 3500HD 66
GMC Sierra 3500HD 66
Ram 2500 61
Chevrolet Silverado 1500 60
GMC Sierra 1500 60
Nissan Titan 58

Most Bang
for Your Car Buck
26
NEED NEW WHEELS but have a tight and the process can feel overwhelming. in the bunch. We also included lists of
budget? Buying used is a way to It doesn’t have to be. We’ve created used cars that proved to be particu-
get the biggest bang for your buck. It’s this handy guide to help you find larly troublesome—and that you should
simple: After one year a new car has the small cars, sedans, and SUVs that avoid considering.
depreciated 27 percent of its sticker are most likely to fulfill your needs Even for the used cars that we recom-
price; after three years it’s worth barely without breaking down and soaking mend, there can be stinkers—because of
half its sticker price. you in repair bills. a bad day at the factory or a former owner
But picking out a good used car from Each model performed well in our who didn’t care much for car mainte-
a sea of bad ones has never been easy. road tests when it was new and had nance and neglected the car. Because of
You want one that’s reliable, affordable, above-average reliability for the model this, make sure to pay for a thorough
and equipped with modern safety years shown. In addition, each offered inspection by a certified mechanic before
features. Add in the desire to avoid a car ESC as a standard or optional feature. you sign on the dotted line, so there are
that has been damaged in an accident Of course, there’s always a lemon no surprises down the road.
WORST USED CARS

Listed alphabetically by make and model, these 128 vehicles have records of much-worse-
than-average reliability, based on member responses to our Annual Auto Surveys.
ACURA Corvette ‘15-16 GMC LINCOLN PORSCHE

MDX ‘20 Cruze ‘11, ‘14-16, ‘18 Acadia ‘11-13, ‘16-17, ‘20 Aviator ‘20 Cayenne ‘14, ‘16
RDX ‘20 Equinox ‘11-12 Canyon ‘17-19 Continental ‘17 Macan ‘15-16
ALFA ROMEO Impala ‘11 Sierra 1500 ‘15, ‘17, ‘19-20 Corsair ‘20 RAM
Stelvio ‘18 Malibu ‘13, ‘16-18 Sierra 1500 Limited ‘19 MKC ‘17 2500 ‘14, ‘17-18
AUDI Silverado 1500 ‘15, ‘17, Sierra 2500HD ‘15, ‘17 MKZ ‘15 3500 ‘18
A3 ‘17 ‘19-20 Terrain ‘11-12 Nautilus ‘19 SUBARU
A4 ‘11, ‘14 Silverado 1500 LD ‘19 Yukon ‘14-17 MAZDA Ascent ‘19
A5 ‘13 Silverado 2500 HD ‘15, ‘17 Yukon XL ‘11-12, ‘15-16 CX-3 ‘17 Impreza ‘13
A6 ‘15 Sonic ‘13 HONDA CX-9 ‘13 XV Crosstrek ‘13
Allroad ‘14 Suburban ‘11-12, ‘15-16 Pilot ‘16 MERCEDES-BENZ
Q5 ‘12-13 Tahoe ‘14-17 HYUNDAI C-Class ‘16 TESLA
Q8 ‘19 Traverse ‘12-13, ‘18 Elantra ‘16, ‘20 E-Class ‘17, ‘19 Model S ‘19-20
E-Tron ‘19 Volt ‘19 Sonata ‘11, ‘17-18 GLC ‘19 Model X ‘17, ’19
BMW CHRYSLER Tucson ‘15-17 GLE ‘20 Model Y ‘20
3 Series ‘11-13 200 ‘15 INFINITI MINI VOLKSWAGEN
4 Series ‘17 Pacifica ‘17-18 QX60 ‘14 Cooper ‘11-13, ‘15, ‘18 Atlas ‘18
5 Series ‘11-13, ’18 Town & Country ‘11-14 JEEP Cooper Clubman ‘11-13, GTI ‘15, ‘17, ‘19
X1 ‘14 DODGE Cherokee ‘14-16, ‘19 ‘15, ‘18 Golf Alltrack ‘18
X3 ‘13, ’15, ’20 Durango ‘16, ‘18 Compass ‘18 NISSAN Jetta ‘12-13, ‘15, ‘19
X5 ‘12-14, ’19 Grand Caravan ‘11-14, ‘18-19 Grand Cherokee ‘11-13 Altima ‘14, ‘16 Passat ‘12, ‘14
BUICK FIAT Renegade ‘18 Leaf ‘18 Tiguan ‘12-13, ‘16, ‘18
Enclave ‘11-12, ’18 500 ‘12 Wrangler ‘12-15, ‘18-19 Maxima ‘17 VOLVO
Encore ‘15-17 FORD Wrangler JK ‘18 Pathfinder ‘13-15, ‘17 S60 ‘12
Lucerne ‘11 EcoSport ‘19 KIA Rogue ‘19 S90 ‘18
CADILLAC Edge ‘12 Forte ‘17, ‘19 Sentra ‘13, ‘15, ‘17 V90 ‘18
PHOTO: IMAGE SOURCE /AL AMY STOCK PHOTO
CT6 ‘17 Escape ‘20 Niro Electric ‘19 XC60 ‘15, ‘19-20
XT4 ‘19 Expedition ‘15-16, ‘18 Optima ‘12 XC90 ‘16-17, ‘19
XTS ‘14 Explorer ‘11, ‘16-17, ‘20 Sorento ‘12-13, ‘20
CHEVROLET F-150 ‘17-18, ‘20 Soul ‘20
Blazer ‘20 F-250 ‘16-18 LEXUS
Camaro ‘17 F-350 ‘11, ‘16, ‘18 LS ‘18
Colorado ‘17-19 Fiesta ‘11, ‘14
Focus ‘12-17
Mustang ‘15-16, ‘18
Ranger ‘19

BEST OF THE BEST

The used-vehicle choices with rock-solid reliability and great results from our tests.
$5,000-$10,000 Reliability is excellent, but the car

has a small rear seat and cargo
COMPACT CARS area. The Corolla’s strength is
Nissan Leaf 2011-13, ‘15-16 dependable, fuel-efficient trans-
Toyota Prius V 2012 portation. There isn’t anything
The Leaf is a very affordable flashy, but the interior is comfort-
electric vehicle with a typical able and roomy.
range of 75 miles. Longer
MIDSIZED CARS
and more versatile than a stan-
dard Prius, the V still returns Mazda6 2014-16
excellent fuel economy. It has Lexus ES 2011-12
a roomier rear seat and The Mazda returns impressive Toyota
expanded cargo capability. fuel economy without com- Prius
promising performance. It’s fun
MIDSIZED CARS to drive and comfortable, and
Toyota Camry 2011-12 has a well-finished cabin. The ES
The Camry is a solid choice takes the platform of the reliable SMALL SUVs hybrid powertrains; and a plush
because of its outstanding Toyota Camry and adds luxury Honda CR-V 2012-14 ride. Reliability has been stellar.
reliability, strong value, and fuel- appointments, road-trip-worthy
This affordable and functional
efficient powertrains. front seats, and a quiet cabin.
SUV has generous rear-seat and $15,000-$20,000
cargo room. Fuel economy is
WAGONS
$10,000-$15,000 good, and the suspension soaks COMPACT CARS
Toyota Venza 2011-14
up bumps with ease. Chevrolet Bolt 2017-18
COMPACT CARS Part wagon, part SUV, the Venza
has a quiet interior, a roomy rear The Bolt is an affordable EV
Lexus CT 200h 2011-13 MIDSIZED SUVs
with a robust driving range of
Toyota Corolla 2014-16 seat, and a generous cargo Lexus RX 2011-12
area. Handling is secure though about 250 miles. It’s enjoyable
The Lexus CT is based on the The RX offers a cabin that is to drive, has a good amount
not sporty. Reliability is rock-
Prius, but with a nicer interior quiet, comfortable, and luxuri- of passenger and cargo room,
solid, making this a wise choice.
and more responsive handling. ous; fuel-efficient gas and and has a steady and com-
posed ride over most surfaces.
MIDSIZED AND LARGE CARS

Toyota Camry 2016-17
Lexus GS 2013
The Camry’s 2015 redesign
Chevrolet made it an even better sedan,
Bolt with fuel-efficient powertrains
and well-equipped interiors.
The GS was transformed with
its 2013 redesign: It became a
true sports sedan yet retained
a supple ride. Its roomy, com-
fortable, and luxurious cabin
is an excellent place to spend
time as the miles tick by.

latter available with all-wheel
drive. Both deliver good fuel
economy, and 2018 brought
standard forward collision warn-
ing and automatic emergency
braking.
SMALL SUVS
Lexus NX 2018
The NX returns good fuel
Mazda economy, both from the turbo
CX-5 four-cylinder and the 2.5-liter
hybrid, and it has steller reliability.
Plus, it comes with standard
forward collision warning and
automatic emergency brak-
ing. However, the SUV’s ride is
fairly stiff, the interior is cramped,
and the controls are frustrating
to use.
SMALL AND MIDSIZED SUVs SEDANS SMALL AND MIDSIZED SUVs
MIDSIZED AND LARGE SUVs
Hyundai Kona 2018-19 Infiniti Q50 2017 Mazda CX-5 2018-19
Toyota Highlander 2017-18
The Kona is one of the more The Q50 sports sedan is enjoy- Toyota 4Runner 2013-15
The roomy Highlander three-
appealing subcompact SUVs. Its able to drive, with a powerful Mazda’s small SUV is one of
row SUV is available with
snazzy styling helps it stand out, V6 engine, impressive handling the sportier offerings. It has
four- and six-cylinder engines,
and its smart packing creates agility, and firm yet compliant taut, agile handling and well-
as well as a fuel-efficient V6-
quite a bit of versatility despite ride. Interior room is good for the weighted steering, although the
powered Hybrid version. It has
its compact proportions. It’s easy class, and the seats are com- ride is choppy and the cabin
a quiet interior, room for seven,
to get into and has decent fuel fortable and supportive. gets loud. If your driving takes
straightforward controls, and
economy, although it isn’t too you off the beaten path, the
top-notch reliability.
fleet of foot. SPORTY CARS/CONVERTIBLES 4Runner is an off-road champ.
Mazda MX-5 Miata 2017, 2019 It has a well-finished and quiet
PICKUPS
PICKUPS A 2016 redesign took the Miata interior, a smooth V6 engine, and
Toyota Tundra 2016-17
Honda Ridgeline 2013-14 back to its roots. It feels light an available third-row seat.
Toyota Tacoma 2014-15 Among full-sized pickups, the
and quick, is frugal with fuel,
Tundra is a reliable option.
The Honda has a carlike ride, and is fun to drive at slow and $25,000-$30,000
There’s plenty of power from the
lockable weatherproof trunk, fast speeds. It gets loud and has
MIDSIZED CARS V8 engine, off-road prowess
roomy interior, and strong V6 a stiff ride, but it’s sure to put
Acura TLX 2018 and towing capability are im-
engine. The Tacoma is more a smile on your face when you
pressive, and fuel economy is
rough and utilitarian, but it’s a can take your time and drive Buyers can find TLXs with four-
competitive. The damped tailgate
dependable truck that holds curvy roads. and six-cylinder engines, the
is a nice convenience feature.
its value.
$20,000-$25,000
COMPACT CARS
Toyota Prius 2018-20
Toyota Prius Prime 2018-19 Toyota
Highlander
The Prius proves that you
don’t have to give up space or
ride comfort to get stellar gas
mileage—its 52 mpg overall
is outstanding for a vehicle
you don’t have to plug in. The
Prius Prime is an EV that can
go 22 miles on a single charge
and has a gas-electric range
of 590 miles.

Reliable Used Cars for Every Budget

Here are all the most reliable 2011 to 2020 features. All the models listed in the charts highlighted in blue performed well in our
models, so you can find the newest used come standard with electronic stability testing when new and have multiple years of
vehicle with the most up-to-date safety control (ESC), a key safety feature. Models better-than-average reliability.
Make + Model Prices Make + Model Prices

$5K- $10K- $15K- $20K- $25K- $5K- $10K- $15K- $20K- $25K-
$10K $15K $20K $25K $30K $10K $15K $20K $25K $30K
CA R S : S M A L L CA RS: MI DSI ZED A ND L A R G E Continued
BMW i3 – – ‘17 – – Subaru Legacy – ‘13-15 ‘17-18 ‘19 –

Chevrolet Bolt – – ‘17-18 ‘19-20 – Toyota Avalon – ‘11-14 ‘15-16 ‘17-18 –
Chevrolet Volt ‘12-14 ‘15 – – – Toyota Camry ‘11-12 ‘13-15 ‘16-17 ‘18-19 ‘20
Ford C-Max ‘13-14 ‘16-17 – – – Volkswagen Passat – – ‘16-17 – –

Honda Civic ‘12 ‘13-15 – – – CA RS : LUXU RY
Honda Clarity – – – ‘18 – Acura TL – ‘13-14 – – –
Honda Fit ‘11-13 – ‘17-19 – – Acura TLX – – ‘15-16 ‘17 ‘18
Honda Insight – – ‘19 – – Acura TSX – ‘12 – – –
Hyundai Accent ‘12-13 – – – – Audi A4 – – ‘15-16 ‘17 ‘18
Hyundai Elantra ‘12,’14 – ‘18 ‘19-20 – Audi A6 – ‘12 – – ‘17-18
Kia Niro – – ‘17 ‘19 – BMW 3 Series – – ‘16 ‘17 ‘18
Kia Soul ‘13 ‘15-18 ‘19 – – BMW 5 Series – – ‘15 ‘16 –
Lexus CT 200h – ‘11-13 – – – Buick LaCrosse – ‘12 ‘16 ‘17 –
Mazda3 ‘12-13 ‘14-16 ‘17-18 ‘20 – Buick Regal – ‘15 – ‘18 –
Nissan Leaf
‘11-
13,’15-16
‘17 – ‘19 – Cadillac CTS ‘11 ‘12 – – –
Toyota Corolla ‘11-13 ‘14-16 ‘17-18 ‘20 – Genesis G80 – – – – ‘17
Toyota Prius ‘11-12 ‘13-15 ‘16-17 ‘18-20 – Hyundai Genesis ‘11 – – ‘16 –
Toyota Prius C ‘12-14 ‘15-16 ‘18 – – Infiniti G ‘11-12 ‘13 – – –
Toyota Prius Prime – – ‘17 ‘18-19 ‘20 Infiniti M – ‘11-12 – – –
Toyota Prius V ‘12 ‘13-15 ‘16-17 – – Infiniti Q50 – – ‘14-15 ‘17 ‘18-19
Volkswagen Beetle ‘13 – ‘17-18 ‘19 – Infiniti Q70 – – – ‘15 –

Volkswagen Golf – – ‘17-18 ‘19 – Lexus ES – ‘11-12 ‘13-15 ‘16 ‘17
CA R S : MI D S I ZE D A ND LARG E Lexus GS – – ‘13 ‘14 ‘15-16
Chevrolet Impala – ‘15 – ‘19 – Lexus IS – – – ‘14-15 –

Chrysler 300 – ‘13 – ‘18 – Lexus LS – – ‘11-12 ‘13 ‘14
Ford Fusion – ‘14,’16 – ‘19 – Lincoln MKZ ‘11 ‘13 ‘16 ‘18 ‘19
Ford Taurus ‘11 ‘14 – – – Mercedes-Benz

C-Class – ‘12 – – –
Honda Accord ‘11-12 ‘13-14 ‘15-16 ‘17 ‘20 Mercedes-Benz
E-Class – ‘11 – ‘15 ‘16
Hyundai Azera ‘13 – – – – Volvo S60 – – ‘16-17 ‘18 –

Kia Optima – ‘15 ‘17-18 – – S PO R TS CA R S/CONVE R TI BL E S
Mazda6 – ‘14-16 ‘17-18 ‘19 – Audi A5 – – ‘14-15 ‘16 –
Nissan Altima – – ‘18 ‘20 – BMW 2 Series – – ‘15 ‘16 ‘17
Nissan Maxima – ‘14 ‘16 – – BMW 4 Series – – – ‘15-16 –

Make + Model Prices Make + Model Prices
$5K- $10K- $15K- $20K- $25K- $5K- $10K- $15K- $20K- $25K-
$10K $15K $20K $25K $30K $10K $15K $20K $25K $30K
S P O R TS CA R S/CO NV E R TIB LE S Continued S UV S : MID SIZED A ND L A R GE
Dodge Challenger – – – – ‘18 Acura MDX – – ‘13-15 – –

Mazda MX-5 Miata – ‘12 ‘15-16 ‘17,’19 – Chevrolet Equinox – – ‘17 ‘19 –
Scion FR-S – ‘13 – – – Chevrolet Tahoe – ‘11-12 ‘13 – –
Subaru BRZ – ‘13 – – – Ford Edge – ‘14 ‘15 ‘18-19 ‘20
WAGO N S A N D MI N IVANS GMC Terrain – – ‘17 ‘19 –

Honda Crosstour ‘12 ‘13 – – – GMC Yukon – ‘11-12 ‘13 – –
Kia Sedona – – ‘17 – – Honda Pilot ‘11 ‘12 ‘14-15 – ‘18
Mazda5 – ‘15 – – – Hyundai Santa Fe – – ‘17 ‘18-19 –

Toyota Sienna ‘11 ‘12-14 ‘15-16 – – Kia Sorento – – ‘17 ‘18 –
Toyota Venza – ‘11-14 ‘15 – – Lexus GX – – – – ‘15
Volvo V60 – – ‘16 ‘17-18 – Lexus RX – ‘11-12 ‘13-14 ‘15 ‘16
Volvo XC70 – – ‘16 – – Mazda CX-9 – ‘14 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18
Nissan Murano ‘12 ‘14 ‘16 ‘17 ‘19-20

S U V S : S MA LL
Acura RDX ‘11 ‘13 ‘14-16 – ‘18

Subaru Outback – ‘14 ‘16-17 ‘18 ‘19
Audi Q3 – – – – ‘18
Toyota 4Runner – – ‘11-12 ‘13-15 ‘16-17
Audi Q5 – – – ‘16 ‘17

Toyota Highlander – ‘11-12 ‘13-14 ‘15-16 ‘17-18
Buick Encore – – ‘18-19 – – PI CKU P TR UCKS
Buick Envision – – – ‘18-19 ‘20 Ford F-250 – – ‘11-12 – –

Honda CR-V ‘11 ‘12-14 ‘15-16 ‘18 ‘19-20 Ford Ranger ‘11 – – – –
Honda HR-V – – ‘16, ‘18 ‘19-20 – Honda Ridgeline – ‘11-12 ‘13-14 – –
Hyundai Kona – – ‘18-19 ‘20 – Nissan Frontier ‘11 ‘12-14 ‘15 – –
Hyundai Tucson ‘12 – ‘18 ‘19-20 – Toyota Tacoma – ‘11-13 ‘14-15 ‘16 ‘17
Infiniti QX50 – – – ‘17 – Toyota Tundra – ‘11-12 ‘13-14 ‘15 ‘16-17
Kia Sportage ‘11 – ‘17-18 ‘20 –

Lexus NX – – – ‘15-16 ‘18
Lexus UX – – – – ‘19
Lincoln MKC – – – ‘18 –

Mazda CX-3 – – ‘19 – –
Mazda CX-5 – ‘13-15 ‘16-17 ‘18-19 ‘20
Nissan Rogue – ‘14,’16 ‘17-18 – –

Subaru Crosstrek – – ‘17 ‘18-19 –
Subaru Forester – – ‘16 ‘18 ‘19-20
Toyota RAV4 – ‘11-14 ‘15-17 ‘18 –

2
STRETCH
YOUR FUEL
ECONOMY
Fuel-economy results for nearly 800
cars, trucks, and SUVs, plus our guide to
hybrid, electric, and diesel vehicles.
Fuel prices are incredibly volatile,

moving from a national average of
over $3.50 per gallon in 2012, down
to $2.11 per gallon recently. Most
drivers will experience at least one
up and down fuel-price cycle during their
ownership period. Fortunately, plenty
of vehicles provide good mileage while
demanding few sacrifices.
32
33
2 Fuel Economy
Saving Gas = Saving Cash not be getting the miles per gallon up and down lots of hills, you’ll use
This chapter will guide you to the most you expect, and the pros and cons of more fuel than commuting on flatter
fuel-efficient cars and answer questions hybrids, plug-in hybrids, diesels, and terrain. Hot and cold climates can
about fuel choices. It’s easy to see electric vehicles. also have an effect. And if you live in
how much you can save by driving a the heart of a city or spend a lot of your
more fuel-efficient vehicle. Fuel Economy: Closer to Reality highway time in stop-and-go traffic,
If you are interested in the overall Whichever type of vehicle you buy, you’ll get worse fuel economy than our
fuel economy and performance data the fuel-economy ratings will help you overall average predicts. Use our fuel-
for the hundreds of vehicles we’ve choose the most efficient vehicle to economy ratings, or those from the
tested since 2011, turn to the charts meet your needs. But bear in mind government, for a general comparison.
starting on page 39. that your mileage will vary based on Over time the EPA has overhauled its
Throughout this chapter, you’ll find how you drive and how the car has method for estimating fuel economy to
advice on various fuel-economy con- been maintained. account for new technologies and driver
cerns, such as how your driving habits Where you live makes a difference, behavior. The EPA performed a change
affect your gas mileage, why you might too. If your daily commute takes you for the 2017 model year that resulted
This chart can help you vehicle on the other axis.

determine your annual fuel The box where the two
SEE HOW MUCH savings by choosing a

more fuel-efficient vehicle
intersect shows how much
money you’d save per year,
YOU CAN SAVE over one that gets worse

gas mileage.
assuming you drive 12,000
miles per year and gasoline
To compare two vehicles costs $2.11 per gallon.
The savings from buying a more CR has tested, first look Higher fuel prices would
fuel-efficient vehicle can put some up their overall mpg in the mean greater savings.
serious cash in your pocket. charts starting on page A vehicle that uses regular
39. Then find the overall fuel will save you even
mpg figure for one vehicle more money when
on one axis of this chart, compared with one that
and the mpg for the other runs on premium.
MPG 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
12 $0 $301 $528 $703 $844 $959 $1,055 $1,136 $1,206 $1,266 $1,319 $1,365 $1,407 $1,444 $1,477 $1,507 $1,535
14 $301 $0 $226 $402 $543 $658 $754 $835 $904 $965 $1,017 $1,064 $1,105 $1,142 $1,176 $1,206 $1,233
16 $528 $226 $0 $176 $317 $432 $528 $609 $678 $739 $791 $838 $879 $916 $950 $980 $1,007
18 $703 $402 $176 $0 $141 $256 $352 $433 $502 $563 $615 $662 $703 $740 $774 $804 $831
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPRE AD: MILLENNIUM IMAGES / GALLERY STOCK

20 $844 $543 $317 $141 $0 $115 $211 $292 $362 $422 $475 $521 $563 $600 $633 $663 $691
22 $959 $658 $432 $256 $115 $0 $96 $177 $247 $307 $360 $406 $448 $485 $518 $548 $575
24 $1,055 $754 $528 $352 $211 $96 $0 $81 $151 $211 $264 $310 $352 $389 $422 $452 $480
26 $1,136 $835 $609 $433 $292 $177 $81 $0 $70 $130 $183 $229 $271 $308 $341 $371 $398
28 $1,206 $904 $678 $502 $362 $247 $151 $70 $0 $60 $113 $160 $201 $238 $271 $301 $329
30 $1,266 $965 $739 $563 $422 $307 $211 $130 $60 $0 $53 $99 $141 $178 $211 $241 $269
32 $1,319 $1,017 $791 $615 $475 $360 $264 $183 $113 $53 $0 $47 $88 $125 $158 $188 $216
34 $1,365 $1,064 $838 $662 $521 $406 $310 $229 $160 $99 $47 $0 $41 $78 $112 $142 $169
36 $1,407 $1,105 $879 $703 $563 $448 $352 $271 $201 $141 $88 $41 $0 $37 $70 $100 $128
38 $1,444 $1,142 $916 $740 $600 $485 $389 $308 $238 $178 $125 $78 $37 $0 $33 $63 $91
40 $1,477 $1,176 $950 $774 $633 $518 $422 $341 $271 $211 $158 $112 $70 $33 $0 $30 $58
42 $1,507 $1,206 $980 $804 $663 $548 $452 $371 $301 $241 $188 $142 $100 $63 $30 $0 $27
44 $1,535 $1,233 $1,007 $831 $691 $575 $480 $398 $329 $269 $216 $169 $128 $91 $58 $27 $0

in estimates that have decreased by WHAT TO EXPECT by choosing one model over another.
420
one or two mpg from 2016. To com- For a full rundown on the fuel econ-
pare EPA fuel-economy ratings, go to
fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm.
The government uses laboratory
tests to determine fuel economy, but
$ omy and performance results of all
the vehicles CR has tested since 2011,
turn to page 39.
Consumer Reports test the cars we’ve Hybrids, Electrics, and Diesels
bought at dealerships on real roads Even with low fuel prices, buyers con-
with real drivers. tinue to show an interest in hybrids and
How much you will save in fuel diesels. Both usually deliver fuel econ-
Compare MPG costs each year if you choose a 20-mpg omy that is among the best in their class.
When it comes time to focus on fuel SUV instead of a 15-mpg one. Even though they may be more expen-
economy, remember that the difference sive, some models pay for themselves in
between two vehicles can be substan- both fuel and overall owner costs dur-
tial—even those separated by just 5 mpg. ing the ownership cycle. And that payoff
Improving a vehicle from 15 mpg to period becomes shorter when fuel prices
20 mpg has a greater impact than im- average for regular is $2.11, premium are higher.
proving from 35 mpg to 40 mpg will likely cost about $2.80. So buy- When buying a used hybrid or diesel,
For example, assuming gas costs ing a car that doesn’t require premium you’ll pay a premium because these
$2.11 per gallon and you drive the na- can bring a decent savings. While both vehicles often have lower depreciation.
tional average of 12,000 miles per year, the 2013 BMW X5 and 2013 Jeep Grand Fuel costs over time can be significant-
look at two midsized, three-row SUVs: Cherokee V6 return 18 mpg overall, ly lower than their closest conventional
the 2011 Nissan Pathfinder and the the X5 requires premium fuel, which counterparts, so it can be difficult for buy-
2011 Hyundai Santa Fe, both of which means fuel costs will run about $460 ers to know whether they will recoup
come with V6 engines. The Santa Fe more annually than for the Jeep. the extra investment.
got 20 mpg overall in our fuel-economy Sports and luxury cars designed Buying a used hybrid such as the
tests, saving you more than $420 per to run on premium gas usually have Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid, Ford Fusion
year over the 15-mpg Pathfinder. If you higher-performance engines. These Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus
drive more miles or gas prices rise, the use a higher compression ratio, which ES Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid, or
savings are even greater. generates more heat in the cylinders. Toyota Prius can save you money even
And it’s not just SUVs. If you bought That makes them more prone to when fuel is cheap, as long as you keep
a 2013 four-cylinder Nissan Altima, early detonation of the fuel/air mixture, the car a few years.
which got 31 mpg overall in our tests, known as “knocking” or “pinging.” Some hybrids, however, will cost
instead of the four-cylinder Dodge Premium gas, which has an octane you more to own than a conventional
Avenger that got 21 mpg overall, you rating of 91 or higher, is less volatile equivalent at any gas price on record.
could save almost $390 per year than regular, and thus more resistant For example, a Lexus RX 450h gets
in fuel costs. to premature combustion than lower- just 5 mpg better fuel economy than
Switching categories might save octane gas. Using premium in an the conventional RX 350, not enough of
you even more money. For example, engine that doesn’t require it, how- a savings to pay off the price difference.
a 24-mpg Mazda5 wagon has more ever, doesn’t improve performance Likewise, you wouldn’t come out ahead
passenger and cargo space than a and is a waste of money. anytime soon by buying the 32-mpg
16-mpg Subaru Tribeca SUV. Choosing Be sure to check the owner’s Nissan Altima Hybrid over the 26-mpg
the Mazda5 could save you more than manual. If premium is recommended Altima 2.5 S.
$520 per year in fuel. but not required, you can run on
As you compare the fuel economy regular gasoline without problems Hybrid Longevity: Should
of different vehicles, be sure to check because the engine’s electronic You Worry?
the required grade of gasoline. A controls compensate by reducing Based on data from our Annual Auto
model that gets similar, or even slightly power. We’ve found the difference Survey, we’ve found that the Toyota
better, gas mileage than another in performance is imperceptible Prius hybrid has outstanding reliabil-
may not be a bargain if it requires in normal, everyday driving. ity and low ownership costs. But we
premium fuel. After narrowing down your choices, wanted to know whether the effective-
Premium gas now sells for a lot the chart on the left can tell you how ness of the battery degraded over
more than regular gas. If the national much money you could save annually the long run.

2 Fuel Economy
In order to determine whether bat- Electric Vehicles: More Automakers such as BMW, Mercedes,
tery degradation had an impact on fuel Mainstream Every Year and Volvo also sell PHEV versions of
economy, in 2011 we tested a 2004 The biggest news has been about battery existing vehicles.
Prius with almost 215,000 miles on electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in Battery-only EVs may require basic
it. We then compared the results with hybrid EVs (PHEVs). There are more EVs changes in driving habits. While the
a 2004 Prius that we tested when new. and PHEVs on the road than ever, and Chevrolet Bolt, Hyundai Kona, and
In addition to having the original bat- their ranges are getting longer. Tesla Model S, X, and 3 have ranges be-
tery, the retested Prius had the original EVs allow drivers to commute mod- tween 180 and over 300 miles on a sin-
engine and transmission. erate distances using no gasoline and gle charge, other EVs on the used-car
The results? Overall fuel economy producing no tailpipe emissions. They market have a limited driving range.
dropped to 42 mpg for the 215,000-mile can be charged by plugging them into They all can take hours to recharge on
Prius compared with 44 mpg back in a household wall outlet, although how a household outlet and cost more than
2004. Highway mileage dipped to long it takes to recharge depends on similar conventional cars.
47.9 mpg, from 50.4 back in 2004. City the vehicle and the electrical voltage. Battery life expectancy and replace-
mileage dropped to 32.2 mpg compared Used EVs and PHEVs are available ment cost remain question marks,
with the original car’s 35.4 mpg. from Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and the public charging infrastructure
If the battery of this 215k-mile car Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar, Kia, is still limited.
had to be replaced, it would cost between Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi,
$2,800 and $3,200 from a dealer, Nissan, Smart, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswa- Before You Buy: Things
after receiving a “core credit” of about gen, and Volvo. to Consider
$1,350 for the old battery pack. The Chevrolet Volt, Honda Clarity, Answer these questions to determine
But there is no need to spend that Toyota Prius Prime, and other PHEVs whether an EV is right for you:
much. In our searches, we found many are a bridge between fully electric ve- ® How far do you drive? If you will be
low-mile used batteries for sale at hicles and standard hybrids. They can using the car for running local errands
prices between $500 and $1,000, and drive short distances on electricity only, or you have a short commute, say 20
some remanufactured batteries start and then switch to gas/electric hybrid to 30 miles each way, the Nissan Leaf
as low as $850. operation once the battery depletes. would probably fit your needs. With
MOST IMPACT rack, while the RAV4 was down

Reduce unnecessary drag. only 5 mpg. The bikes stuck out
TIPS TO GET THE At highway speeds, more than

50 percent of engine power goes
to the sides of the sedan, which
created extra drag. They were
MOST MPG to overcoming aerodynamic

drag. Don’t add to that by
mostly hidden behind the wider,
boxier RAV4’s bodywork.
carrying unneeded things on the The roof-top box resulted in a
roof. We did fuel economy tests 9 mpg decrease for the Altima,
at highway speed on a Nissan and a 5 mpg drop for the RAV4.
Altima and Toyota RAV4 with a Overall, the aerodynamic drag
roof rack, tail-hitch rack, and doesn’t hurt the RAV4 as much
How you drive can significantly SUV ,to test the effects of driving a roof-top box. as the sleeker Altima. But it’s
affect your fuel economy. That’s aggressively, carrying a car-top Carrying two mountain bikes best to remove rooftop racks or
the key finding of CR’s fuel- storage box and/or bicycles on the roof had the biggest storage boxes when not using
economy tests. On the highway, on racks, driving at faster and impact. The Altima lost 13 mpg, them to carry anything.
keeping your speed down, driving slower speeds on the highway, going from 46 mpg down to 33. Minimize driving with a cold
steadily, and not carrying items and driving with a cold engine, The RAV4 lost 7 mpg, dropping engine. Engines run most effi-
on the roof are key to cutting underinflated tires, and a dirty to 32 mpg from 39 mpg. ciently when they’re warm. In
PHOTO: SHUT TERSTOCK
fuel bills. In city and stop-and-go air cleaner. Of course, the big- There’s even a loss when driv- our city-driving tests, making mul-
conditions, driving smoothly gest factor is vehicle choice. Even ing with the empty roof rack tiple short trips and starting
and with the engine warmed up when we simultaneously com- installed: The Altima dropped 5 the engine from cold reduced fuel
make the greatest difference. mitted a number of fuel-economy mpg while the Toyota lost 2 mpg. economy with our test vehicles.
We used four-cylinder sedans faux pas the sedans got better The Nissan lost 12 mpg with Engines also produce more pol-
and SUVs, and a V8-powered fuel economy than the SUV. the bikes on the hitch-mounted lution and wear faster when cold.

a PHEV like the BMW i3, distance is
not such a limiting factor. Of course, if CARGO COSTS
you can plug in while you’re away from Adding bike racks
and car carriers
home, you’ll extend your electric-driv-
can decrease
ing range and fuel-cost savings. Longer fuel economy.
trips aren’t an EV’s strength.
Keep in mind that a car’s electric
range can vary significantly depending
on weather and driving style. Our Tesla
Model 3 has an EPA range of 310 miles.
But in cold weather evaluations, the car
used up 121 miles of range in only 64
miles of driving. Similarly, a Nissan Leaf,
with an EPA range of 151 miles, had just
10 miles remaining after we drove a to-
tal of 64 miles. Using the heater in cold
weather is a big drain on the range.
® Will an EV save you money? Because
EVs don’t have an engine or conven-

tional transmission, they generally have
lower maintenance costs, which should
save money over time. Depending on
your local electricity rates and what you
currently drive, running an EV should
cost less than filling up with gas.
Electricity costs an average of 12 cents
per kilowatt-hour in the U.S. Most
To minimize cold-engine driving, use. Unnecessary braking a difference. The A/C cut our that under-inflated tires pro-
combine short trips so that the wastes the fuel you used to get Forester’s mileage by only vide much less grip for turning
engine stays warm. up to speed. Drive smoothly about 1 mpg on the highway and stopping, and they run
Slow down. Aerodynamic drag and anticipate the movement of and about 2 mpg in town. But much hotter. Overheated tires
increases exponentially the faster traffic. Once up to speed, main- the effect on our Accord was wear faster and can lead to a
you drive on the highway. We tain a steady pace. Smooth much greater. In any case, the blowout. Check the pressure
tested our vehicles’ fuel economy acceleration, cornering, and A/C helps dehumidify the cabin, of your vehicle’s tires at least
at 55, 65, and 75 mph. Driving at braking also extend the life of which can contribute to keeping once per month, when the tires
75 mph instead of 65 reduced the the engine, transmission, brakes, the driver alert and safe. We think are cold.
Camry’s mileage from 35 mpg and tires. that’s a worthwhile trade-off. Also check the tires before
to 30. For the Ford Explorer, fuel Use air conditioning if you and after long road trips. The
economy fell from 21 mpg to 18. must. We tested the effects LITTLE IMPACT recommended tire pressure
Slowing down to 55 mph saw the of using air conditioning vs. Keep tires inflated. Our tests is found on a label inside the
Camry improve to 40 mpg and opening the windows at various show that driving on moderately car—usually in a doorjamb,
the Ford to 24 mpg. temperatures. At the relatively underinflated tires is more inside the glove-box lid, or in-
low temperature of 55° F, we of a safety concern than a fuel- side the fuel-filler lid.
SOME IMPACT found that the effects of running economy concern. We set the Keep your air filter clean. We
Drive smoothly. We found in the A/C were minimal. But on air pressure in all four tires in found that driving with a dirty
our tests that frequent bursts an 85° F day, running the A/C the Camry and Explorer to 10 psi air filter in modern engines
of acceleration and braking re- reduced fuel economy by as below that recommended by didn’t have a significant impact.
duced the Camry’s mileage by 2 much as 5 mpg on the highway. the auto manufacturer. This re- Today’s engines precisely control
to 3 mpg and the Explorer’s by We performed this test on duced highway mileage only the air/fuel ratio, based on the
about 1 mpg. The harder you various car types and found slightly for both vehicles. volume of air coming in through
accelerate, the more fuel you that the car also makes But what is more important is the filter.

2 Fuel Economy
EVs run for about 3 miles per kWh, which depending on the home’s existing electric car can quickly kick you into
works out to about 4 cents per mile. wiring and location of the outlet. Level a higher price bracket.
With regular gas costing about $2.60 2 chargers are currently retailing for Almost every electric utility has de-
per gallon, a car such as the Toyota about $500, and prices have been veloped, or is developing, special
Corolla, which gets a very good 32 mpg coming down. rates for electric cars and for off-peak
overall, would cost 8 cents per mile ® What will you pay for charging? charging. But such rate plans require
for fuel. But electrical rates vary widely, Many utilities offer a wide variety of the installation of “smart” meters, which
so check your local rates. rate plans, so it’s important to find can monitor the time of day when elec-
No one knows how long the newer out which will work for you. High electricity is used. So it’s best to call your
lithium-ion batteries will last before tric rates can erode an EV’s savings over utility company before you buy an
they’ll need replacement. And there’s a gas car. For example, at our track in electric car.
no track record with which to gauge Connecticut, electricity is about 19 cents
them, as there is with the nickel- per kWh. Even at that rate, electric cars Diesel Struggles: An
metal-hydride batteries in today’s cost only one-half to two-thirds as much Ongoing Battle
hybrids. The Leaf and Volt carry 8-year/ to drive per mile as the most efficient Diesel passenger cars have faced
100,000-mile warranties on their gasoline-powered cars. an uphill struggle in the U.S. Initially,
battery packs and related hardware— Off-peak electricity rates are lower there was the perception they were
and some states mandate longer war- in some areas of the country because loud, clattering vehicles with lousy
ranties. But EVs don’t require routine you’re taking advantage of the excess acceleration and an oily smell. But
maintenance for oil changes, or re- capacity that power plants have at modern technology has made today’s
placement fans, belts, or spark plugs, night. In Detroit, for example, charg- diesels peppy and unobtrusive. They
like gas-powered cars do. ing off-peak in the summer would cost are quicker and quieter than their pre-
® How you can charge at home. You 5.65 cents per kWh, or about 50 cents decessors because of turbocharging,
can charge an EV at any household for a full charge, less than half what it ultra-precise, high-pressure “common
outlet, but you may be hard-pressed to costs during summer peak hours. rail” fuel injection, and better exhaust-
charge a dedicated EV overnight on a Buyers who live in California, where system catalysts.
120-volt outlet (known as Level 1 charg- EVs and public chargers are more However, without advanced emis-
ing). A heavy-duty 240-volt outlet (Level plentiful, need to be especially care- sions controls, diesels can emit higher
2 charging) on a dedicated 30- or 40-amp ful when choosing a plan. That state’s levels of two hard-to-manage pollut-
circuit, similar to an outlet for an Public Utilities Commission has set ants: oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which
electric clothes dryer, is more practical. caps on usage for the lowest rates form smog and contribute to acid rain,
Installing a 240-volt connector runs in basic plans. So unless you choose and particulates (soot), which have
an estimated $700 to $2,000, an appropriate plan, charging an been linked to respiratory problems.
In 2015, the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency and the California Air
Resources Board announced that Volks-
wagen had been cheating on its
HOME FILL
diesel emissions controls.
A 240-volt charger
at your house can VW admitted to circumventing the
recharge your EV emissions control system in more than
while you sleep. 500,000 diesel vehicles sold in the U.S.
since 2008. Owners were able to sell
their VW diesels back to Volkswagen or
choose to have them fixed. Volkswagen
was also allowed to fix the cars that they
bought back and resell them.
You can buy used diesels from BMW,
Chevrolet, GMC, Jaguar, Jeep, Land
PHOTO: SHUT TERSTOCK
Rover, Mercedes-Benz, and Ram, in

addition to the fixed Audi, Porsche, and
VW models. But most automakers have
either stopped selling new vehicles, or
shelved plans to sell them in the U.S.

Ratings
2011-2020 CR Fuel-Economy
and Road-Test Data
These charts show the overall fuel-economy, acceleration, and is the miles per gallon from CR’s tests. For electric cars (identified with *)
braking test results for nearly 750 vehicles. Trans. is the transmis- the mpg equivalent is listed. Plug-in hybrid (identified with **)
sion type (AT=automatic, MT=manual, CVT=continuously variable, mileage is a combination of electric and gas. 0-60 mph acceleration
Seq=sequential, D=direct drive) and number of speeds as tested. HP is determined by starting from a standstill with the engine idling.
is the horsepower of the engine tested. Engine is the configuration Braking is the distance in feet that a vehicle took to stop from 60 mph
(T=turbo, SC=supercharged, TD=turbodiesel, L=liters). CR’s overall mpg on dry pavement without any of the wheels locking up.
Tested model Model- Trans. HP Engine Road-Test Data Tested model Model- Trans. HP Engine Road-Test Data
year range year range
Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Acura ILX 2.0 L 2012-2015 5 AT 150 2.0 L 4 28 9.4 136 Audi Q7 Premium
Plus 2020 8 AT 335 3.0 L V6 T 20 7.0 133
Acura ILX Premium 2016-2020 seq 8 201 2.4 L 4 28 7.5 132 Audi TT Premium
Plus 2011-2015 seq 6 211 2.0 L 4 T 25 6.7 120
Acura MDX 2011-2013 6 AT 300 3.7 L V6 18 7.3 126
Audi TT 2.0T 2016-2020 seq 6 220 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.3 113
Acura MDX Tech 2014-2015 6 AT 290 3.5 L V6 20 7.2 136
BMW 135i 2011-2013 6 MT 300 3.0 L 6 T 23 5.2 119
Acura MDX Tech 2016-2020 9 AT 290 3.5 L V6 21 6.8 135
BMW 228i Gran
Coupe 2020 8 AT 228 2.0 L 4 T 27 7.2 132
Acura RDX 2011-2012 5 AT 240 2.3 L 4 T 18 7.4 133
BMW M235i 2014-2016 6 MT 320 3.0 L 6 T 25 5.2 115
Acura RDX 2013-2018 6 AT 273 3.5 L V6 22 6.6 132
BMW 328i conv. 2011-2012 6 AT 230 3.0 L 6 21 7.8 134
Acura RDX 2019-2020 10 AT 272 2.0 L 4 T 22 7.0 127
BMW 328i 2011 6 AT 230 3.0 L 6 23 6.9 130
Acura RL 2011-2012 5 AT 300 3.7 L V6 19 6.9 131
BMW 328i 2012-2016 8 AT 240 2.0 L 4 T 28 6.3 132
Acura RLX Tech 2014-2020 6 AT 310 3.5 L V6 23 6.5 128
3.0 L
Acura TL 2011 5 AT 280 3.5 L V6 23 6.8 128 BMW 335d 2011 6 AT 265 28 6.7 134
6 TD
Acura TL 2012-2014 6 AT 280 3.5 L V6 24 6.8 131 BMW 328d xDrive 2014-2018 8 AT 180 2.0 L 4 TD 35 8.5 132
Acura TLX (4-cyl.) 2015-2020 seq 8 206 2.4 L 4 27 7.4 129 BMW 330i xDrive 2017-2018 8 AT 248 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.9 129
Acura TLX (V6) 2015-2020 9 AT 290 3.5 L V6 25 6.5 129 BMW 330i xDrive 2019-2020 8 AT 255 2.0 L 4 T 29 6.4 129
Acura TSX 2011-2014 5 AT 201 2.4 L 4 25 8.3 138 BMW 535i 2011-2016 8 AT 300 3.0 L 6 T 23 6.1 137
Alfa Romeo Giulia Ti 2017-2020 8 AT 280 2.0 L 4 T 27 6.7 136 BMW 530i xDrive 2017-2020 8 AT 248 2.0 L 4 T 26 7.2 130
Alfa Romeo BMW 750Li 2011-2012 6 AT 400 4.4 L V8 T 18 5.7 126
Stelvio Ti 2018-2020 8 AT 280 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.0 132
4.4 L
Audi A3 2.0T 2011-2014 seq 6 200 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.3 134 BMW 750i xDrive 2016-2020 8 AT 445 21 5.3 131
V8 T
Audi A3 (1.8T) 2015-2016 seq 6 170 1.8 L 4 T 27 8.3 124 BMW i3 Giga 2014-2020 1D 170 1.3 L 2 +E 139* 7.5 131
Audi A4 Premium 2011-2016 8 AT 211 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.2 140 BMW X1 xDrive28i 2013-2015 8 AT 240 2.0 L 4 T 23 6.8 133
Audi A4 Premium
Plus 2017-2020 seq 7 252 2.0 L 4 T 27 6.3 135 BMW X1 xDrive28i 2016-2020 8 AT 228 2.0 L 4 T 26 7.9 134
Audi A6 3.0T 3.0 L V6 BMW X2 xDrive28i 2018-2020 8 AT 228 2.0 L 4 T 25 8.0 134
Premium 2011 6 AT 300 20 5.7 133
SC
BMW X3 xDrive28i 2011-2012 8 AT 240 3.0 L 6 22 7.2 134
Audi A6 Premium 3.0 L V6
Plus 2012-2018 8 AT 310 22 5.7 132
SC BMW X3 xDrive28i 2013-2017 8 AT 240 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.3 130
Audi A6 2.0T 2019-2020 8 AT 248 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.8 129 BMW X3 xDrive30i 2018-2020 8 AT 248 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.7 128
Audi A8 L 2011-2012 8 AT 372 4.2 L V8 21 5.5 126 3.0 L
BMW X5 xDrive35d 2011-2013 6 AT 265 22 8.3 130
6 TD
Audi A8 3.0T 2019-2020 8 AT 335 3.0 L V6 T 21 6.1 133
BMW X5 xDrive35i 2011-2013 8 AT 300 3.0 L 6 T 18 7.0 131
Audi Allroad
Premium 2013-2016 8 AT 211 2.0 L 4 T 22 8.1 131
Audi Q3 2015-2018 6 AT 200 2.0 L 4 T 22 8.4 132
Audi Q3 2019-2020 8 AT 228 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.8 126
BMW Z4 sDrive28i 2012-2016 6 MT 240 2.0 L 4 T 28 6.1 122
Audi Q5 2011 6 AT 270 3.2 L V6 19 7.1 130
BMW Z4 sDrive30i 2019-2020 8 AT 255 2.0 L 4 T 29 6.1 111
Audi Q5 Premium
Plus 2012-2017 8 AT 211 2.0 L 4 T 21 7.9 130 Buick Cascada
Premium 2016-2019 6 AT 200 1.6 L 4 T 22 8.9 134
Audi Q5 Premium
Plus 2018-2020 seq 7 252 2.0 L 4 T 24 6.8 130 Buick Enclave CXL 2011-2017 6 AT 288 3.6 L V6 15 7.9 142
Audi Q7 Premium 3.0 L V6 Buick Enclave
Plus 2017-2019 8 AT 333 20 6.7 127 2018-2020 9 AT 310 3.6 L V6 18 7.4 130
SC Premium

Ratings 2011-2020 CR Fuel-Economy and Road-Test Data
Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Buick Encore Chevrolet Colorado
(Leather) 2013-2020 6 AT 138 1.4 L 4 T 23 11.0 127 (V6) 2015-2020 6 AT 305 3.6 L V6 18 7.5 132
Buick Encore GX Chevrolet Colorado
Select 2020 9 AT 155 1.3 L 3 T 26 9.4 126 (diesel) 2016-2020 6 AT 181 2.8 L 4 TD 24 10.3 134
Buick Envision Chevrolet Corvette
Premium 2016-2018 6 AT 252 2.0 L 4 T 21 7.9 128 Z06 2011-2013 6 MT 505 7.0 L V8 19 4.3 121
Buick LaCrosse CXS 2011-2016 6 AT 280 3.6 L V6 20 7.2 137 Chevrolet Corvette
Stingray 3LT 2014-2019 7 MT 460 6.2 L V8 20 4.3 107
Buick LaCrosse CX 2011 6 AT 182 2.4 L 4 23 10.2 132 Chevrolet Cruze 1LT 2011-2015 6 AT 138 1.4 L 4 T 26 9.8 139
Buick LaCrosse
Leather 2012-2016 6 AT 182 2.4 L 4 26 9.2 130 Chevrolet Cruze LS 2011-2015 6 AT 138 1.8 L 4 26 10.5 139
Buick LaCrosse Chevrolet Cruze Eco 2012-2015 6 AT 138 1.4 L 4 T 27 10.0 131
Essence 2017-2020 9 AT 310 3.6 L V6 24 6.3 127
Buick Lucerne CXS 2011 4 AT 275 4.6 L V8 17 7.5 143 Chevrolet Cruze LT 2016-2019 6 AT 153 1.4 L 4 T 30 8.5 125
Chevrolet Cruze
Buick Regal CXL 2011-2012 6 AT 182 2.4 L 4 23 9.9 131 Diesel 2014-2015 6 AT 151 2.0 L 4 TD 33 9.7 134
Buick Regal CXL Chevrolet Cruze
turbo 2011-2013 6 AT 220 2.0 L 4 T 23 8.3 134 Diesel 2017-2019 9 AT 137 1.6 L 4 TD 41 9.1 132
Buick Regal Chevrolet Equinox
Premium I 2014-2017 6 AT 259 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.4 125 1LT 2011-2017 6 AT 182 2.4 L 4 21 10.7 138
Buick Regal Essence Chevrolet Equinox
(AWD) 2018-2020 8 AT 250 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.0 125 2LT 2011-2012 6 AT 264 3.0 L V6 18 9.1 134
Buick Verano Chevrolet Equinox
Leather 2012-2017 6 AT 180 2.4 L 4 24 8.5 129 LTZ 2013-2017 6 AT 292 3.6 L V6 18 7.1 138
Cadillac ATS Luxury 2013-2015 6 AT 272 2.0 L 4 T 23 6.5 125 Chevrolet Equinox LT 2018-2020 6 AT 170 1.5 L 4 T 25 9.6 132
Cadillac CT4 Chevrolet Equinox
Premium Luxury 2020 8 AT 237 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.4 129 LT Diesel 2018-2019 6 AT 137 1.6 L 4 TD 31 10.1 135
Cadillac CT5 Chevrolet HHR LT 2011 4 AT 172 2.4 L 4 24 9.1 143
Premium Luxury 2020 10 AT 237 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.7 127
Cadillac CT6 Luxury 2016-2020 8 AT 335 3.6 L V6 22 6.5 125 Chevrolet Impala LT 2011 4 AT 211 3.5 L V6 20 9.5 135
Cadillac CTS Chevrolet Impala LT 2012-2013 6 AT 302 3.6 L V6 22 7.2 137
Premium 2011-2013 6 AT 304 3.6 L V6 19 6.8 129
Chevrolet Impala
Cadillac CTS Luxury 2LTZ 2014-2020 6 AT 305 3.6 L V6 22 6.9 130
(AWD) 2014-2015 6 AT 321 3.6 L V6 21 6.8 127
Chevrolet Malibu
Cadillac CTS Luxury LTZ 2011-2012 6 AT 252 3.6 L V6 20 6.5 129
(AWD) 2016-2019 8 AT 335 3.6 L V6 22 6.5 127
Cadillac DTS Chevrolet Malibu LT 2011-2012 6 AT 169 2.4 L 4 25 9.4 138
Luxury II 2011 4 AT 275 4.6 L V8 17 7.6 145
Chevrolet Malibu 1LT 2013-2015 6 AT 197 2.5 L 4 26 8.1 135
Cadillac Escalade
(base) 2011-2014 6 AT 403 6.2 L V8 13 7.5 158
Chevrolet Malibu
2LTZ 2013-2015 6 AT 259 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.0 128
Cadillac Escalade
Luxury 2015-2020 8 AT 420 6.2 L V8 16 6.1 142
Chevrolet Malibu LT 2016-2020 6 AT 160 1.5 L 4 T 29 8.4 130
Cadillac SRX Luxury 2011 6 AT 265 3.0 L V6 17 8.6 126 Chevrolet Malibu
Hybrid 2016-2019 CVT 182 1.8 L 4 41 8.0 135
Cadillac SRX Luxury 2012-2016 6 AT 308 3.6 L V6 18 7.1 135
Chevrolet Silverado
1500 LT 2011-2013 6 AT 315 5.3 L V8 14 7.9 150
Cadillac STS Luxury 2011 6 AT 302 3.6 L V6 18 6.4 133
Chevrolet Silverado
Cadillac XT4 1500 LT 2014-2018 6 AT 355 5.3 L V8 16 7.5 138
Premium Luxury 2019-2020 9 AT 237 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.6 128
Chevrolet Silverado
Cadillac XT5 Luxury 1500 LT 2019-2020 8 AT 355 5.3 L V8 17 6.9 136
2017-2020 8 AT 310 3.6 L V6 20 7.1 132
Cadillac XT6 Chevrolet Silverado 3.0 L
2020 9 AT 310 3.6 L V6 18 7.1 134 1500 LT 2020 10 AT 277 23 7.9 144
Premium Luxury 6 TD
Cadillac XTS Chevrolet Silverado 6.6 L V8
Premium 2013-2019 6 AT 304 3.6 L V6 22 7.2 128 2500HD LTZ 2011-2013 6 AT 397 14 7.9 148
TD
Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Silverado 6.6 L V8
LT 2011-2013 6 AT 320 5.3 L V8 14 8.9 146 2016-2018 6 AT 397 14 8.2 157
2500HD LTZ TD
Chevrolet Aveo5 LT 2011 4 AT 106 1.6 L 4 26 11.7 138 Chevrolet Sonic LTZ
hatch. 2012-2016 6 MT 138 1.4 L 4 T 30 8.9 130
Chevrolet Aveo LT 2011 4 AT 103 1.6 L 4 25 11.6 133 Chevrolet Sonic LT
sedan 2012-2019 6 AT 138 1.8 L 4 28 9.3 128
Chevrolet Blazer 2019-2020 9 AT 305 3.6 L V6 19 6.4 130
Chevrolet Spark 1LT 2014-2015 CVT 84 1.2 L 4 31 12.8 128
Chevrolet Bolt
Premier 2017-2020 1D 200 electric 119* 6.8 138
Chevrolet Spark 1LT 2016-2020 CVT 98 1.4 L 4 33 12.0 129
Chevrolet Camaro
2LT 2011-2015 6 MT 304 3.6 L V6 21 6.6 133 Chevrolet SS 2014-2016 6 AT 415 6.2 L V8 17 5.1 118
Chevrolet Camaro Chevrolet Suburban
2SS coupe 2011-2015 6 MT 426 6.2 L V8 18 5.1 129 2011-2014 6 AT 320 5.3 L V8 14 8.4 147
LT
Chevrolet Camaro Chevrolet Suburban
2SS conv. 2011-2015 6 AT 400 6.2 L V8 17 5.6 117 2015-2020 6 AT 355 5.3 L V8 16 7.9 139
LTZ
Chevrolet Camaro Chevrolet Tahoe
2SS coupe 2016-2020 6 MT 455 6.2 L V8 20 4.4 112 2011-2014 6 AT 320 5.3 L V8 14 8.4 144
LTZ
Chevrolet Colorado
LS 2011-2012 4 AT 220 3.5 L 5 16 9.6 156 Chevrolet Tahoe LT 2015-2020 6 AT 355 5.3 L V8 16 7.7 136

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Chevrolet Tahoe Ford Edge (2.0T) 2015-2018 6 AT 245 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.8 132
Hybrid 2011-2013 CVT 332 6.0 L V8 19 9.6 156
Chevrolet Traverse LT Ford Edge (2.0T) 2019-2020 8 AT 250 2.0 L 4 T 22 7.7 129
2011-2017 6 AT 281 3.6 L V6 16 7.9 141
Ford Escape XLT 2011-2012 6 AT 240 3.0 L V6 19 7.9 141
Chevrolet Traverse LT 2018-2020 9 AT 310 3.6 L V6 20 7.3 130
Ford Escape XLT 2011-2012 6 AT 171 2.5 L 4 21 10.0 141
Chevrolet Trax 2015-2020 6 AT 138 1.4 L 4 T 25 10.8 130
Ford Escape SE 2013-2016 6 AT 173 1.6 L 4 T 22 9.9 133
Chevrolet Volt 2011-2015 1D 150 1.4 L 4 + E 61** 9.4 136
Ford Escape
Chevrolet Volt LT 2016-2019 1D 149 1.5 L 4 + E 105* 8.0 133 Titanium 2013-2016 6 AT 231 2.0 L 4 T 22 8.2 134
Chrysler 200 Ford Escape SE 2017-2019 6 AT 179 1.5 L 4 T 23 10.1 132
Limited 2011-2014 6 AT 283 3.6 L V6 21 6.8 140
Ford Escape SE 2020 8 AT 180 1.5 L 3 T 26 8.9 128
Chrysler 200 C 2015-2017 9 AT 295 3.6 L V6 25 6.9 138
Ford Escape SE
Chrysler 200 Sport Hybrid 2020 CVT 198 2.5 L 4 34 8.3 128
Limited 2015-2017 9 AT 184 2.4 L 4 30 9.8 130
Chrysler 300 Ford Expedition EL 2011-2014 6 AT 300 5.4 L V8 13 9.1 154
Limited 2012-2020 8 AT 292 3.6 L V6 22 7.4 137
Ford Expedition EL 2015-2017 6 AT 365 3.5 L V6 T 14 7.2 136
Chrysler 300 C 2011-2014 5 AT 363 5.7 L V8 18 6.2 134 Ford Expedition
MAX Limited 2018-2020 10 AT 375 3.5 L V6 T 16 7.3 143
Chrysler 300 C 2015-2020 8 AT 363 5.7 L V8 20 6.1 134
Chrysler Pacifica Ford Explorer XLT 2011-2019 6 AT 290 3.5 L V6 18 7.9 135
Touring L 2017-2020 9 AT 287 3.6 L V6 21 8.0 136
Ford Explorer XLT 2020 10 AT 300 2.3 L 4 T 21 7.4 136
Chrysler Pacifica
Hybrid Plat. 2017-2020 CVT 248 3.6 L V6 27 8.3 145 Ford F-150 XLT (V8) 2011-2014 6 AT 360 5.0 L V8 15 7.8 142
Chrysler T & C Ford F-150 XLT
Tour.-L 2011-2016 6 AT 283 3.6 L V6 17 8.1 141 2011-2014 6 AT 365 3.5 L V6 T 15 7.7 142
(3.5T)
Dodge Avenger Ford F-150 XLT
Mainstreet 2011-2013 6 AT 173 2.4 L 4 21 10.3 143 2015-2017 6 AT 365 3.5 L V6 T 16 7.2 139
(3.5T)
Dodge Caliber SXT 2011-2012 CVT 158 2.4 L 4 24 10.5 149 Ford F-150 XLT
(2.7T) 2015-2017 6 AT 325 2.7 L V6 T 17 7.0 137
Dodge Challenger
R/T 2011-2014 6 MT 376 5.7 L V8 19 6.5 130 Ford F-150 XLT
(2.7T) 2018-2020 10 AT 325 2.7 L V6 T 19 6.8 145
Dodge Challenger
R/T Plus 2015-2020 6 MT 375 5.7 L V8 20 5.5 119 6.7 L V8
Ford F-250 Lariat 2011-2016 6 AT 400 16 8.7 157
Dodge Charger TD
(base) 2011-2012 5 AT 292 3.6 L V6 21 7.5 134 6.7-L V8
Ford F-250 Lariat 2017-2020 6 AT 450 15 8.1 155
Dodge Charger TD
SXT Plus 2012-2020 8 AT 292 3.6 L V6 22 7.4 134
Ford Fiesta SES
hatch. 2011-2019 5 MT 120 1.6 L 4 32 10.7 134
Dodge Charger (V8) 2015-2020 8 AT 370 5.7 L V8 20 6.1 128
Ford Fiesta SE
Dodge Dakota SLT 2011 5 AT 230 4.7 L V8 14 9.0 145 sedan 2011-2019 seq 6 120 1.6 L 4 33 10.9 142
Dodge Dart SXT 2014-2016 6 AT 184 2.4 L 4 27 9.3 127 Ford Fiesta SE (1.0T) 2014-2017 5 MT 123 1.0 L 3 T 35 9.0 125
Dodge Durango (V8) 2011-2013 5 AT 360 5.7 L V8 14 8.1 140 Ford Fiesta ST 2014-2019 6 MT 197 1.6 L 4 T 29 7.3 118
Dodge Durango (V6) 2011-2013 5 AT 290 3.6 L V6 17 9.4 144 Ford Flex SEL 2011-2012 6 AT 262 3.5 L V6 17 9.0 144
Dodge Durango (V6) 2014-2020 8 AT 290 3.6 L V6 18 8.3 134 Ford Flex Limited 2011-2012 6 AT 355 3.5 L V6 T 17 6.5 140
Dodge Grand Ford Flex SEL 2013-2019 6 AT 287 3.5 L V6 18 8.5 141
Caravan 2011-2020 6 AT 283 3.6 L V6 17 8.1 141
Ford Focus SES 2011 4 AT 132 2.0 L 4 26 10.1 137
Dodge Journey Lux 2011-2019 6 AT 283 3.6 L V6 16 8.1 139
Ford Focus SES 2011 5 MT 132 2.0 L 4 29 9.0 137
Dodge Nitro SLT 2011 4 AT 210 3.7 L V6 16 9.1 142
Ford Focus SE 2012-2015 seq 6 160 2.0 L 4 28 9.2 141
Dodge Ram 1500
SLT 2011 5 AT 390 5.7 L V8 14 7.6 137
Ford Focus SE 2016-2018 seq 6 160 2.0 L 4 29 9.8 128
Dodge Ram 2500
Laramie 2011-2012 6 AT 350 6.7 L 6 TD 13 9.6 149 Ford Focus SE (1.0T) 2016-2018 6 AT 123 1.0 L 3 T 29 11.0 128
Fiat 124 Lusso 2017-2020 6 MT 160 1.4 L 4 T 31 7.1 121 Ford Focus SE SFE 2012-2014 seq 6 159 2.0 L 4 31 8.5 129
Fiat 500 Sport 2012-2017 5 MT 101 1.4 L 4 33 11.3 134 Ford Focus SEL
hatch. 2012-2015 seq 6 160 2.0 L 4 28 9.3 137
Fiat 500c Pop 2012-2017 5 MT 101 1.4 L 4 34 11.0 129 Ford Focus Electric 2012-2018 1D 143 electric 107* 10.2 140
Fiat 500 Abarth 2013-2019 5 MT 160 1.4 L 4 T 28 8.0 125 Ford Focus ST 2013-2018 6 MT 252 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.6 122
Fiat 500L Easy 2014-2020 seq 6 160 1.4 L 4 T 27 9.5 132 Ford Fusion (AWD) 2011-2012 6 AT 240 3.0 L V6 20 8.6 143
Fiat 500X Pop 2016-2020 9 AT 180 2.4 L 4 23 9.8 130 Ford Fusion (FWD) 2011-2012 6 AT 240 3.0 L V6 22 7.8 143
2.0 L 4 Ford Fusion SE
Ford C-MAX Energi 2013-2017 CVT 195 47** 8.1 136 2011-2012 6 AT 175 2.5 L 4 24 9.6 141
+E
Ford Fusion SE
Ford C-MAX Hybrid 2013-2018 CVT 188 2.0 L 4 37 8.4 138 (1.5T) 2014-2020 6 AT 181 1.5 L 4 T 24 9.2 125
Ford EcoSport SES 2018-2020 6 AT 166 2.0 L 4 24 10.7 132 Ford Fusion
Titanium 2013-2020 6 AT 231 2.0 L 4 T 22 7.4 130
Ford Edge SEL 2011-2014 6 AT 285 3.5 L V6 18 8.1 134 Ford Fusion Hybrid 2011-2012 CVT 191 2.5 L 4 34 8.9 142
Ford Edge SEL
(FWD) 2012-2014 6 AT 247 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.9 132 Ford Fusion Hybrid 2013-2020 CVT 188 2.0 L 4 39 8.3 140

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Ford Mustang Prem. 2011-2014 6 MT 305 3.7 L V6 24 6.2 134 Honda Fit Sport 2011-2013 5 MT 118 1.5 L 4 33 9.2 136
Ford Mustang GT Honda Fit EX 2015-2020 CVT 130 1.5 L 4 33 10.0 132
Prem. conv. 2011-2014 6 AT 402 5.0 L V8 23 5.5 134
Ford Mustang GT Honda HR-V LX 2016-2020 CVT 141 1.8 L 4 29 10.5 132
Prem. 2011-2014 6 MT 402 5.0 L V8 22 5.1 129
Honda Insight EX 2011-2014 CVT 98 1.3 L 4 38 11.8 136
Ford Mustang GT
Prem. 2015-2020 6 MT 435 5.0 L V8 19 4.9 121
Honda Insight EX 2019-2020 CVT 151 1.5 L 4 54 8.7 136
Ford Mustang (2.3 T) 2015-2020 6 AT 310 2.3 L 4 T 25 6.4 125 Honda Odyssey EX-L 2011-2013 5 AT 248 3.5 L V6 19 8.7 143
Ford Ranger Sport 2011 5 AT 207 4.0 L V6 16 9.2 151 Honda Odyssey EX-L 2014-2017 6 AT 248 3.5 L V6 21 8.4 136
Ford Ranger 2019-2020 10 AT 270 2.3 L 4 T 20 7.4 143 Honda Odyssey EX-L 2018-2020 9 AT 280 3.5 L V6 22 8.1 136
Ford Taurus Limited 2011-2012 6 AT 263 3.5 L V6 19 7.9 139 Honda Passport
EX-L 2019-2020 9 AT 280 3.5 L V6 21 6.4 135
Ford Taurus Limited 2013-2019 6 AT 288 3.5 L V6 21 7.2 135
Honda Pilot EX-L 2011 5 AT 250 3.5 L V6 18 9.1 149
Ford Transit Connect
XLT 2014-2018 6 AT 169 2.5 L 4 21 10.9 132
Honda Pilot EX-L 2012-2015 5 AT 250 3.5 L V6 18 9.0 144
Genesis G70 (AWD) 2019-2020 8 AT 252 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.8 137 Honda Pilot EX-L 2016-2020 6 AT 280 3.5 L V6 20 7.5 136
Genesis G80 3.8 2017-2020 8 AT 311 3.8 L V6 20 7.2 129 Honda Ridgeline
RTS 2011-2014 5 AT 247 3.5 L V6 15 8.6 149
Genesis G90 (3.3T) 2017-2020 8 AT 365 3.3 L V6 T 18 6.0 130
Honda Ridgeline
RTL 2017-2020 6 AT 280 3.5 L V6 20 7.3 134
GMC Acadia Denali 2017-2020 6 AT 310 3.6 L V6 19 6.8 130
Hyundai Accent
GMC Terrain SLE 2018-2020 9 AT 252 2.0 L 4 T 22 7.2 128 GLS 2011 4 AT 110 1.6 L 4 28 12.5 134
Honda Accord Hyundai Accent
2014-2015 1D 196 2.0 L 4 40 7.7 137 GLS 2012-2017 6 AT 138 1.6 L 4 31 10.3 134
Hybrid
Honda Accord Hyundai Accent SEL 2018-2020 6 AT 130 1.6 L 4 33 9.9 128
Hybrid 2018-2020 CVT 212 2.0 L 4 47 7.4 139
Hyundai Accent GS
Honda Accord EX-L 2011-2012 5 AT 268 3.5 L V6 21 7.4 137 hatch. 2011 5 MT 110 1.6 L 4 30 9.5 153
Hyundai Accent SE
Honda Accord EX-L 2013-2017 6 AT 278 3.5 L V6 26 6.3 139 hatch. 2012-2016 6 MT 138 1.6 L 4 32 8.5 136
Honda Accord LX-P 2011-2012 5 AT 177 2.4 L 4 25 9.2 145 Hyundai Azera
Limited 2011 5 AT 263 3.8 L V6 20 7.2 140
Honda Accord LX 2013-2017 CVT 185 2.4 L 4 30 7.7 136
Hyundai Azera 3.3L 2012-2017 6 AT 293 3.3 L V6 23 7.2 132
Honda Accord EX 2018-2020 CVT 192 1.5 L 4 T 31 7.7 135 Hyundai Elantra
GLS 2011-2016 6 AT 148 1.8 L 4 29 9.5 136
Honda Civic EX 2011 5 AT 140 1.8 L 4 28 10.1 136
Hyundai Elantra SEL 2017-2020 6 AT 147 2.0 L 4 33 9.9 133
Honda Civic EX 2011 5 MT 140 1.8 L 4 31 8.6 136
Hyundai Elantra
Touring 2011-2012 4 AT 138 2.0 L 4 26 10.6 127
Honda Civic EX 2014-2015 CVT 143 1.8 L 4 30 9.6 128
Honda Civic EX-T 2016-2020 CVT 174 1.5 L 4 T 31 7.1 129 Hyundai Elantra GT 2013-2015 6 AT 148 1.8 L 4 27 9.8 134
Honda Civic HF Hyundai Elantra GT 2018-2020 6 AT 161 2.0 L 4 28 8.7 127

2012-2013 5 AT 140 1.8 L 4 33 9.7 145
Hyundai Genesis
Honda Civic Hybrid 2011 CVT 110 1.3 L 4 37 11.7 137 Coupe Gr. Tour. 2011 6 MT 306 3.8 L V6 23 6.2 138
Honda Civic Hybrid 2012-2015 CVT 110 1.5 L 4 40 10.9 145 Hyundai Genesis
(sedan) 2011 6 AT 378 4.6 L V8 20 6.2 136
Honda Civic LX 2012-2013 5 AT 140 1.8 L 4 30 9.9 143 Hyundai Genesis
(sedan) 2011 6 AT 290 3.8 L V6 21 6.3 125
Honda Civic LX 2016-2020 CVT 158 2.0 L 4 32 8.7 129
Hyundai Genesis
(sedan) 2012-2014 8 AT 333 3.8 L V6 22 6.4 135
Honda Civic Si 2011 6 MT 197 2.0 L 4 27 7.0 132
Hyundai Genesis
Honda Civic Si 2012-2015 6 MT 201 2.4 L 4 29 7.1 139 (AWD) 2015-2016 8 AT 311 3.8 L V6 20 7.2 129
Honda Civic Si 2017-2020 6 MT 205 1.5 L 4 T 34 7.3 131 Hyundai Ioniq SEL 2017-2020 seq 6 139 1.6 L 4 52 9.9 144
Honda Crosstour Hyundai Kona SEL 2018-2020 6 AT 147 2.0 L 4 26 11.1 129
EX-L 2011-2012 5 AT 271 3.5 L V6 20 7.4 139
Hyundai Palisade
Honda Crosstour SEL 2020 8 AT 291 3.8 L V6 21 7.1 132
EX-L 2013-2015 6 AT 278 3.5 L V6 21 7.0 143
Hyundai Santa
Honda CR-V EX 2011 5 AT 180 2.4 L 4 21 9.1 130 Fe GLS 2011-2012 6 AT 175 2.4 L 4 20 10.7 134
Hyundai Santa Fe
Honda CR-V EX 2012-2014 5 AT 185 2.4 L 4 23 9.2 128 Limited 2011-2012 6 AT 276 3.5 L V6 20 7.9 133
Honda CR-V EX 2015-2016 CVT 185 2.4 L 4 24 9.0 134 Hyundai Santa Fe
GLS 2013-2018 6 AT 290 3.3 L V6 20 7.6 133
Honda CR-V LX 2017-2019 CVT 184 2.4 L 4 27 8.6 133 Hyundai Santa Fe
Limited 2019-2020 8 AT 235 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.7 136
Honda CR-V EX-T 2017-2020 CVT 190 1.5 L 4 T 28 8.2 137
Hyundai Santa Fe
Honda CR-V Hybrid Sport 2013-2018 6 AT 190 2.4 L 4 23 9.7 132
EX 2020 CVT 212 2.0 L 4 35 8.5 133
Hyundai Sonata
GLS 2011-2014 6 AT 198 2.4 L 4 27 8.2 134
Honda CR-Z EX 2011-2015 6 MT 122 1.5 L 4 35 9.3 139
Hyundai Sonata
Honda Element EX 2011 5 AT 166 2.4 L 4 21 10.4 140 Limited 2011-2014 6 AT 274 2.0 L 4 T 25 6.6 136
Honda Fit (base) 2011-2013 5 AT 118 1.5 L 4 30 10.7 132 Hyundai Sonata SE 2015-2017 6 AT 185 2.4 L 4 28 9.2 139

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Hyundai Sonata SEL 2018-2019 6 AT 185 2.4 L 4 28 8.3 129 Jeep Grand
Cherokee Ltd 2014-2020 8 AT 290 3.6 L V6 18 8.0 134
Hyundai Sonata SEL 2020 8 AT 191 2.5 L 4 31 7.5 127 Jeep Grand 3.0 L V6
Cherokee Ltd 2014-2019 8 AT 240 24 8.6 132
Hyundai Sonata TD
Hybrid 2011-2015 6 AT 206 2.0 L 4 33 9.1 148
Jeep Liberty Sport 2011-2012 4 AT 210 3.7 L V6 16 9.2 150
Hyundai Sonata
Hybrid 2016-2019 6 AT 193 2.0 L 4 39 8.2 140 Jeep Patriot
Latitude 2011-2013 CVT 172 2.4 L 4 21 10.3 141
Hyundai Sonata
Hybrid 2020 6 AT 192 2.0 L 4 44 8.0 135 Jeep Renegade 2015-2020 9 AT 180 2.4 L 4 24 9.9 130
Hyundai Tucson Jeep Wrangler
GLS 2011-2015 6 AT 170 2.4 L 4 22 9.7 129 2011 4 AT 205 3.8 L V6 15 10.7 150
Unltd Sahara
Hyundai Tucson SEL 2019-2020 6 AT 181 2.4 L 4 22 9.6 130 Jeep Wrangler
Unltd Sahara 2012-2017 5 AT 285 3.6 L V6 17 8.9 151
Hyundai Tucson SE 2016-2020 6 AT 164 2.0 L 4 24 11.0 129 Jeep Wrangler
Sahara (4-dr) 2018-2020 8 AT 285 3.6 L V6 18 7.3 144
Hyundai Tucson
(1.6T) 2016-2018 seq 7 175 1.6 L 4 T 26 8.4 128
Kia Cadenza 2014-2016 6 AT 293 3.3 L V6 22 7.2 132
Hyundai Veloster 2012-2017 6 MT 138 1.6 L 4 31 9.2 131
Kia Cadenza 2017-2020 8 AT 290 3.3 L V6 24 7.0 127
Hyundai Veloster
Turbo R-Spec 2019-2020 6 MT 201 1.6 L 4 T 29 7.0 119
Kia Forte EX hatch. 2011-2013 6 AT 156 2.0 L 4 26 9.8 141
Hyundai Venue SEL 2020 CVT 121 1.6 L 4 32 8.9 125 Kia Forte Koup SX 2011-2013 6 MT 173 2.4 L 4 27 7.6 128
Hyundai Veracruz SE 2011-2012 6 AT 260 3.8 L V6 17 8.6 138 Kia Forte LX 2014-2016 6 AT 148 1.8 L 4 28 10.1 128
Infiniti FX35 2011-2012 7 AT 303 3.5 L V6 18 6.8 133
Kia Forte LX 2017-2018 6 AT 147 2.0 L 4 33 10.1 128
Infiniti G25 Journey 2011-2012 7 AT 218 2.5 L V6 24 8.5 133
Kia Forte LXS 2019-2020 CVT 147 2.0 L 4 34 8.3 131
Infiniti G37 conv. 2011-2014 7 AT 325 3.7 L V6 20 6.0 135
Kia Niro EX 2017-2020 seq 6 139 1.6 L 4 43 9.9 143
Infiniti G37 Journey 2011-2014 7 AT 328 3.7 L V6 21 5.6 126
Kia Optima LX 2011-2015 6 AT 200 2.4 L 4 25 8.6 143
Infiniti M37 2011-2013 7 AT 330 3.7 L V6 21 5.8 128
Kia Optima SX 2011-2015 6 AT 274 2.0 L 4 T 24 6.6 142
Infiniti M35h 2012-2013 7 AT 360 3.5 L V6 25 5.6 131
Kia Optima EX 2016-2020 6 AT 185 2.4 L 4 28 8.0 130
Infiniti Q70 2014-2019 7 AT 330 3.7 L V6 21 5.8 128
Kia Rio LX 2011 4 AT 110 1.6 L 4 28 12.8 132
Infiniti Q70 Hybrid 2014-2018 7 AT 360 3.5 L V6 25 5.6 131
Kia Rio EX 2012-2017 6 AT 138 1.6 L 4 30 9.5 138
Infiniti Q50 Premium
(AWD) 2014-2015 7 AT 328 3.7 L V6 21 5.6 126
Kia Rio S 2018-2020 6 AT 130 1.6 L 4 33 9.6 131
Infiniti Q50 3.0t 3.0 L
Prem. (AWD) 2016-2020 7 AT 300 22 5.7 126 Kia Rio5 SX hatch. 2011 5 MT 110 1.6 L 4 30 10.0 152
V6 T
Infiniti QX30 Kia Rio EX hatch. 2012-2016 6 AT 138 1.6 L 4 29 9.9 136
Premium 2017-2019 seq 7 208 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.1 122
Kia Sedona EX 2011-2012 6 AT 271 3.5 L V6 18 8.3 144
Infiniti QX50 2019-2020 CVT 268 2.0 L 4 T 22 7.2 129
Kia Sedona EX 2015-2020 6 AT 276 3.3 L V6 20 8.0 133
Infiniti QX56 2011-2013 7 AT 400 5.6 L V8 15 6.9 139
Kia Sorento EX 2011-2013 6 AT 276 3.5 L V6 20 7.6 136
Infiniti QX60 2014-2020 CVT 265 3.5 L V6 19 8.3 137
Infiniti QX80 2014-2020 7 AT 400 5.6 L V8 15 6.9 139 Kia Sorento LX 2012-2013 6 AT 191 2.4 L 4 20 10.4 136
Jaguar E-Pace S 2018-2020 9 AT 246 2.0 L 4 T 21 7.9 129 Kia Sorento EX 2014-2015 6 AT 290 3.3 L V6 20 7.6 135
Jaguar XE (AWD) 2018-2020 8 AT 247 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.7 133 Kia Sorento EX 2016-2018 6 AT 290 3.3 L V6 21 7.4 131
Jaguar F-Pace 3.0 L V6 Kia Sorento EX 2019-2020 8 AT 290 3.3 L V6 22 8.1 137
Prestige 2017-2020 8 AT 340 20 6.0 129
SC
Kia Soul Plus 2011 4 AT 142 2.0 L 4 25 9.8 135
Jaguar XF 3.0 3.0 L V6
(AWD) 2013-2015 8 AT 340 21 5.7 130
SC Kia Soul Plus 2012-2013 6 AT 164 2.0 L 4 26 8.6 149
Jaguar XF 3.0 3.0 L V6
2016-2020 8 AT 340 21 5.8 128 Kia Soul Plus 2014-2019 6 AT 164 2.0 L 4 26 8.8 127
(AWD) SC
Jaguar XJL 2011-2019 6 AT 385 5.0 L V8 19 5.5 138 Kia Soul EX 2020 CVT 147 2.0 L 4 28 8.8 120
Jeep Cherokee Kia Sportage LX 2011-2016 6 AT 176 2.4 L 4 22 10.3 137
Latitude 2014-2018 9 AT 184 2.4 L 4 22 10.9 138
Jeep Cherokee Kia Sportage SX 2012-2016 6 AT 260 2.0 L 4 T 21 7.1 135
Limited 2014-2018 9 AT 271 3.2 L V6 21 7.7 133
Kia Sportage LX 2017-2020 6 AT 181 2.4 L 4 23 9.6 128
Jeep Cherokee
Limited 2019-2020 9 AT 270 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.5 129
Kia Telluride EX 2020 8 AT 291 3.8 L V6 21 7.2 127
Jeep Compass
Latitude 2011-2013 CVT 172 2.4 L 4 22 10.3 145 Land Rover 3.0 L V6
Discovery HSE 2017-2020 8 AT 340 17 7.3 138
SC
Jeep Compass
Latitude 2017-2020 9 AT 180 2.4 L 4 24 9.8 137 Land Rover
Discovery Sport 2015-2020 9 AT 240 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.6 136
Jeep Gladiator
Sport 2020 8 AT 285 3.6 L V6 18 7.8 135 Land Rover LR2 SE 2011-2013 6 AT 230 3.2 L 6 18 9.1 128
Jeep Grand
Cherokee Ltd. 2011-2013 5 AT 360 5.7 L V8 14 7.9 138 Land Rover LR4 2011-2013 6 AT 375 5.0 L V8 15 7.1 129
Jeep Grand 3.0 L V6
Cherokee Laredo 2011-2013 5 AT 290 3.6 L V6 18 9.1 139 Range Rover HSE 2014-2020 8 AT 340 17 6.7 137
SC

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Range Rover Mazda2 Sport 2011-2014 5 MT 100 1.5 L 4 33 10.3 137
Evoque SE 2020 9 AT 246 2.0 L 4 T 20 8.3 126
Range Rover Sport 3.0 L V6 Mazda2 Touring 2011-2014 4 AT 100 1.5 L 4 30 11.1 138
HSE 2014-2020 8 AT 340 18 6.5 137
SC
Mazda3 s Sport 2011-2013 5 AT 167 2.5 L 4 25 8.3 132
Range Rover Velar S 2018-2020 8 AT 247 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.4 130
Mazda3 i Touring 2011-2013 5 AT 148 2.0 L 4 28 9.4 145
Lexus CT200h 2011-2017 CVT 134 1.8 L 4 40 11.0 133
Mazda3 i Touring 2011-2013 5 MT 148 2.0 L 4 30 8.6 145
Lexus ES350 2011-2012 6 AT 272 3.5 L V6 23 6.4 131
Lexus ES350 2013-2018 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 25 6.7 139
Lexus ES350 2019-2020 8 AT 302 3.5 L V6 25 6.9 132
Mazda3 i Gr. Tour. 2014-2018 6 MT 155 2.0 L 4 32 8.2 133
Lexus ES300h 2013-2018 CVT 200 2.5 L 4 36 8.2 140
Lexus GS450h 2011 CVT 340 3.5 L V6 23 5.9 136 Mazda3 Select 2019-2020 6 AT 186 2.5 L 4 30 7.7 125
Lexus GS350 2013-2020 6 AT 306 3.5 L V6 21 6.2 137 Mazdaspeed3 Sport 2011-2013 6 MT 263 2.3 L 4 T 26 6.4 128
Lexus GX460 2011-2020 6 AT 301 4.6 L V8 17 7.5 136 Mazda5 Gr. Tour. 2012-2015 5 AT 157 2.5 L 4 23 9.6 139
Lexus HS250h 2011-2012 CVT 187 2.4 L 4 31 8.9 132 Mazda6 i Sport 2011-2013 5 AT 170 2.5 L 4 24 9.0 139
Lexus IS250 conv. 2011-2013 6 AT 204 2.5 L V6 23 8.1 129 Mazda6 s Gr. Tour. 2011-2013 6 AT 272 3.7 L V6 20 6.8 133
Lexus IS250 2011-2013 6 AT 204 2.5 L V6 24 7.7 131 Mazda6 Sport 2014-2017 6 AT 184 2.5 L 4 32 7.5 132
Lexus IS250 (AWD) 2014-2015 6 AT 204 2.5 L V6 21 8.7 138 Mazda6 Touring 2018-2020 6 AT 187 2.5 L 4 28 9.2 133
Lexus IS300 (AWD) 2016-2020 6 AT 255 3.5 L V6 20 6.5 139 Mazda CX-3
Touring 2016-2020 6 AT 146 2.0 L 4 28 9.6 135
Lexus LS460L 2011-2017 8 AT 380 4.6 L V8 21 6.2 140 Mazda CX-30
Preferred 2020 6 AT 186 2.5 L 4 27 8.7 133
Lexus LS500 (AWD) 2018-2020 10 AT 416 3.5 L V6 T 20 6.0 136 Mazda CX-5
Touring 2013-2014 6 AT 155 2.0 L 4 25 10.0 133
Lexus NX Hybrid 2015-2020 CVT 194 2.5 L 4 29 8.9 136
Mazda CX-5
Touring 2014-2016 6 AT 184 2.5 L 4 25 8.0 133
Lexus NX (2.0T) 2015-2020 6 AT 235 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.5 132
Mazda CX-5
Lexus RX350 2011-2015 6 AT 275 3.5 L V6 21 7.3 136 Touring 2017-2020 6 AT 187 2.5 L 4 24 8.6 133
Lexus RX350 2016-2020 8 AT 295 3.5 L V6 22 7.5 139 Mazda CX-9

Gr. Tour. 2011-2015 6 AT 273 3.7 L V6 16 8.2 137
Lexus RX350L 2018-2020 8 AT 295 3.5 L V6 20 7.7 136 Mazda CX-9
Touring 2016-2020 6 AT 227 2.5 L 4 T 22 7.9 139
Lexus RX450h 2011-2015 CVT 295 3.5 L V6 26 7.7 135 Mazda MX-5 Miata
Gr. Tour. 2011-2015 6 MT 167 2.0 L 4 28 7.0 122
Lexus RX450h 2016-2020 CVT 308 3.5 L V6 29 7.5 138
Mazda MX-5 Miata
Club 2016-2020 6 MT 155 2.0 L 4 34 6.7 124
Lexus UX250h 2019-2020 CVT 175 2.0 L 4 37 8.8 137
Mercedes-Benz
Lincoln Aviator 3.0 L C300 2011 7 AT 228 3.0 L V6 21 6.8 129
Reserve 2020 10 AT 400 19 6.2 138
V6 T
Mercedes-Benz
Lincoln Continental C250 2012-2014 7 AT 201 1.8 L 4 T 24 7.6 131
(2.7T) 2017-2020 6 AT 335 2.7 L V6 T 20 6.6 127
Mercedes-Benz
Lincoln Corsair C300 (AWD) 2015-2020 7 AT 241 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.8 136
Reserve 2020 8 AT 250 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.2 128
Mercedes-Benz
Lincoln MKC CLA250 2014-2019 seq 7 208 2.0 L 4 T 28 6.6 124
Reserve (2.3T) 2015-2019 6 AT 285 2.3 L 4 T 19 7.8 125
Mercedes-Benz
Lincoln MKS (AWD) CLA250 2020 seq 7 221 2.0 L 4 T 27 6.6 131
2011-2012 6 AT 355 3.5 L V6 T 18 6.0 139
Mercedes-Benz
Lincoln MKS 2013-2016 6 AT 304 3.7 L V6 20 7.1 137 E350 2011 7 AT 268 3.5 L V6 19 6.8 139
Lincoln MKT (3.5T) 2011-2012 6 AT 355 3.5 L V6 T 18 6.4 137 Mercedes-Benz
E350 2012-2016 7 AT 302 3.5 L V6 21 6.3 131
Lincoln MKX 2011-2015 6 AT 305 3.7 L V6 18 7.6 138 Mercedes-Benz 3.0 L V6
E350 BT 2011-2013 7 AT 210 26 7.9 132
2.7 L TD
Lincoln MKX (2.7T) 2016-2018 6 AT 335 18 7.2 128 Mercedes-Benz
V6 T 2014-2016 7 AT 195 2.1 L 4 TD 30 8.3 131
E250 BT (AWD)
Lincoln MKZ 2011-2012 6 AT 263 3.5 L V6 20 7.3 142 Mercedes-Benz
E300 (AWD) 2017-2020 9 AT 241 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.1 128
Lincoln MKZ (2.0T) 2013-2020 6 AT 231 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.4 124
Mercedes-Benz
GL450 2011-2012 7 AT 335 4.6 L V8 15 7.4 136
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid 2013-2020 CVT 188 2.0 L 4 34 9.2 129
Lincoln Nautilus 2.7 L Mercedes-Benz 3.0 L V6
2019-2020 8 AT 335 18 7.2 128 GL BT 2011-2012 7 AT 210 19 9.8 137
(2.7T) V6 T TD
Lincoln Navigator Mercedes-Benz 3.0 L V6
2011-2014 6 AT 300 5.4 L V8 13 8.8 149 GL BT 2013-2016 7 AT 240 20 8.2 136
Ultimate TD
Lincoln Navigator Mercedes-Benz
2015-2017 6 AT 380 3.5 L V6 T 15 7.0 136 GLA250 2015-2020 seq 7 208 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.9 128
(3.5T)
Lincoln Navigator Mercedes-Benz
2018-2020 10 AT 411 3.5 L V6 T 16 6.2 144 GLB250 2020 seq 8 221 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.8 125
(3.5T)
Maserati Ghibli S Mercedes-Benz
2014-2020 8 AT 404 3.0 L V6 T 19 5.4 115 GLK350 2011-2012 7 AT 268 3.5 L V6 18 7.0 131
Q4

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Mercedes-Benz Nissan Altima SV 2019-2020 CVT 188 2.5 L 4 31 7.6 131
GLK350 2013-2015 7 AT 302 3.5 L V6 21 6.1 130
Mercedes-Benz Nissan Armada LE 2011 5 AT 317 5.6 L V8 13 7.2 132
GLC300 2016-2020 9 AT 241 2.0 L 4 T 22 6.8 132
Nissan Armada
Mercedes-Benz Platinum 2012-2015 5 AT 317 5.6 L V8 13 7.2 142
ML350 2011 7 AT 268 3.5 L V6 16 7.8 134
Nissan Armada
Mercedes-Benz Platinum 2017-2020 7 AT 390 5.6 L V8 14 6.7 133
ML350 2012-2015 7 AT 302 3.5 L V6 18 6.8 138
Nissan Cube 1.8 S 2011-2014 CVT 122 1.8 L 4 28 10.0 149
Mercedes-Benz
GLE350 2016-2019 7 AT 302 3.5 L V6 18 6.8 138
Nissan Frontier LE 2011-2015 5 AT 261 4.0 L V6 15 7.9 142
Mercedes-Benz
GLE450 2020 9 AT 362 3.0 L 6 T 20 6.0 132 Nissan Juke SV 2011-2015 CVT 188 1.6 L 4 T 24 7.9 139
Mercedes-Benz Nissan Kicks SV 2018-2020 CVT 125 1.6 L 4 32 10.5 137
GLS450 2020 9 AT 362 3.0 L 6 T 20 6.4 133
Mercedes-Benz Nissan Leaf SL 2011-2017 1D 107 electric 106* 10.3 136
S550 2011 7 AT 382 5.5 L V8 17 6.0 141
Mercedes-Benz Nissan Leaf SL 2018-2020 1D 147 electric 112* 8.0 141
S550 (AWD) 2014-2020 7 AT 449 4.7 L V8 T 18 5.1 128
Nissan Leaf SL Plus 2019-2020 1D 214 electric 104* 7.0 139
Mercedes-Benz
SL550 2011-2012 7 AT 382 5.5 L V8 17 5.3 126 Nissan Maxima 3.5
SV 2011-2014 CVT 290 3.5 L V6 22 6.2 128
Mercedes-Benz
SLK250 2012-2016 6 MT 201 1.8 L 4 T 26 7.0 115 Nissan Maxima
Platinum 2016-2020 CVT 300 3.5 L V6 25 6.5 132
Mini Cooper (base) 2011-2013 6 MT 118 1.6 L 4 33 9.1 125
Nissan Murano SL 2011-2014 CVT 265 3.5 L V6 19 7.6 136
Mini Cooper (1.5T) 2014-2020 6 AT 134 1.5 L 3 T 31 8.3 133
Nissan Murano SL 2015-2020 CVT 260 3.5 L V6 21 7.7 131
Mini Cooper S 2011-2013 6 MT 172 1.6 L 4 T 30 7.2 137
Nissan Pathfinder LE 2011-2012 5 AT 270 4.0 L V6 15 8.0 143
Mini Cooper S 2014-2020 6 MT 189 2.0 L 4 T 30 7.2 130
Nissan Pathfinder SL 2013-2020 CVT 260 3.5 L V6 18 7.7 137
Mini Cooper S conv. 2011-2014 6 MT 172 1.6 L 4 T 30 7.5 128
Nissan Quest SL 2011-2016 CVT 260 3.5 L V6 19 8.4 143
Mini Cooper
Clubman (base) 2011-2013 6 AT 118 1.6 L 4 29 10.5 128 Nissan Rogue SL 2011-2013 CVT 170 2.5 L 4 22 8.9 137
Mini Cooper
Clubman (1.5T) 2016-2019 6 AT 134 1.5 L 3 T 28 10.5 129 Nissan Rogue SV 2014-2020 CVT 170 2.5 L 4 24 9.5 134
Mini Cooper Nissan Rogue
2011-2016 6 AT 184 1.6 L 4 T 26 8.3 135 Sport SV 2017-2020 CVT 141 2.0 L 4 26 10.3 134
Countryman S
Mini Cooper Nissan Sentra SE-R
2017-2020 8 AT 189 2.0 L 4 T 25 8.3 120 Spec V 2011-2012 6 MT 200 2.5 L 4 30 7.3 139
Countryman S
Mitsubishi Eclipse Nissan Sentra SL 2011-2012 CVT 140 2.0 L 4 27 9.7 135
GS 2011-2012 5 MT 162 2.4 L 4 23 9.3 139
Mitsubishi Eclipse Nissan Sentra SV 2013-2015 CVT 130 1.8 L 4 29 9.7 129
GT conv. 2011-2012 5 AT 260 3.8 L V6 19 6.8 135
Nissan Sentra SV 2016-2019 CVT 124 1.8 L 4 31 10.4 129
Mitsubishi Eclipse
Cross SE 2018-2020 CVT 152 1.5 L 4 T 24 9.9 132
Nissan Sentra SV 2020 CVT 149 2.0 L 4 32 8.5 129
Mitsubishi Endeavor
XLS 2011 4 AT 215 3.8 L V6 17 8.2 137 Nissan Titan SE 2011 5 AT 317 5.6 L V8 13 7.3 139
Mitsubishi Galant ES 2011-2012 4 AT 160 2.4 L 4 23 9.1 139 Nissan Titan SV 2012-2015 5 AT 317 5.6 L V8 14 7.2 142
Mitsubishi i-MiEV SE 2012-2017 1D 63 electric 111* 14.7 132 Nissan Titan SV 2017-2020 7 AT 390 5.6 L V8 16 6.7 131
Mitsubishi Lancer ES 2011-2017 CVT 152 2.0 L 4 25 9.8 144 5.0 L V8
Nissan Titan XD SV 2016-2019 6 AT 310 15 10.6 147
TD
Mitsubishi Lancer
Evo GSR 2011-2015 5 MT 291 2.0 L 4 T 21 5.8 126 Nissan 370Z Tour.
coupe 2011-2020 6 MT 332 3.7 L V6 23 5.3 120
Mitsubishi Lancer
Ralliart 2011-2015 seq 6 237 2.0 L 4 T 20 6.5 133 Nissan Versa SL
hatch. 2011-2012 CVT 122 1.8 L 4 28 10.1 145
Mitsubishi Mirage ES 2014-2020 CVT 74 1.2 L 3 37 12.1 138
Nissan Versa Note SV 2014-2018 CVT 109 1.6 L 4 31 10.9 135
Mitsubishi Outlander
XLS 2011-2013 6 AT 220 3.0 L V6 19 8.3 132 Nissan Versa S
sedan 2011 4 AT 122 1.8 L 4 27 10.3 137
LS 2011-2013 CVT 168 2.4 L 4 22 10.1 137 Nissan Versa SV
sedan 2012-2019 CVT 109 1.6 L 4 32 10.6 140
SE 2014-2015 CVT 166 2.4 L 4 23 10.8 130 Nissan Versa SV 2020 CVT 122 1.6 L 4 32 9.6 130
SEL 2016-2020 CVT 166 2.4 L 4 24 10.0 132 Nissan Xterra S 2011-2016 5 AT 261 4.0 L V6 17 7.7 135
Mitsubishi Outlander Porsche 911
2011-2015 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 23 9.6 137 Carrera S 2011-2012 6 MT 355 3.8 L 6 20 4.4 113
Sport SE
Nissan Altima 2.5 S Porsche 911
2011-2012 CVT 175 2.5 L 4 26 8.3 129 Carrera S 2014-2019 7 MT 400 3.8 L 6 23 4.1 108
Nissan Altima 2.5 S 2013-2015 CVT 182 2.5 L 4 31 8.2 140 Porsche Boxster
(base) 2011-2012 5 MT 240 2.7 L 6 22 6.5 112
Nissan Altima 2.5 SV 2016-2018 CVT 179 2.5 L 4 29 8.4 135 Porsche Boxster
(base) 2013-2016 6 MT 265 2.7 L 6 23 6.1 112
Nissan Altima Hybrid 2011 CVT 198 2.5 L 4 32 7.6 136
Porsche 718 Boxster
(base) 2017-2020 seq 7 300 2.0 L 4 T 26 4.4 108
Nissan Altima 3.5 SR 2011-2012 CVT 270 3.5 L V6 24 6.5 128
Porsche Cayenne
Nissan Altima 3.5 SL 2013-2018 CVT 270 3.5 L V6 24 6.3 133 (base) 2011-2018 8 AT 300 3.6 L V6 19 7.8 134

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Porsche Cayenne Subaru Legacy 2.5i
(base) 2019-2020 8 AT 335 3.6 L V6 T 21 6.5 131 Premium 2013-2014 CVT 173 2.5 L 4 26 9.1 139
Porsche Macan S 2015-2020 seq 7 340 3.0 L V6 T 19 6.4 130 Subaru Legacy 2.5i
Premium 2015-2019 CVT 175 2.5 L 4 26 10.2 128
Porsche Panamera S 2011-2015 seq 7 400 4.8 L V8 20 5.5 116 Subaru Legacy
Premium 2020 CVT 182 2.5 L 4 28 8.9 131
Ram 1500 Big Horn 2013-2018 8 AT 395 5.7 L V8 15 7.1 141 Subaru Outback
2.5i Limited 2011-2012 CVT 170 2.5 L 4 24 10.7 136
Ram 1500 Big Horn 2019-2020 8 AT 395 5.7 L V8 17 7.1 137
Subaru Outback
2.5i Limited 2013-2014 CVT 173 2.5 L 4 24 10.3 137
Ram 1500 Big Horn 3.0 L V6
(diesel) 2014-2018 8 AT 240 20 9.5 143
TD Subaru Outback
2.5i Premium 2015-2019 CVT 175 2.5 L 4 24 10.5 133
Ram 1500 Big Horn 3.0 L V6
(diesel) 2020 8 AT 160 23 8.8 138 Subaru Outback
TD 2015-2019 CVT 256 3.6 L 6 22 7.4 134
3.6R Limited
Ram 2500 Laramie
(diesel) 2016-2018 6 AT 370 6.7 L 6 TD 14 8.9 152 Subaru Outback
Limited XT 2020 CVT 260 2.4 L 4 T 24 7.1 132
Saab 9-3 2.0T sedan 2011 5 AT 210 2.0 L 4 T 23 8.0 131
Suzuki Grand Vitara 2011-2012 4 AT 166 2.4 L 4 19 11.0 137
Saab 9-3 2.0T conv. 2011 5 AT 210 2.0 L 4 T 24 8.2 132
Suzuki Kizashi SE 2011-2012 CVT 180 2.4 L 4 25 9.3 131
Scion FR-S 2013-2016 6 MT 200 2.0 L 4 30 7.2 126 Suzuki SX4 Tech.
(AWD) 2011-2012 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 24 10.3 129
Scion iQ 2012-2015 CVT 94 1.3 L 4 34 10.6 139
Suzuki SX4 sedan LE 2011 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 26 9.7 137
Scion tC 2011-2013 6 MT 180 2.5 L 4 28 8.8 139 Tesla Model 3 Long
Range 2018-2020 1D 258 electric 130** 5.3 133
Scion tC 2014-2016 6 AT 179 2.5 L 4 27 8.6 134
Tesla Model S
(85 kWh) 2013-2015 1D 362 electric 84* 5.6 128
Scion xB 2011-2015 4 AT 158 2.4 L 4 23 9.4 137
Tesla Model S P85D 2014-2017 1D 691 electric 87* 3.5 118
Scion xD 2011-2014 4 AT 128 1.8 L 4 29 9.7 136
Tesla Model S 75D 2016-2018 1D 328 electric 103* 5.1 129
Scion xD 2011-2014 5 MT 128 1.8 L 4 34 9.0 136
Smart ForTwo Tesla Model S 100D 2019-2020 1D 517 electric 102** 5.1 129
Passion 2011-2015 seq 5 71 1.0 L 3 39 14.6 139
Tesla Model X 90D 2016-2018 1D 417 electric 92* 4.9 127
Smart ForTwo
Passion 2016-2017 seq 6 89 0.9 L 3 T 36 11.2 132
Tesla Model X 100D 2019-2020 1D 517 electric 87** 4.9 127
Subaru BRZ
Premium 2013-2020 6 MT 200 2.0 L 4 30 7.2 126 Tesla Model Y
Long Range 2020 1D 384 electric 121** 4.7 121
Subaru XV Crosstrek
Hybrid 2014-2015 CVT 160 2.0 L 4 28 10.1 131 Toyota 4Runner SR5 2011-2020 5 AT 270 4.0 L V6 18 7.7 131
Subaru XV Crosstrek 2013-2015 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 26 9.7 130 Toyota 86 2017-2020 6 MT 205 2.0 L 4 30 7.2 126
Subaru Crosstrek Toyota Avalon
Premium 2016-2017 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 26 9.7 130 2011-2012 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 23 7.1 141
Limited
Subaru Crosstrek Toyota Avalon
Premium 2018-2020 CVT 152 2.0 L 4 29 10.2 125 2013-2015 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 24 7.0 132
Limited
Subaru Crosstrek 2.0 L 4 Toyota Avalon
Hybrid 2019-2020 CVT 148 33 9.0 129 2016-2018 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 24 6.6 135
+E Limited
Subaru Forester Toyota Avalon
2.5XT Limited 2011-2013 4 AT 224 2.5 L 4 T 20 7.2 135 Hybrid 2013-2015 CVT 200 2.5 L 4 36 8.2 138
Subaru Forester Toyota Avalon
2.5X Premium 2011-2013 4 AT 170 2.5 L 4 22 10.2 139 Hybrid 2019-2020 CVT 215 2.5 L 4 42 8.3 135
Subaru Forester 2.5i Toyota Camry
Premium 2014-2018 CVT 170 2.5 L 4 26 8.7 127 Hybrid 2011 CVT 187 2.4 L 4 34 8.5 145
Subaru Forester Toyota Camry
Premium 2019-2020 CVT 182 2.5 L 4 28 9.2 130 Hybrid 2012-2017 CVT 200 2.5 L 4 38 7.6 133
Subaru Impreza Toyota Camry
Outback Sport 2011 4 AT 170 2.5 L 4 23 9.8 128 Hybrid LE 2018-2020 CVT 208 2.5 L 4 47 7.8 138
Subaru Impreza Toyota Camry LE 2011 6 AT 169 2.5 L 4 26 9.4 142
Sport Premium 2012-2016 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 26 9.4 127
Subaru Impreza 2.5i 2011 4 AT 170 2.5 L 4 24 9.5 135 Toyota Camry LE 2012-2017 6 AT 173 2.5 L 4 27 8.4 130
Subaru Impreza Toyota Camry LE 2018-2020 8 AT 203 2.5 L 4 32 8.0 126
Premium 2012-2016 CVT 148 2.0 L 4 27 9.2 129
Subaru Impreza Toyota Camry XLE 2011 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 23 7.1 137
Premium 2017-2020 CVT 152 2.0 L 4 30 9.5 124
Toyota Camry XLE 2012-2017 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 26 6.4 136
Subaru Tribeca
Limited 2011-2015 5 AT 256 3.6 L 6 16 8.6 139
Toyota Corolla LE 2011-2013 4 AT 132 1.8 L 4 32 9.9 136
Subaru Impreza WRX 2011-2014 5 MT 265 2.5 L 4 T 24 5.3 125
Toyota Corolla (base) 2011-2013 5 MT 132 1.8 L 4 32 9.0 136
Subaru Impreza
WRX Premium 2015-2020 6 MT 268 2.0 L 4 T 26 6.0 120 Toyota Corolla
LE Plus 2014-2019 CVT 132 1.8 L 4 32 9.9 138
Subaru Impreza
WRX STi 2011-2014 6 MT 305 2.5 L 4 T 21 5.4 123 Toyota Corolla LE 2020 CVT 139 1.8 L 4 33 10.4 134
Subaru Legacy 2.5i Toyota Corolla LE
Premium 2011-2012 CVT 170 2.5 L 4 25 9.7 139 2020 CVT 121 1.8 L 4 48 10.3 142
Hybrid
Subaru Legacy
3.6R Ltd 2011-2013 5 AT 256 3.6 L 6 22 7.2 132 Toyota Corolla iM 2017-2018 CVT 137 1.8 L 4 31 10.0 133

Braking from
Braking from
Acceleration
Acceleration
CR’s Overall
CR’s Overall
60 mph dry
60 mph dry
0-60 mph
0-60 mph
(sec.)
(sec.)
mpg
mpg
(ft.)
(ft.)
Toyota Corolla VW Beetle 2.5L 2012-2013 5 MT 170 2.5 L 5 26 8.6 131
Hatchback 2019-2020 CVT 144 2.0 L 4 36 8.7 129
Toyota C-HR XLE VW Beetle 1.8T 2014-2018 6 AT 170 1.8 L 4 T 27 8.4 136
2018-2020 CVT 144 2.0 L 4 29 11.2 131
Toyota Highlander VW CC Luxury 2011-2012 6 AT 200 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.7 131
Ltd 2011-2013 5 AT 270 3.5 L V6 18 8.0 139
VW CC Sport 2013-2017 seq 6 200 2.0 L 4 T 26 7.5 133
Toyota Highlander
XLE 2014-2016 6 AT 270 3.5 L V6 20 7.5 134
VW Eos Lux 2011-2016 seq 6 200 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.9 135
Toyota Highlander
XLE 2017-2019 8 AT 295 3.5 L V6 22 7.4 134 2.0 L 4
VW Golf TDI 2011-2014 6 MT 140 38 9.4 132
TDI
Toyota Highlander
XLE 2020 8 AT 295 3.5 L V6 22 7.3 132
VW Golf 2.5 2011-2014 6 AT 170 2.5 L 5 24 8.6 131
Toyota Highlander
Hybrid 2011-2013 CVT 280 3.5 L V6 27 7.6 140 VW Golf 1.8T 2015-2018 6 AT 170 1.8 L 4 T 28 8.7 130
Toyota Highlander VW Golf Alltrack 2017-2020 seq 6 170 1.8 L 4 T 25 8.5 124
Hybrid 2014-2019 CVT 280 3.5 L V6 25 8.3 138
Toyota Highlander VW GTI 2011-2014 6 MT 200 2.0 L 4 T 27 7.2 133
Hybrid 2020 CVT 243 2.5 L 4 35 8.0 141
VW GTI 2015-2017 6 MT 210 2.0 L 4 T 29 6.6 132
Toyota Land Cruiser 2011-2020 6 AT 381 5.7 L V8 14 7.3 140
VW Jetta GLI (2.0T) 2012-2017 6 MT 200 2.0 L 4 T 27 7.2 132
Toyota Matrix S 2011-2013 5 AT 158 2.4 L 4 27 8.3 132
VW Jetta Hybrid SE 2013-2015 seq 7 170 1.4 L 4 37 8.1 138
Toyota Prius 2011-2015 CVT 134 1.8 L 4 44 10.6 133
2.0 L 4
VW Jetta TDI 2011-2014 seq 6 140 34 9.5 130
Toyota Prius 2016-2020 CVT 121 1.8 L 4 52 10.3 135 TDI
Toyota Prius Plug-in VW Jetta SE (2.5) 2011-2013 6 AT 170 2.5 L 5 25 9.7 144
2012-2015 CVT 134 1.8 L 4 + E 47** 10.6 139
VW Jetta SE (1.8T) 2014-2015 6 AT 170 1.8 L 4 T 30 8.5 137
Toyota Prius Prime 2017-2020 CVT 121 1.8 L 4 + E 69** 10.8 139
VW Jetta SE (1.4T) 2016-2018 seq 6 150 1.4 L 4 T 32 9.1 131
Toyota Prius C 2012-2019 CVT 99 1.5 L 4 43 11.3 135
VW Jetta SE (1.4T) 2019-2020 8 AT 147 1.4 L 4 T 34 9.0 135
Toyota Prius V Three 2012-2017 CVT 134 1.8 L 4 41 10.7 138
VW Jetta 2.0 L 4
Toyota RAV4 Limited 2011-2012 5 AT 269 3.5 L V6 22 6.7 135 SportWagen TDI 2011-2014 6 MT 140 36 9.7 139
TDI
Toyota RAV4 (base) 2011-2012 4 AT 179 2.5 L 4 23 10.0 130 VW Jetta
SportWagen SE 2011-2014 6 AT 170 2.5 L 5 23 9.3 137
Toyota RAV4 XLE 2013-2015 6 AT 176 2.5 L 4 24 9.0 135 2.0 L 4
VW Passat TDI SE 2012-2014 seq 6 140 37 9.8 132
TDI
Toyota RAV4 XLE 2016-2018 6 AT 176 2.5 L 4 24 9.3 135
VW Passat SE (2.5) 2012-2013 6 AT 170 2.5 L 5 25 9.7 136
Toyota RAV4 XLE 2019-2020 8 AT 203 2.5 L 4 27 8.3 131
VW Passat SE (1.8T) 2014-2017 6 AT 170 1.8 L 4 T 28 8.6 129
Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2016-2018 CVT 194 2.5 L 4 31 8.7 136
VW Passat (V6) 2012-2018 seq 6 280 3.6 L V6 23 6.8 132
Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2019-2020 CVT 219 2.5 L 4 37 7.8 139
VW Passat SE 2020 6 AT 174 2.0 L 4 T 28 7.9 130
Toyota Sequoia
Limited 2011-2020 6 AT 381 5.7 L V8 15 7.1 146
VW Tiguan SEL 2011 6 AT 200 2.0 L 4 T 20 8.6 137
Toyota Sienna LE 2011-2013 6 AT 187 2.7 L 4 20 10.3 134 VW Tiguan SEL 2012-2017 6 AT 200 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.5 140
Toyota Sienna XLE
(AWD) 2011-2016 6 AT 266 3.5 L V6 19 8.5 139 VW Tiguan SE 2018-2020 8 AT 184 2.0 L 4 T 25 10.3 131
Toyota Sienna XLE 2011-2016 6 AT 266 3.5 L V6 20 8.8 134 3.0 L V6
VW Touareg TDI 2011-2015 8 AT 225 24 8.4 135
TDI
Toyota Sienna XLE 2017-2020 8 AT 296 3.5 L V6 21 7.7 137
Volvo C30 T5 2011-2013 6 MT 227 2.5 L 5 T 25 7.2 143
Toyota Supra
Premium 2020 8 AT 382 3.0 L 6 T 27 4.6 115 Volvo C70 T5 2011-2013 5 AT 227 2.5 L 5 T 21 8.3 133
Toyota Tacoma Volvo S40 2.4i 2011 5 AT 168 2.4 L 5 23 9.4 135
(base) 2011 5 AT 239 4.0 L V6 17 7.6 131
Toyota Tacoma Volvo S60 T5 2012-2014 6 AT 250 2.5 L 5 T 23 6.7 134
(base) 2012-2015 5 AT 236 4.0 L V6 17 7.9 139
Volvo S60 T5
Toyota Tacoma SR5 2016-2020 6 AT 278 3.5 L V6 19 8.2 146 Drive-E 2015-2018 8 AT 240 2.0 L 4 T 25 7.9 128
Toyota Tundra SR5 2011-2020 6 AT 381 5.7 L V8 15 6.7 153 Volvo S60 T5 2019-2020 8 AT 250 2.0 L 4 T 26 7.3 125
Toyota Venza V6 2011-2015 6 AT 268 3.5 L V6 20 6.9 137 Volvo S80 2011-2013 6 AT 235 3.2 L 6 20 8.6 139
Toyota Yaris 4-dr Volvo S90 T6 2017-2020 8 AT 316 2.0 L 4 T 23 7.2 130
hatch. 2011 4 AT 106 1.5 L 4 30 10.9 130
Volvo V50 T5 2011 5 AT 218 2.5 L 5 T 20 8.5 139
Toyota Yaris 4-dr
hatch. 2012-2018 4 AT 106 1.5 L 4 32 10.8 137
Volvo V60 CC 2015-2018 6 AT 250 2.5 L 5 T 21 8.1 127
Toyota Yaris sedan 2011 4 AT 106 1.5 L 4 32 10.7 129
Volvo XC60 T6 2011-2017 6 AT 281 3.0 L 6 T 17 7.4 132
Toyota Yaris sedan 2019-2020 6 AT 106 1.5 L 4 35 10.3 139
Volvo XC60 T5 2018-2020 8 AT 250 2.0 L 4 T 23 8.0 124
Toyota Yaris iA 2017-2018 6 AT 106 1.5 L 4 35 10.3 139
Volvo XC70 2011-2015 6 AT 235 3.2 L 6 18 8.5 135
VW Atlas SEL 2018-2020 8 AT 276 3.6 L V6 20 8.7 135 Volvo XC90 2011 6 AT 311 4.4 L V8 16 7.6 136
VW Atlas Cross
Sport SE 2020 8 AT 235 2.0 L 4 T 21 8.7 131 Volvo XC90 2013-2014 6 AT 240 3.2 L 6 17 9.6 136
VW Arteon (AWD) 2019-2020 8 AT 268 2.0 L 4 T 24 7.9 125 Volvo XC90 T6 2016-2020 8 AT 316 2.0 L 4 T 20 7.7 126

3
AVOID A
LEMON
By carefully inspecting the car you’re considering,
you’ll be able to steer clear of hidden problems.
Even a reliable vehicle needs to be properly

maintained. Worse yet is one that has
hidden damage that can affect its
performance, safety, or reliability. That’s
why it’s important to thoroughly check out
any vehicle you intend to buy. In this
chapter, we’ll tell you how to perform a
preliminary inspection and test-drive on
a vehicle while keeping safe and socially
distant. Then we’ll explain how to check a
vehicle’s history, and discuss the pros and
cons of choosing a certified used car.
48
49
3 How to Avoid a Lemon
Ask the Right Questions while low mileage is nice, it’s no guar- for. It should have had maintenance
When you’ve found a vehicle or two antee of gentle care. performed at regular manufacturer-
you’re interested in—whether being sold “How is it equipped?” Whether specified intervals. Ask for receipts for
by a dealership or privately—begin sizing they’re listed in the ad or not, ask about any new muffler, brakes, tires, or other
up their condition and history over the key features: transmission type; parts that have been replaced. Repair-
phone. You can make some copies of the safety equipment; A/C; audio system; shop receipts normally note the car’s
checklist on page 59 to help you keep cruise control; power windows, locks, odometer reading, helping you verify
notes of the conversation. Ask some and seats; Bluetooth; backup camera; the car’s history.
basic questions. The answers can help and navigation. Double-checking could “Are there open recalls?” Ask whether
you determine whether it’s worth a produce some telling comments. any safety-recall work needs to be done.
trip to take a closer look, particularly “What’s the car’s condition?” Start Dealerships keep records of that. Note
if you’re buying from a private party. broad and see where the seller takes it. the mileage when work was performed.
Break the ice with soft questions He or she could bring up something you To learn more about recalls and techni-
such as the car’s color, but get specific wouldn’t have thought to ask about. cal service bulletins, turn to page 60 or
about its condition, features, and his- “How about the body and interior?” go to CR.org/carrecalls.
tory. Any strange or far-fetched answers If these areas weren’t covered before, QUE S T I ONS F OR P R I VAT E SEL L ER S
should put you on guard. ask about them specifically. “Have you owned it since it was
“How many miles does it have?” “Has it been in an accident?” If yes, new?” You want to be able to piece
If the mileage is higher than 20,000 per ask about the extent of the damage, the together the car’s service history. Be
year or lower than 5,000, ask why. A cost of repairs, and who did the work. skeptical if the owner claims to have
high-mileage car used on a long highway Don’t worry about minor scrapes, but done the maintenance but can’t pro-
commute is better than if it did a lot think twice about a car that has been in duce any receipts, as well as if the car
of short trips or stop-and-go driving. a serious crash. has changed hands multiple times
Still, take any “these were all highway “Do you have service records?” in a few years.
miles” claim with a grain of salt. Also, You want a car that has been well cared “Are you the person who drove it
for these telltale signs the car, there may

in any car you are be body filler under
DON’T GET STUCK WITH considering, in order

to thin the herd:
the paint.
Crystal Clear Check
A PROBLEM VEHICLE The Close-Up

Inspect each body
for moisture fogging in
the lights.
panel for scratches, Tread Lightly Make sure
These steps can prevent buyer’s remorse. dents, or rust. Look the tires have even
under windowsills treadwear. New tires
or fender edges for may hide alignment
masking-tape marks, problems.
indicating paintwork. Rust Bucket A coating
It’s a used-car buyer’s about 20 percent of it's important to see Straight & Narrow of rust on bolts or
nightmare: getting a the vehicles on the the title first. Make Uneven panel gaps hinges inside the
rebuilt wreck despite road have some sort of sure the sellers name by the fenders, doors, door-jamb is a clue
doing your research. accident damage. is on the title, and be hood, and trunk can the car may have been
That’s because these CR has found that especially wary of any mean shoddy repair. submerged.
rebuilt wrecks are vehicle history reports car with a “lost” title. Blend Well Be sure the Sniff Test A musty,
difficult to spot. Even can’t catch everything. One of the best paint color and finish moldy smell in the
buying a model known Differing state laws on ways to protect your- are uniform, and check interior or trunk
for reliability is no salvage titles allow for self from hidden inside doorjambs for could indicate water
guarantee that it won’t big loopholes. Often, problems is to hire dull-looking overspray. damage.
have problems. even when a car’s title is your own mechanic to Attractive Personality Inside the Tailpipe
According to CarFax, conspicuously labeled inspect any car that Run a magnet along Black, greasy residue
a service that provides as salvaged, consumers you are serious about doors and fenders. inside means that the
vehicle history reports, never see it. This is why buying. But first look If it doesn’t pull toward engine is burning oil.

the most?” Ideally, you want to meet
the car’s principal driver, or drivers, to see CONDUCT A PRE-PURCHASE INSPECTION
whether they strike you as responsible.
“Why are you selling the car?” Look Taking time to inspect a car before you
for a plausible explanation rather than buy it will reduce the chance you’ll end up
an interesting story. If the answer sounds
evasive, be wary. stuck with a car that’s troublesome
down the road.
Buying When Socially Distant
No matter what you are shopping for,
right now it’s important to minimize
contact with others to help prevent repair. The paint color and finish should fogged with moisture, or missing.
spread of the novel coronavirus. be the same on every body panel. Tires. You can tell a lot from the tires.
Used-car shoppers can use services like If you think a dent may have been A car with less than, say, 20,000
Carvana or Tred to handle most aspects patched, put a small magnet on it. The miles should probably still have its
of the sale without meeting the seller. magnet won’t stick to an area with original tires. Be wary of a low-
But for most people, buying a used car body filler. If other parts of the car have mileage car with new tires, and check
is an in-person experience, whether with been repainted, there may be paint that all four tires are the same. If there
a private party or at a dealership. adhering to the rubber seals around are different branded tires on the car,
Do your research online, and commu- the hood and trunk lid. ask why they have been replaced.
nicate with the seller by email, phone, or Minor cosmetic flaws and light Treadwear should be even across the
text. Understand that some private sellers scratches are no cause for concern, width of the tread, and the same on
might not want to let you test-drive the but rust is. Check the body for the tires on the left and right sides of the
vehicle and/or have it inspected by a me- blistered paint or rust. Also inspect car. Ask whether the tires have been
chanic, so you’ll have to decide whether the wheel wells, the panels beneath regularly rotated. If not, the wear is usu-
you are okay with that. If you do take it on the doors, and the door bottoms. ally more severe on the drive wheels.
a test drive, ask the seller to clean the car Open and close each door, the hood, Aggressive drivers tend to put heavy
thoroughly prior to your drive. and the trunk. Gently lift and let go of wear on the outside shoulder of the
Finally, ask the dealer how much of each door, particularly the driver’s door. front tires, at the edge of the sidewall.
the process you can do online or over the If it seems loose on its hinges, the car Assume the car has been driven hard
phone. The more paperwork you can has seen hard or long use. Inspect rub- if that area shows heavier wear.
handle virtually, the less time you need ber seals for tearing or rot. Tires that have been driven while over-
to spend at the dealership. Glass. Look carefully at the glass to inflated tend to wear more in the middle
make sure there are no cracks or than on the sides. Chronically underin-
Inspect It Carefully large, pocked areas. A small stone chip flated tires show more wear
No matter who you buy from, always might not be cause for alarm, though on the sides. Cupped tires—those worn
look over the vehicle thoroughly and take you should bring it up in negotiations. unevenly along the tread’s circumfer-
it to a mechanic for a complete inspec- But cracks in the windshield will ence—may be a sign of a problem with
tion. Dress in old clothes that you don’t worsen and lead to a costly repair. the steering, suspension, or brakes.
mind getting dirty and give the car a Suspension. Walk around the car Tires must have at least 1/16 inch of tread
good going-over. to see whether it’s sitting level. Push to be legal. Check the tread depth with
Do your inspection in daylight on a down on each corner. If the shock ab- a tread-depth tool—available at auto-parts
dry day, because floodlights can make sorbers are in good shape, the car should stores—or a quarter. Insert the quarter
cars look shiny and hide body defects. rebound just once, not bounce up and into the tread groove, with Washington’s
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPRE AD: SHUT TERSTOCK
The car should be parked on a level sur- down. Grab the top of each front tire head down. If you can see the top of his
face and shouldn’t have been driven for and tug it back and forth. If you feel head, the tire should be replaced.
at least an hour before your inspection. play in it or hear a clunking sound, the Examine the sidewalls for scuffing,
E X T ER I OR wheel bearings or suspension joints cracks, or bulges, and look for dents
Body condition. Check each panel and may be shot. or cracks on each wheel. Be sure to check
the roof, looking for scratches, dents, and Lights and lenses. Have a friend that the spare is in good shape and the
rust. Watch out for misaligned panels confirm that all lights are working. proper jack and lug wrench are present.
or large gaps, which can indicate either Make sure all light lenses and re- IN T ER I OR
sloppy assembly at the factory or shoddy flectors are intact and not cracked, The inside of a car may matter most

because that’s where you’ll spend tears by shining a flashlight up into it. ally means it’s dying. These reveal the
the majority of the time you own the car. Trunk. Use your nose as well as your condition of just one cell and may not
Odor. When you first open the car eyes. Sniff and look for signs of water give an accurate reading on the health
door, sniff the interior. A musty, entry. See whether the carpeting feels of the whole battery.
moldy, or mildewy smell could indicate wet or smells musty, and check the If the battery has filler caps, wipe
water leaks. Remove the floor mats spare-tire well for water or rust. off the top with a rag, then carefully pry
and check for wet spots on the carpet. UNDER T HE HOOD off or unscrew the caps to look at the
An acrid smell may indicate that the car It’s best to make these checks with the liquid level. A low level may mean that
was used by a smoker. Check the lighter engine cool. First inspect the general the battery has been working too hard.
and ashtray for evidence. Some odors, condition of the engine bay. Dirt and Any competent mechanic can check
such as mold and smoke, can be very dust are normal, but be wary if you out the charging system and do a “load
hard to get rid of. see oil splattered about or on the pave- test” on the battery.
Seats. Try out all the seats, even if you ment below. Also be on the lookout UNDER T HE V EHI CL E
probably won’t sit in the rear. Uphol- for a battery covered with corrosion, If you can find where the vehicle is
stery shouldn’t be ripped or badly worn, or wires and hoses hanging loose. usually parked, look for marks from old
particularly in a car with low mileage. Hoses and belts. Squeeze the various puddles of gasoline, oil, coolant, or
Try all the seat adjustments to make rubber hoses running to the radiator, transmission fluid. Clear water that drips
sure that they work properly and that A/C, and other parts. The rubber should from under the car on a hot day is
you can find a good driving position. be firm and supple, not rock-hard, probably just water condensed from
Pedals. The rubber on the brake, cracked, or mushy. Feel the drive belts the air conditioner.
clutch, and gas pedals gives an indi- to determine whether they are frayed. Feel the tailpipe for residue. If
6%
cation of use. A car with low miles Fluids. The owner’s manual will it’s black and greasy, it means burnt
0
shouldn’t show much wear. Pedal rub- point out where to look to check all fluid oil. Tailpipe smudge should be dry
ber that’s worn through in spots—or levels. Engine oil should be dark brown and dark gray. Though some rust is
brand new—indicates that the car has or black, but not gritty. If the oil is normal, heavy rust could mean the
been driven a lot. honey-colored, it was just changed. If vehicle needs a new exhaust system.
Instruments and controls. Turn on the dipstick has water droplets on If the vehicle is high enough to slide
the ignition switch without starting the it or shows gray or foamy oil, it could under, you may be able to do some
engine. You should make sure all indicate a cracked engine block or basic checks underneath. Spread an old
the warning lights—including the check- blown head gasket, two serious prob- blanket on the ground and look under
engine light—illuminate for a few seconds lems. Transmission fluid should be the engine with a flashlight. If you see
and go off when you start the engine. pinkish, not brown, and smell like oil, oil drips, oily leaks, or green or red
Note whether the engine is hard to start with no “burnt” odor. The dipstick fluid on the engine or the pavement be-
when cold and if it idles smoothly. Then shouldn’t leave visible metal particles neath the car, it’s not a good sign.
try out every switch, button, and lever. on the rag, another sign of a serious Examine the constant-velocity-joint
With the engine running, turn on problem. Check the automatic- boots, which are the round, black-
the heater full blast to see how hot it gets, transmission fluid with the engine rubber bellows at the ends of the axle
and how quickly. Switch on the air warmed up and running. On some shafts. If they are split and leaking
conditioning and make sure it quickly vehicles, the dipstick has two sets of grease, assume that the car has bad CV
blows cold. marks for checking when the engine joints, another costly repair.
Sound system. Check reception is either cold or warm. Power-steering Structural components with kinks
on AM, FM, and satellite radio. If it’s a and brake fluids should be within and large dents in the floor pan or fuel
car that still has a CD player, try load- the safe zone. tank all indicate a past accident. Weld-
ing and ejecting a disc. Bring along your Radiator. Look into the plastic reser- ing on the frame suggests that a section
smartphone or MP3 player and plug it voir that’s connected by a rubber hose might have been replaced or cut out to
in and/or pair it via Bluetooth. to the radiator. The coolant should be perform repair work. Fresh undercoat-
Roof. Check the headliner and roof greenish or orange, not a milky or rusty ing may hide recent structural repairs.
trim for stains or sags to see whether color. Greenish stains on the outside EVs and hybrids. Make sure the bat-
water is leaking through ill-fitting of the radiator are a sure sign of leaks. tery is fully charged before a test-drive
doors or windows. Check to see that Battery. Some “maintenance-free” so you can observe its projected range.
the sunroof or moonroof opens and ones have a built-in charge indicator: For hybrids, check the in-car display
closes properly and seals well when Green usually means the battery is to ensure the battery is charging and
shut. Inspect a convertible top for in good shape, and yellow or black usu- discharging while you drive.

WHAT GOES WRONG AS VEHICLES AGE
Problem rate percentages in 17 trouble areas over the last 10 years
Even the best cars develop problems as below, reveals trends among the 17 potential frequently cited problem in older models
they rack up miles. Parts wear, break trouble areas. We grouped the related issues (6- to 10-year-old cars) includes key-
down, and ultimately need replacement, and plotted the percentage of problem rates less entry, gauges, tire pressure monitors,
following the natural order for any car. over time, from 1-year-old vehicles all the wiper motor and washer, and body
But components wear at different rates. way up to 10-year-old ones. control modules.
Breaking out the data from our Annual Most categories cover multiple subsystems. Turn to the Vehicle Profiles, starting on page
Auto Surveys, as highlighted in the charts For example, Power Equipment, the most 96, to see what each trouble spot includes.
Engine Brakes and Suspension Drivetrain
5% 5% 5%
Engine Major Brakes Transmission Major

Engine Minor Suspension Transmission Minor
4% 4% 4%
Engine Cooling Drive System
3% 3% 3%
2% 2% 2%
1% 1% 1%
0% 0% 0%
1yr 5yr 10yr 1yr 5yr 10yr 1yr 5yr 10yr
Fuel and Electrical In-Car Amenities Body, Paint, and Exhaust
5% 5% 5%
Electrical System In-Car Electronics Exhaust System

Fuel System Power Equipment Body Hardware
4% 4% 4%
Climate System Paint & Trim
Noises and Leaks
3% 3% 3%
2% 2% 2%
1% 1% 1%
0% 0% 0%
1yr 5yr 10yr 1yr 5yr 10yr 1yr 5yr 10yr

Visit Your Mechanic shops, research the companies at the and a private seller will certainly want
Before you close the deal, have the Better Business Bureau’s website. to be present. Because the last thing you
car scrutinized by a repair shop that Members of the American Automobile need is someone jabbering in your ear
routinely does diagnostic work. A deal- Association (AAA) can use one of its while you’re trying to concentrate, have
er should have no problem lending recommended facilities. a friend or relative engage in conversa-
you the car to have it inspected as long If you’re visiting a shop for the first tion with the salesperson or seller.
as you leave identification. If a sales- time, look for certificates or window Following are some of the major
person tells you that an independent decals from AAA or the National Insti- things you should concentrate on dur-
inspection is not necessary because the tute for Automotive Service Excellence ing your test drive. Things that might
dealership has already done it, insist (ASE). AAA-certified garages must meet seem insignificant now, such as the
on having your mechanic look at it. If a certain quality standards. The ASE shape of the seats, could become major
private seller is reluctant to let you drive grants certificates to mechanics who irritants later.
the car to a shop, offer to follow the pass exams in any of eight areas of Ride comfort. Is the ride soft, harsh,
seller to the inspection shop. expertise. The institute does not certify or somewhere in between? Does the
A thorough diagnosis should cost shops as a whole, but if 75 percent suspension isolate you from the road, or
around $100 to $150, but check the of the employees are ASE-certified, the do you feel every bump and ripple?
price in advance. Ask the mechanic for shop can carry the seal. Some suspensions feel comfortable over
a written report detailing the car’s bumps but tend to be floaty, jouncing
condition, noting any problems found The Effective Test-Drive up and down a bit after a large bump.
and the cost to repair them. You can This is your chance to see how the Look for a vehicle that feels tight and con-
then use the report when you begin to vehicle performs and whether you can trolled over bumps, but not harsh.
negotiate with the seller. detect any problems with its drivetrain, Ride comfort is determined by a
If you don’t know of any repair shops, steering, suspension, brakes, or other vehicle’s suspension, tires, and even its
you can ask for the name of a good shop important systems. seats, but it’s certainly one attribute
at a local auto-parts store. If you can’t get Try to drive for at least 30 minutes measured by personal preference.
referrals, look for a nationwide vehicle in- and over different types of road sur- Sporty cars, and even some sedans,
spection service, such as SGS (sgs.com) faces and in various driving conditions. have a firm ride, a common trade-off
or Carchex (carchex.com), or at the Car Plan your own driving route in advance for sharp handling characteristics.
Care Council (carcare.org), an organiza- because the seller may suggest routes This may not be for everyone. Some
tion supported by the auto aftermarket that hide or minimize problems. buyers who excitedly bought a sporty
industry. Note that there are no perfor- Try to eliminate as many distractions car regretted it later because the stiff
mance criteria for shops listed on the site. as possible. If the dealership insists ride seemed to accentuate every little
To check for complaints about any on sending someone along with you, bump in the road. To confirm your
Dealers tout them, and used car—much of within its warranty period,
buyers look for the label, that upcharge is due to you’ll be thankful you
CERTIFIED but is there an advantage

to a “certified pre-owned”
an included warranty
or service contract.
have that warranty. And
the dealer’s inspection
USED CARS vehicle? Or are they just

an expensive limited
Consumer Reports has
historically advised
of a car for certification
might sniff out recalls or
warranty? against paying extra on items that could become
Are they really worth the By definition, a an extended warranty— big problems later. The
price premium? “certified” used car is one one of the program’s main inspection should also
that has been vetted and selling points. address any recalls.
deemed to be in better Actuarial data shows Although CPO cars
operating condition than you might be better usually come with an
its peers. In reality, that’s served saving your cash extended warranty,
not always the case. by using it for repairs on dealers may push buyers
Certified cars tend to a non-certified car. toward a service contract
cost thousands of dollars But if your CPO car has that covers routine main-
more than a typical a major repair covered tenance, which can get

preference, drive several comparable that you’re comfortable with how
vehicles to evaluate the differences. your vehicle responds. It should be easy
Be sure the ride you experience during POPULARITY OF and controllable to maneuver along
MANUFACTURER CERTIFIED
your test-drive is one you can tolerate PRE-OWNED VEHICLES the road. The steering should not be so
for as long as you own the car. Sales have increased by one sensitive that it feels tense and not so
Acceleration. Make sure that the million units over 10 years slow that it takes a lot of turning to make
engine provides adequate acceleration a maneuver. You should also get good
when starting from a stop, and that you feedback through the steering wheel
can merge safely into highway traffic. 1.69 million about what the car is doing on the road.
Acceleration depends primarily on 2008 Some steering systems feel numb and
the engine power, but it is also closely disconnected from the road.
2.11 million
linked to the transmission. A great While driving slowly, turn the wheel
2013
engine coupled with a mediocre trans- a little right and left to make sure there’s
mission will deliver less-than-stellar 2.7 million not a big dead space in the center.
performance. Conversely, a fairly small 2018
Many vehicles have variable power
engine can appear much better in com- steering, which makes them feel one
SOURCE: Automotive News
bination with a modern, well-designed way on the highway and another at
manual or automatic transmission. slow speeds, like trying to maneuver
One of the real benefits of a test-drive should be easy to get just the amount into a tight parking space. You want the
is to see whether you like the pow- of stopping power you need with- steering to feel light at parking speeds,
ertrain. If so, that’s great; if not, now out the car stopping too quickly or with a firmer and more communicative
is the time to change your selection or not quickly enough. feel at cruising speeds.
keep looking. During your test-drives, Steering and handling. Does the An important note: You can’t test
be sure to try quick acceleration from car respond well to quick steering a vehicle at its handling and braking
a stop, and a rolling merge into fast maneuvers? Does it stay on course when limits on a public road to see how
freeway traffic. driving straight ahead on the highway, it would respond, such as trying to
Braking. Do the brakes feel respon- or does it need continual corrections? avoid an accident.
sive without being too jerky? Braking Does the car feel relaxed or too twitchy For this, see our road-test reports
is hard to evaluate thoroughly, but you to be comfortable? And does it stay at CR.org. We tell you how each car
can do a basic assessment. Feel how relatively composed on rough roads? responded to our braking and avoid-
the vehicle responds when you depress Vehicle response to quick steering ance-maneuver tests, and give indi-
the pedal, both softly and with more maneuvers is a key factor in avoiding vidual ratings for overall braking and
force. It should be smooth, and it emergency situations, so it’s important emergency handling.
expensive as the vehicle instance, you could be We recommend a certified car isn’t some of which affected
hits major service mile- stuck in a paperwork that you have any used necessarily trouble-free. vehicle safety.
stones at 60,000 miles snarl when it comes vehicle—certified Don’t assume the vehicle Bottom line. We think
and beyond. time to make a warranty or not—inspected by a hasn’t been wrecked, it’s fine to buy a
Be wary. There are claim, especially if you trusted independent flooded, or suffered noncertified car and
various degrees of seek work at another mechanic, preferably other serious damage—or bank any savings. Choose
certification. A used car facility. You need to be one experienced in auto- even that it has been a reliable model and a
may be advertised as aware of the differences, body work. properly inspected as the vehicle that receives your
certified, but it may and you should ask the Not all dealers will let certification process mechanic’s approval. If
not have the backing of dealer to provide official you drive a car off the may promise. you choose a CPO, be
an official automaker documentation so that lot without a salesperson Consumers have sure to read the fine print
certification program. you know what kind of as a chaperone, but a taken legal action on any warranty that
Some dealers certify cars warranty you are buying. trustworthy dealer should claiming that certified is offered to determine
themselves or sell third- Also, not all certifications understand your interest inspections were not whether the vehicle
party certifications. This may be transferable in getting an unbiased properly performed, or has been certified by a
type of CPO program from a previous owner opinion. that certified vehicles manufacturer, dealer,
brings certain risks. For to the next owner. Most important, even had serious defects, or third party.

Quietness. Consider engine, wind, annoying later. Engines don’t get qui- noise. It can be annoying, but buyers
and road noise, as well as squeaks and eter with age. who want those kinds of tires are usu-
rattles. Turn off the radio and drive Wind noise is the next biggest annoy- ally willing to put up with the noise.
with the windows closed so that you can ance, and side-view mirrors are the major The test-drive is a good way to deter-
hear what else is going on. Most cars culprits. Poorly designed mirrors roar mine your tolerance level.
suffer from some background noises. The and whistle, unlike better-designed ones. Visibility. This takes into account a
question is whether the ambient sounds You should have little trouble telling number of design factors, such as seat-
are at a level you can live with. which is which during your test-drive. ing position, mirror effectiveness, and
Engine noise has to do with the quality Listen at highway speed for wind body design. It can vary greatly, even
of the engine as well as its size and con- noise coming through the roof. Leaky among similar vehicles. And don’t forget
figuration. Four-cylinder engines are sunroof trim or roof rails may make to check behind you when reversing.
often the noisiest; V6 and V8 engines are a whistling sound.
far quieter. If an engine sounds coarse High-performance tires on sporty The Problem of Salvage Vehicles
and loud under heavy acceleration or cars and off-road tires on SUVs Repairing and reselling “salvage”
at highway speed, it could become more and pickup trucks create the most tire vehicles is a very large business. About
Protect Yourself When Buying a Used Car

7 steps to a successful used-car purchase.
HAVE IT reports that showed Check the backs of body or fabricated information, reports, which cost
1
INSPECTED problems. So before panels and doorjambs verify it with the service. a few dollars, should
Just because a report buying a used car, take for paint overspray, a Some dealers offer free find vehicles sold
is clean doesn’t mean it to an independent signal that the car might reports directly from the through insurance
the vehicle is free of mechanic to have it have had bodywork. The services. salvage auctions, in-
problems. Some dealers checked for any smell of mildew or mold cluding clean-title
who have provided evidence of damage. could indicate water READ THE wrecks. If reports from
5
“clean” reports are damage. DISCLOSURES those sources are clean,
using them in court as TAKE A The reporting companies consider also getting
2
a defense against TEST-DRIVE CHECK have many disclosures one from CarFax ($35)
3
charges that they knew Make note of unusual THE TITLE explaining the limits and AutoCheck ($30).
a vehicle was a former squeaks or rattles. If Always inspect the title of the information and Along with total-loss
wreck when they sold a car pulls to one side or document. Look for any guarantees they’re information, they might
it. We also know cases tracks poorly, that might anything indicating that providing. provide warnings about
of dealers altering hint at previous damage. the vehicle had been odometer tampering and
wrecked, repurchased BE REDUNDANT non-total-loss collisions.
6
under a state lemon law One report might
program, flooded, or be clean but another GET THE
7
had any other problem. might not be. If the seller BUYBACK
Verify that the odometer doesn’t provide you with PROTECTION
statement doesn’t a report, check with To take advantage of the
conflict with the number the free or inexpensive limited “buyback”
in the car. services first. In our tests, guarantees that CarFax
VINCheck wasn’t as and AutoCheck provide,
GET THE thorough as commercial you must register the
4
VEHICLE’S reports, but it identified purchase with the service
PHOTO: CAVAN IMAGES/OFFSET.
HISTORY REPORT vehicles that had been within 90 days. Remem-

CarFax and AutoCheck deemed a total loss. ber, even clean reports
reports were the most Because of regulations from all services don’t
reliable and complete. If enacted after our test, guarantee that the vehicle
the report isn’t recent or National Motor Vehicle doesn’t have damage or
you suspect it has missing Title Information System other problems.

1 million salvage vehicles are returned
to the road each year, according to
the National Association of Consumer
Advocates (NACA), an organization
of attorneys who represent consumers
victimized by fraudulent or abusive
business practices.
Though it is possible to restore such
a vehicle to good condition, rebuilders
often cut costs to make a profit. Even
if they try to do a good job, no one
can predict the crashworthiness and
mechanical reliability of the vehicles.
Similar concerns affect the esti-
mated 60,000 vehicles that are repur-
chased by manufacturers under state
lemon-law programs. Many are resold
at retail. Lemons usually don’t have
the severe problems you’d expect with
salvage cars. But it can be difficult to
verify that a defect has been corrected.
State laws differ on what they define
as salvage vehicles and on how—or even
if—those vehicles need to be inspected
and buyers informed before resale.
Your state DMV can explain how to spot
a salvage title.
CR found that differing standards
have led to interstate trafficking of
salvage and lemon vehicles. Even if
titles of former lemon and salvage
vehicles are conspicuously branded or
labeled as such, those who buy a used
car from a dealership often never see
the previous title.
If you’ve unknowingly purchased
a salvage vehicle or rebuilt lemon,
contact your state consumer and motor
vehicle officials. You can check with
NACA (naca.net), which keeps a list of
lawyers who specialize in such cases.
Before you buy, check to see what
protection your state offers and what’s
required of the seller. The Federal Trade
PHOTO: DAN BROWNSWORD/GET T Y IMAGES
Commission requires used-car dealers

to post a “buyer’s guide” on every used
car, which details in writing all warranty DON’T FALL
information. Keep this after the sale. IN LOVE
There are plenty
of used cars
Used-Car History Reports available; don’t
Used-car buyers are increasingly depen- settle for a
dent on vehicle-history reports to make problematic one.
sure that they’re not getting a vehicle
57
that was crashed, stolen, flooded, or vehicles, the earlier crashes were since provided. But there are gotchas.
subjected to any other calamities. Many added to the history reports, a problem To take advantage of the program,
dealerships give free history reports to if you paid top dollar for a used car you’d have to prove the vehicle had a
consumers. Those reports provide based on an earlier “clean” report and “branded” title, and the information had
useful information, but it’s what they now want to sell it. been on file with a state motor vehicle
can miss that should worry you. We found that the reports were most agency that provides data to the report-
To test the veracity of history reports, likely to be incorrect for vehicles that ing services. Vehicles branded as “recov-
in 2009 we ordered them for dozens were seriously damaged, but for various ered stolen” or “theft” aren’t covered.
of wrecked and damaged vehicles reasons were not declared a total loss In addition, the guarantees are valid for
advertised at such websites as eBay by an insurance company. one year after the report was issued
Motors and eRepairables.com. The “Salvage,” or a similar notation on the and apply only if you registered the pur-
ads included photos showing smashed title, is required by many states for ve- chase with the history report provider
or missing body panels or other crash- hicles with extensive damage. Wrecks can within 90 days. Last, vehicles with titles
related damage, along with the vehicle maintain clean titles if the vehicle doesn’t that were branded less than 60 days
identification number (VIN). have collision insurance, is self-insured before the history report was issued are
Many reports returned “clean” results, as with many rental and fleet vehicles, or excluded from coverage. That’s because
sometimes from all five services: CarFax has damage falling below the “total loss” of the delay between the time a title is
(carfax.com), AutoCheck (autocheck.com), threshold, which can vary by state. branded and the event is reported to the
the free VINCheck from the National Wrecked cars that still have clean reporting services.
Insurance Crime Bureau (nicb.org), and titles are popular at auctions because Despite the problems, we did find
two services with information from the buyers can repair the vehicles and then the reports useful. For example, for ve-
federal National Motor Vehicle Title Infor- resell them to unsuspecting consumers. hicles that we knew had branded titles,
mation System database (nmvtis.gov). That’s especially true if the wreck doesn’t the services usually reliably reported the
Not all of the vehicles we investigated show up on a vehicle history report. Car- problem, especially CarFax and Auto-
had been damaged recently. We first Fax and AutoCheck guarantee they’ll Check, which didn’t miss any. Moreover,
checked some in 2006, largely with the buy back any vehicle a customer bought there were several cases in which
same results. In some cases for those based on an erroneous report they damaged vehicles with clean titles were
nevertheless flagged by CarFax and
AutoCheck based on accident reports
the two providers received from some
police departments and other agencies.
There’s also a good chance that
the services will know about a previ-
ously branded title, even if a clean one
has since been issued. Scammers
sometimes patch up wrecks and re-title
them in states with less stringent rules—
a process known as “title washing.”
We appreciated some of the extras
that come with CarFax and AutoCheck,
including a list of ownership changes,
periodic odometer readings, occasional
maintenance records, and details about
whether vehicles were ever rentals or
leased. Keep in mind we had no way of
PHOTO: JOVO JOVANOVIC/STOCKSY
verifying the information or knowing

if anything was omitted.
ONLINE And a final reason to get a report: Even
ASSISTANCE
if a used car or truck checks out with a
Vehicle history
mechanic, having an accident or other
reports often have
valuable data blemish on a history report—even if it’s
about a car’s past. incorrect—can seriously reduce a vehicle’s
value later when you sell it.

CR’S USED-CAR USE THIS FORM TO LOG KEY INFORMATION FROM YOUR USED-CAR TEST-DRIVE.
CHECKLIST
VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
Year: Make: Model: Trimline:
Body: ☐ Sedan ☐ Hatchback ☐ Coupe ☐ Convertible ☐ Wagon ☐ Minivan ☐ Pickup ☐ SUV

Engine: Cylinders: Displacement (liters): Odometer reading:
Color:
Upholstery Material: ☐ Cloth ☐ Leather Vehicle Identification Number (VIN):
Owner’s Name: Town: Phone Number:
INSPECTION
EXTERIOR
☐ Shocks and struts rebound just once or twice after bouncing ☐ No play in wheel bearings
Finish:☐ Paint smooth, not peeling or blistered ☐ No dents ☐ No scratches ☐ No rust ☐ Body panels fit well together
☐ Color and finish match ☐ No damage evident on underside of hood or trunk
Doors, Hood, Trunk Lid: ☐ Open and close smoothly ☐ Doors, hood, trunk aligned with the body ☐ Rubber seals intact
Body Condition Notes:
Lights Work: ☐ Front ☐ Rear ☐ Brake ☐ Backup ☐ Fog lights ☐ License plate light(s) ☐ Lenses intact
Tires: ☐ Same brand on all ☐ Wear even ☐ Rims not dented or rusted ☐ Tread depth okay (use quarter test) Tire size:
Glass: ☐ No chips or cracks

INTERIOR AND INSTRUMENT PANEL
☐ No musty smell ☐ Carpets okay ☐ Floor mats present ☐ Carpet/under mats dry ☐ Wear on pedal rubber agrees with odometer
☐ Upholstery in good shape ☐ Seats in good shape ☐ Seat belts work ☐ Driving position comfortable
Controls Work: ☐ Headlights ☐ Turn signals ☐ Horn ☐ Windshield wiper/washer ☐ Climate system ☐ Air conditioner
☐ Seat heater ☐ Dome/map/panel lights ☐ Window switches ☐ Seat adjustments ☐ Power seat(s) ☐ Sunroof ☐ Power locks
☐ Power mirrors ☐ Key-fob remote ☐ Sound system: ☐ AM ☐ FM ☐ Tape ☐ CD ☐ USB/AUX input
Interior Notes:
TRUNK
☐ Spare tire okay ☐ Full-sized spare ☐ Limited-service spare ☐ Jack and all tools present ☐ No moisture or rust in trunk or spare-tire well
General Condition:
ENGINE COMPARTMENT
☐ Wiring-harness plastic armor flexible ☐ Wiring connectors neat ☐ No aftermarket wiring ☐ Rubber hoses supple
Fluids:☐ Oil okay ☐ Transmission fluid okay ☐ Power-steering fluid okay ☐ Brake fluid okay ☐ Radiator coolant greenish okay
☐ Battery liquid/color of “eye” okay ☐ Automatic transmission fluid okay (check with engine running) ☐ Windshield washer fluid okay
UNDERNEATH
☐ No drips beneath car ☐ Constant-velocity boots intact ☐ Tailpipe residue gray, not black or oily ☐ Pipes, muffler, and catalytic converter okay
Notes From Mechanic’s Inspection:

GET YOUR
CAR FIXED
(ALMOST)
FOR FREE
But you have to know about
these ‘secret warranties’
in order to benefit
Nothing’s more frustrating special, unadvertised automaker suspension component replaced some component or system
to a car owner than a vehicle programs that provide free free of charge. Similarly, some in a given model is failing
whose paint starts peeling or or discounted service work. Subaru Legacys, Outbacks, at a greater rate than expected.
whose roof is leaking just a few Though manufacturers often call Imprezas, WRXs, Crosstreks, They learn about the problems
years after leaving the dealer’s these programs “service actions” and Foresters from 2016 to 2017 from numerous sources,
lot. Having to make expensive, or “customer-satisfaction may qualify for an extension to including complaints to their
post-warranty repairs sends campaigns," many people refer the new car powertrain limited customer service departments
PHOTO: ISTOCKPHOTO
a signal to consumers that says: to them as secret or hidden warranty for additional coverage and reports from dealers.
You’re getting ripped off. warranties because they’re rarely of the continuously variable Other tip-offs are an unusual
Fortunately, you can often announced to the public. transmission. number of warranty claims
save hundreds, or even Here are two examples: These so-called “secret for a specific problem or a
thousands, of dollars in repair Owners of 2013 Nissan Altimas warranties” usually come about rapid decline in spare-parts
bills by taking advantage of may be able to have a rear when automakers discover that inventories.

Programs that offer subsidized offered, a TSB tells you that the one that’s recognized by the comprehensive, widely pub-
or free repairs are usually problem is well-known to the automaker, which could be a key licized, and good for the life of
presented as a “warranty automaker, which could give you to getting a break on repair costs. the vehicle.
extension,” because they last more leverage in negotiating a TSBs can hint at a safety Despite that, the National
for a specified time and mileage. discount on the repair. problem that the automaker Highway Traffic Safety
Occasionally, they’re good for doesn’t want to recognize. Administration estimates that
a limited number of years THE PROBLEM WITH That was the case with the only about 75 percent of the
from the original purchase date KEEPING WARRANTIES faulty ignition switches on Chev- vehicles recalled for a safety
but have no mileage limit. SECRET rolet Cobalts and other models defect ever get the repair
They’re often enacted in the It’s easy to understand why that General Motors recalled done. CarFax calculates that
name of good customer service. carmakers aren’t in a hurry to in 2014. General Motors had sent about 52 million cars on the road
Sometimes, though, a free- broadcast the existence of a its dealers TSBs about those have unfulfilled recalls.
repair program is instituted as free fix. Usually, only a small cars’ flimsy switches as early as It’s easy to find out whether
part of the settlement of a percentage of a given model’s 2005, but it apparently didn’t your car has an open recall.
class-action lawsuit brought production run will exhibit consider that a noteworthy Check the automaker’s website
by consumers. the problem. Carmakers don’t safety problem at the time. Only or go to SaferCar.gov, and have
At any given time, you’ll find want tens of thousands of after GM was successfully sued your VIN handy. You can also
one or two of these out-of- customers who don’t have the did the magnitude of the safety contact the service department
warranty service actions from problem showing up at dealer- ramifications come to light. of any franchised dealer, give
many manufacturers. ships, demanding the free repair Similarly, Toyota dealers them your car’s VIN, and ask that
So just how "secret" are these “just in case.” received two service bulletins we they check for any recalls.
secret warranties? Often, when But the hush-hush approach know of regarding faulty brakes
an automaker initiates a service has several downsides: on the 2007–2011 Toyota Camry WHERE TO LEARN MORE
campaign, it sends a notification Once the basic warranty has Hybrid. Toyota notified owners Technical service bulletins
letter to all known owners. But expired, car owners often go of free repairs, offering a fairly used to be hard for consumers
second or third owners of that to a local, independent repair generous warranty extension on to come by, but you can now
car may not receive it. Even shop rather than to the dealer. some brake components. get them for free at SaferCar.
among those who do receive the If so, they may end up paying It’s also important to be aware gov, the government’s auto-
communications, the letter may for an expensive repair that could that your car can be repaired safety website. Enter your car’s
be mislaid or mistakenly thrown have been done free. free as part of a recall. Unlike make, model, and year in the
away. In other cases, though, Owners may never learn that a TSB or a service campaign, "Owner" section and click on the
there is no advance notice, and their problem is a common official safety recalls are "Service Bulletins" tab. The TSBs
car owners find out about it only will appear in the search results as
if a dealer tells them abut the manufacturer communications.
service campaign or they discover You can sort these communi-
it by doing their own research. cations by type of problem
All of the warranty extensions SECRET FIX and find the repair instructions
we’ve found are included in that manufacturers send to
Owners can check
technical service bulletins dealers. Note that some TSBs
NHTSA's website
(TSB) that automakers send for TSBs. released before 2012 will not
to their dealers’ service be available and that the cover-
departments. TSBs usually age period for older TSBs may
describe a common problem have expired.
the automaker has learned A dealership or repair shop
about and provide detailed can also look up available
instructions on how the service TSBs using the vehicle’s VIN.
technician should fix it. They will be able to tell you
Most issues covered by a whether there are any active
TSB cannot be fixed for free. TSBs that are applicable to your
However, a small number of vehicle and whether or not
TSBs also contain information you would be charged to have
about special warranties the repair made.
related to the problem or other You can find more informa-
remedies the carmaker is tion about auto repairs and
offering to owners. maintenance on CR’s website
If your car develops a notable at CR.org/carrepair.
PHOTO: GET T Y IMAGES
problem that’s not connect- Also, go to CR.org/carsafety

ed to wear and tear or collision to check and see if there are
damage, it might be worth any open recalls on your car.
checking whether there’s a TSB You'll find plain-English interpre-
related to it. tations of the recall prepared by
Even if no warranty extension is certified mechanics.

4
THINK
BEFORE
YOU BUY
Key strategies to help you avoid paying too much—
a mistake that can cost you for years to come.
We’ll show you how and where to

compare auto loans, why it’s important
to know your credit score before you
apply for a loan, and the advantages
and disadvantages of the conventional—
or alternative—auto-financing methods
available today.
62
63
4 Buying & Financing Strategies
Watch Your Total Cost Another key consideration is that loans often lengthen the time before you
Whether you’re buying from a dealer- the loan’s duration can significantly begin building equity in the vehicle.
ship or a private seller, it’s critical to affect both your monthly payment With a 60-month loan, it may take
comparison shop for a loan. Getting and the total cost of your financing. 18 months of paying or more before the
preapproved will allow you to jump A shorter term means higher monthly car is worth more than you owe.
on a good deal without any lingering payments but less money paid overall. So if you want to trade in or sell the
red tape to delay the process. For example, if you borrow $15,000 car early, the price you’ll get won’t
Ultimately, you want to balance a at a 6.5 percent APR for 36 months, cover what you still owe—this is called
loan’s total cost against an affordable your monthly payment will be $460 being “upside down” or “underwater.”
monthly payment. But if you simply and the total interest will be $1,550. If the car is stolen or destroyed, your
concentrate on the payment, you’ll The same loan over 60 months would insurance payout won’t be enough to
increase the chances of ending up lower the monthly payment to $293— pay off the balance of your loan. For
with a bad deal. When comparing more than $160 less—but increase the sure this depends on how quickly a
loans, focus on the annual percentage interest by $1,060, to a total of $2,610. model depreciates, but it's important to
rate (APR) figure. A lower rate can Dealers often advertise low monthly keep in mind with long-term loans.
produce significant long-term savings. payments by extending loan terms To prevent this problem, ask for a
For example, a three-year, $15,000 to as long as seven years. These loans shorter loan and make a significant
loan at 5 percent APR would save you often have higher interest rates and can down payment. When financing a car,
almost $500 overall, compared with the leave buyers still paying for a car that’s we recommend having a trade-in or
same loan at 7 percent. Over a longer- more than a decade old, requires costly down payment worth at least 20 per-
term loan, this hidden cost multiplies. repairs, and worth very little. Plus, these cent of the total cost of the vehicle.
Understand Your Credit Score

There are three big credit-reporting
agencies, also called credit bureaus,
PLAN AHEAD
which monitor consumers’ credit
Check your credit
score before you information: Experian, TransUnion and
start shopping for Equifax. They all track your past and
a car so you know present borrowing behavior and gener-
what to expect.
ate a three-digit score that supposedly
summarizes your creditworthiness.
Before you apply for a loan, it’s wise
to check your credit to find out where
you stand in the eyes of potential
lenders. After all, you’ll need good
enough credit to qualify for the cheap-
est, lowest-interest auto loans.
According to Experian, just over 60
percent of all auto loans last year were
granted to people with “Prime” or
better credit standing, but only about
19 percent of borrowers were in the
highest category, called “Super Prime”
in Experian’s parlance.
By law, you’re entitled to one free
PHOTO: ASTR AK AN IMAGES/OFFSET
report from each of the major credit

bureaus every 12 months. To order your
reports, go to annualcreditreport.com.
When the reports arrive, scrutinize
them for errors. You can challenge any
mistakes you find, and it’s smart to
correct any misinformation.
A report is not the same as a credit

score, which is often offered for free by might not gather the same information
banks, credit cards, and credit unions. on you. And you might see scores
If you’ve ever had a bank loan, install- AVOID that use different scales: 300 to 900,
ment loan, or credit card, information
regarding your account will appear
THE BUMP 300 to 850, or something similar.
What they’re not is the exact score
on your reports. Among other factors, VERIFY YOUR that any given lender may be using to
credit bureaus track your total available INTEREST judge your loan application. Lenders
credit, current debt, and how much buy scoring software from FICO and
of your available credit you are using.
RATE other providers. They have no obligation
You may also find negative information: to show you the score they are using to
late payments, missed payments, judg- judge your creditworthiness.
ments, write-offs, and bankruptcies. One way dealerships make ¢ Scoring tiers. Lenders usually divide
Your scores will certainly differ, at additional money on credit scores into tiers, or categories.
least a little, from one agency to another. used cars is through an auto- According to Experian credit scores are
financing practice called
Each may gather information from a broken down as follows: Excellent (800-
“interest-rate bumping.”
slightly different list of creditors, and Here’s how it works: After
850); Very Good (740-799); Good (670-
they each use different algorithms to reviewing your credit history 739); Fair (580-669); and Poor (300-579).
turn your credit activity into a score. and score, the finance Different providers may put the cut-
¢ Many scores, little control. Credit company or bank used by off points between categories at dif-
scores are often generically called FICO the dealership determines ferent places. For instance, a score of
you are eligible for a loan
scores. That’s because a firm called 680 might be considered prime in one
rate of 6 percent per year.
Fair Isaac Company developed the most But the dealership can system and nonprime in another.
widely used scoring algorithms—soft- bump up the rate and keep Lenders, however, can put the cut-
ware it sells to the credit-reporting agen- the additional money for off points wherever they want accord-
cies and lenders. Fair Isaac refines its themselves, and it doesn't ing to their own business needs. For
have to tell you that a lower
FICO software much like programmers auto lenders such as the car companies’
rate is possible.
trot out successive generations of apps. This practice, also called financing arms, the amount of your
Those algorithms are also tweaked for a markup, is allowed by down payment can significantly change
different lenders for different purposes. finance companies, and the tier they put you in.
That means that there are many provides an incentive to the The tier you land in can make a huge
dealer for this additional
versions of FICO score in circulation, difference in the APR you’ll pay. In
profit. On an $18,000 five-
used by mortgage companies, credit year loan, an increase of 2019, people in the highest tier were
card issuers, auto lenders, and others. three percentage points paying less than 5 percent on used-car
Depending on who is pulling a score would take an additional loans. Subprime borrowers were pay-
on you, your credit history may gener- $1,560 out of your pocket ing, on average, more than 17 percent.
ate more than 60 different scores. You and give it to the dealer. 33 percent of borrowers fall into the
This is one way dealers
should realize, too, that your credit Fair (subprime) and Poor (deep sub-
make up for negotiating a
score fluctuates throughout the year as prime) categories, and loans in those
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPRE AD: KONSTANTIN PELIKH/AL AMY STOCK PHOTO
low price on a car. Studies

various loan balances change, you show that dealerships are categories often come with extra fees
apply for new credit, or close existing more likely to mark up rates or deposits.
accounts. Those are good reasons not for nonwhite buyers, even “The sad reality is that if you're a sub-
if they have higher credit
to obsess too much on the scoring prime buyer, you're going to pay more
scores than white buyers.
number and on modest differences A former salesman told us interest than someone with a good
you may see between the different that if the customer ques- credit score,” says Matt DeLorenzo,
scores you might obtain. tioned the rate, he would say, managing editor at Kelley Blue Book.
When you buy or obtain your free “I’m really sorry. It’s not up In addition to that score, lenders
to us; it’s up to the bank.”
once-a-year scores from the credit- make decisions on whether to approve
Prevent this by shopping
reporting agencies, what you get is for a loan at banks and credit a loan, how much to lend you, and at
branded as the PLUS score, which unions before you visit the what interest rate based solely on their
is a credit score with some finishing dealership so that you can needs. And they may consider all sorts
touches incorporated by the agencies. compare rates. of factors—like income and work his-
They differ from agency to agency tory—that credit bureaus don’t track.
for several reasons. Credit bureaus You could have perfectly good

credit, but a lender might be looking issuer. An auto lender might not care advantageous in the long run, there are
to make more subprime loans. that you’re chronically late with your some other payment options:
Applying for loans can lower your Visa payment, as long as you pay ¢ Paying cash. It’s long been an article of
credit score, so be careful how many your car loan on time every time. faith that paying cash is the cheapest way
times you apply in a short period of What’s vexing to many consumers, to finance a car. Write a check once, and
time, and only apply when you’re ready however, is that they have no legal right you do away with the burden of monthly
to buy a car. Getting turned down for to see that “auto adjusted” loan score payments forever. The only downside of
a loan does not hurt your score. free of charge. That puts consumers at a pulling money out of your personal till is
¢ Lenders’ “secret” scores. When lend- disadvantage. If the score is wildly dif- what’s called “opportunity cost.” That’s
ers make various kinds of loans, such ferent from a regular FICO score, they the interest or dividends you’ll give up on
as auto loans or home mortgages, they can’t learn why or do anything about it. the money you part with, and the oppor-
often use scoring models adapted for If you’ve had a positive auto-loan tunity to do something else with it.
the purpose, which produce different history, it’s probably safe to assume that Interest rates are low enough that
scores from those you obtain for your- your auto-loan score will reflect it. The borrowed money is still relatively
self from the credit bureaus. reverse is also true. If you discover that cheap for people with good credit.
In the auto loan area there are, for your credit-bureau report shows nega- Car-company subsidized loans are often
instance, scoring models called “auto tive information about your prior auto- available that bring rates even lower
enhanced” or “auto industry” variants. loan performance that isn’t true, you than bank rates. If you’re contemplat-
They’re based on formulas that should contest that information, both ing taking money out of an investment
give more weight to your past auto with the credit bureau and with that pays you a reliable 5 percent, say,
finance-specific behavior. the creditor that’s bad-mouthing you. then you may be better off borrowing
If you’ve made late payments or the cheap money.
defaulted on a car loan, it will ding your Financing Alternatives As always, weigh the total cost of the
“auto” score more than otherwise. Financing through a bank or the dealer loan—the sum of all the payments,
Similarly, if you’ve been really good with is the way most people pay for vehicles, including taxes and fees—versus what
auto payments, your score could be but it’s not the only way. While con- your capital would be worth if you left
higher than the one used by a credit card ventional borrowing may be the most it alone. In the case of a subsidized
low-interest loan, you’ll want to be care-
ful that the cheap financing doesn’t
mean you can’t bargain the price down
from the sticker price in order to qualify.
You may also find that the savings are
minimal compared with the aggravation
of monthly payments.
¢ Home equity. Mortgage lenders have,
for many years, been willing to make

additional loans secured by the equity
in your home, either as a single sum,
a home equity loan, or a home equity
line of credit (HELOC), essentially an
open-ended line of credit that you can
draw on when you want to.
However, new changes to the tax
code make it less attractive to use your
home’s equity to finance a vehicle. Now,
BY THE BOOK
borrowers can no longer deduct inter-
A car's basic est from a home equity loan if it’s used
retail value is for purposes outside of buying, build-
just the start of ing, or substantially improving a home,

determining the
such as purchasing a car. HELOCs may
right price on a
used car you are also have variable rates that can in-
considering. crease monthly payments as rates rise.
But the biggest danger with either

option is the risk to your home. With
a conventional auto loan, the vehicle
itself is the collateral. But with either a Comparing Private Party
home equity loan or HELOC, the
collateral is your home. If something hap- vs. Trade-In Pricing
pens and you can’t make the payments,
your home could be in jeopardy. That’s
a big risk to take for an auto loan. To show the difference between what the dealer will pay your for a car and
¢ 401(k) loans. While it's possible to what you could sell it for on your own, we collected data from several 3-year-
borrow money from your 401(k), check old models with 36,000 miles.
with your plan administrator to see
whether it for a non-essential like a car $40,100 Trade-In
is allowed. Usually, such loans are Private Sale
made to cover a medical emergency or
a first-home down payment.
$ $24,900
One benefit of a 401(k) loan is that
interest rates are usually the prime rate $
plus 1 or 2 percent, regardless of credit $21,450
score. Another is that you’re borrowing
$
money from yourself, so the interest $15,000 $ $ $17,175
you pay goes back into your own kitty.
There are significant downsides. The $ $ $
first is the lost earnings on the capital
you withdraw. The repayment, gener- $ $ $ $
ally limited to five years or less, comes
straight out of your paycheck, which $ $ $ $ $
may tempt you to reduce your regular
$ $ $ $ $
401(k) contribution. If you lose your job
or change plans, you may have to repay
$12,900 $38,450 $23,415 $15,510 $20,405
the balance in full within 60 days.
Ford Chevrolet Dodge Honda Toyota
Then if you don’t repay the loan at Fusion SE Silverado 1500 Durango SXT Civic EX RAV4
all, you face taxes and early withdrawal 2.5 FWD LTZ Z51 Crew AWD V6 Sedan XLE AWD
penalties, which could put a big dent Cab 4WD
in your nest egg.
¢ Credit cards. You also can purchase
a vehicle, at least in part, with a credit

card draft or cash advance. This is a
bad idea, as cash advances often have back or airline miles, make sure you There is a far wider range of outlets
additional fees and high interest rates. have enough money on hand and pay it for a used vehicle than a new one, and
Even if you receive a promotional off before it incurs any interest. both price and vehicle quality can vary.
offer with low introductory rates and Here, we’ll discuss the pros and
cash-advance fee waivers—which usually Where to Buy Your Car cons of shopping at different used-car
comes in the mail with blank “conve- Prices can vary substantially depending outlets, from traditional dealerships
nience checks” and a letter encouraging on mileage, condition, options, the geo- to websites. We’ll also show you how
you to pay off other credit balances—it’s graphic location of the car, and whether to assess a vehicle’s true value so
a bad idea. That’s because card interest you buy it from a large dealer, a small that you don’t end up overpaying.
rates can climb dramatically once the used-car lot, or a private owner. And when you’re ready to buy, we’ll
attractive introductory rate expires. If Once you’ve decided which models give you advice on how to negotiate
you’re a day late on a single payment, it interest you most, the best strategy the asking price so that you can get
could rise higher still. A loan like that is is to cast a wide net into the used-car the best deal possible.
possibly the worst way to finance a car. market and focus on those models ¢ New-car dealers. Nearly all fran-
If you do use a credit card to make that give you the best combination of chised dealers have a used-car
a down payment in order to earn cash features, quality, and price. department, which tends to feature

late-model vehicles (2 or 3 years old) with new-car franchises. If the dealer- an impartial inspection performed.
that often carry the remainder of the ship has been around for a long time ¢ Private owners. You can usually get
original warranty or are Certified and has a good reputation locally, that’s the best price if you buy a car from its
Pre-Owned with an extended warranty. a good sign. previous owner. A private party doesn’t
Many dealers won’t bother with cars Many used-car dealerships can arrange have to cover the overhead of a busi-
more than four or five years old, or financing for you. Some of these loans ness and frequently just wants to get rid
ones that are difficult to sell, so their are handled by traditional banks and of the vehicle. But an owner may not be
stock is fairly up to date. lenders, but other independent dealers aware of trouble signs that a dealership
¢ Auto superstores. These are dealer- may specialize in working with custom- or service station would recognize.
ships with huge lots and scores of cars ers with a shaky credit history. Such Additionally, you’ll have to have financ-
to sell. They have numerous brands, financing may carry a very high inter- ing in place before you buy.
making it easy to compare cars. CarMax est rate, extra fees, or stiff penalties. Be Sometimes “private sellers” fix up
is a large chain that sells used cars at careful. Whether the financing is easy and sell rebuilt vehicles with salvage
no-haggle prices. Services like Carvana to arrange or not, don’t sign something titles (see page 57). Beware a seller who
and Vroom are similar, but put the whole you don’t understand or buy a car you seems unaware of a vehicle’s history
process online and can deliver vehicles know you can’t afford even if you’re ap- or who is selling it for a “friend.” Always
directly to buyers, who never have to proved for a loan. have a vehicle thoroughly inspected by
go to a dealer. Delivery services often ¢ Independent mechanics. Some an independent mechanic.
swap a limited-time offer of a money- mechanics have a sideline business ¢ Shopping online. The internet pro-
back guarantee for the opportunity to selling used cars. They may not have vides an easy way to find out prices for
test drive and inspect a vehicle. many cars to sell, but prices are various models for sale in your area
¢ Independent used-car dealers. often better than those you’ll find at from a variety of sources, including
These are apt to handle any make, a dealership. An added benefit is that dealers, superstores, and private own-
and the vehicles can run the gamut the station may have serviced the ers. You may find, however, that many
from the almost-new to the junker- car throughout its life, giving its me- offerings are located inconveniently far
in-waiting. Some dealers specialize chanics knowledge of the car’s repair from home, or that listings are errone-
in late-model cars and are affiliated history. Still, take it elsewhere to have ous or incomplete.
that also has a large consumer- these institutions are in a position

finance division in the U.S. to offer some very competitive
WHERE TO SHOP Unfortunately, discrimination

in auto lending is nothing new.
loan rates. Bank offerings vary
tremendously, though, and some
FOR A CAR LOAN An academic report published

in December, 2019, found that
make more loans to people with
marginal credit than others.
Black and Hispanic borrowers Because you probably have
were 1.5 percent less likely to be a relationship with at least one
approved for a loan and that bank already, your local branch
they pay 0.7 percent higher in- might be a good place to start.
terest rates, regardless of their While you can check a banks'
The auto-finance business is from those captives, especially credit. The study found that current loan rates online, stop by
enormous, with hundreds of when the automaker itself is although bank loans were much a branch office if you decide to
institutions making hundreds of subsidizing the loans. Other lend- less likely to be discriminatory, apply for a loan. It’s a good way
PHOTO: BOSTON GLOBE /GET T Y IMAGES
billions of dollars’ worth of car ers include credit unions, local more than 80,000 Black and to control where your information
loans every year. The largest banks, and finance companies. Hispanic borrowers were denied goes, and you might walk out the
lenders are big national banks Consumer finance companies loans they would have been ap- door with a pretty good offer.
like Ally Bank, Capital One, and aren’t banks—they don’t take proved for had they been white. Credit unions operate like
Chase. Other big players are deposits—and many of them Here’s a rundown on the types banks, but are usually nonprofits
the “captive” finance companies specialize in making high-interest- of lending institutions: owned by their depositors, with
belonging to automakers, such rate subprime loans. Big names Banks often have conservative lower operating costs than banks.
as Ford Motor Credit and Toyota there include Westlake Financial, loan policies, and some cater That lets them lend money at
Financial Services. Credit Acceptance Corp., and only to those borrowers with a lower rates. Many, but not all,
Some of the best deals come Santander, an international bank better credit standing. As such, credit unions lend money only

Used-car websites typically ask you
to fill in the make and model in which
you’re interested, your price range, and PUT AWAY THE PLASTIC
the region where you’d like to shop.

Try to limit your search to locations that
Using a credit card cash advance to finance
are easy to reach. You’ll get a list of ve- a car purchase is a terrible idea. That’s
hicles that fit your criteria, along with a because issuers can add hidden fees, and
way to contact the seller. Because many
sellers are car dealerships, most sites
interest rates can climb dramatically.
provide direct links to the dealership
websites. Many services also let you
place an ad for selling your old car. serious misrepresentation. You can slow to update their offerings as inven-
Facebook Marketplace and Craigslist arrange to have the vehicle inspected tories change, making it a challenge
are good places to find cars owned by through a paid service on the site. to even find available common models.
individuals, especially older or high- Federal, state, and local government Always make sure the vehicle you’re
mileage vehicles. agencies use online auction sites to dis- looking for is still available before visiting
Online auctions are another route. pose of surplus vehicles. These vehicles any seller, whether it’s a dealership or
The auction system is a little different are usually well maintained, but often a private party.
from standard price negotiation. On lack desirable options. Rental car com- No matter how much of the transac-
eBay, once you enter a bid it’s like sign- panies also use auction sites to sell older tion you conduct by phone or email,
ing a contract to buy. If there is a re- models from their fleets, in addition to it’s important to inspect the vehicle in
serve, it must be met or the auction will their own dedicated used-car sites. person and take it for a test-drive (see
expire without a transaction. Though Problems we’ve noticed with used- Chapter 3 for details) before you buy.
an auction gives you an opportunity car websites include scam ads meant
to snap up a bargain, it also means you to trick you into giving out personal What’s It Really Worth?
have committed to the deal, unless it information or money for a deal that’s Whether you are buying from a dealer-
turns out that the seller has made some “too good to be true.” Some sellers are ship or a private party, it’s important
to their members. However, it can If you do make an online appli-

be easy to join a credit union and cation, look out for up-front fees
some make loans to people who you may have to pay. Avoid loans
don’t have deposit accounts with with prepayment penalties that
them. Credit.com maintains links make it hard to refinance in the
to several credit unions that make future. And check each website’s
loans to the general public. privacy policy before providing
Online lenders can be competi- personal information.
tive and also very convenient to Dealerships arrange loans from
use. Sites such as Clearlane, automakers but also work with
E-Loan, and LendingTree farm banks and other independent
out your request to numerous sources. One benefit to working
lenders, netting you several offers. through a dealer is convenience.
Individual lenders like Capital But the rates they quote often in-
One and Wells Fargo also have clude a markup for the dealership.
online loan operations. Beware: Some dealers advertise
Online financing has a down- that they work with buyers who
side, however. It may be difficult have poor credit, but charge a
to control where the information higher APR. Many “buy here, pay
you provide about yourself goes, here” lots will add on extra fees or
and you may be bombarded with extend loans as long as 8 years,
email and phone calls from lend- and may not help you build credit
ers you never heard of or con- by reporting your on-time pay-
tacted in the first place. ments to credit bureaus.
69
to know a vehicle’s current cash value. printed pricing guides and online commodities, not people. The used-car
This depends on many factors, includ- estimates can give you a general idea, market is huge, and there is more than
ing the vehicle’s age, mileage, condition, you can often get a better fix on a ve- one model that should fit your needs.
trim level, optional equipment, and hicle’s worth by localizing your search Even if you have your heart set on one
even where it’s being sold. All used cars by checking online ads from private par- specific model, be assured there are
have two prices: retail and wholesale. ties as well as dealer ads. Keep in mind likely to be similar ones for sale.
¢ Retail price. This is what you would that sometimes it’s difficult to sort out While it used to be common for deal-
expect to pay if you were buying a car the private sellers from the dealer ads. ers to bake room for negotiation into
at a dealership. Retail is also considerably Look for vehicles similar to your target the prices of used cars, the rise of no-
higher than the price you’ll receive for in terms of model year, mileage, trim haggle superstores and the transpar-
your trade-in, because it includes a profit level, options, and condition. ency of internet sales means you may
margin for the dealership. You can also check online used-car not be able to haggle a price down as
¢ Wholesale price/trade-in value. sites, which let you limit searches much as in years past.
This is essentially a car’s trade-in value to your general geographic area and Still, never negotiate under pressure.
to a dealer, that will likely sell it to instantly get a listing of nearby cars for Salespeople may assure you they won’t
someone else for profit. Understand- pressure you, but then still do it in a
ably, the trade-in price is much lower subtle way, like by claiming that some-
than the retail price, and it is unlikely one else is interested in the same car.
you could buy a used car for this price. Even if it’s true, don’t feel you have to
But it’s a figure you should know THE VITAL STATISTIC make a deal or a deposit immediately—
62%
if you’re deciding whether to trade in there are always other cars out there.
your vehicle or sell it yourself. If you’re buying at a dealership, nego-
In the wholesale end of the business, tiate one thing at a time. First settle on
a car can actually command several the price for the vehicle you’re buying,
prices. One is what the dealer offers a then discuss your trade-in and financ-
customer as a trade-in. Then there’s ing separately. Salespeople often try to
a dealer-to-dealer price when one dealer get you to focus on your monthly pay-
sells that car to another. If the car ment. They will lump the whole process
goes to a wholesale auction, which is Percentage of used-car together, which gives the salesperson
only open to car dealers, then there loans with a payback term too much leeway to give you a “good
is an auction price. Every step, the longer than five years. deal” in one area while making up for it
middlemen take a markup and the car SOURCE: Experian; Q2 2020 in another. Be sure to double-check the
acquires a new “value.” dealer’s math, too, as you don’t want
¢ Find the book value. The first step to overpay for their mistake.
in assessing a used vehicle’s true worth Based on your homework, you
is to check its book value. This is the should know how much you’re willing
figure you’ll find in pricing guides and sale and their prices. Prices in other re- to pay. Begin with an offer that's 15 to
used-car websites, which list a vehicle’s gions may vary from those in your area. 25 percent lower than this figure. Name
base retail value. To get a more accu- Knowing what other sellers of similar your offer and wait until the person
rate figure, you must factor in any vehicles are asking can provide ammuni- you’re negotiating with responds. Be
options, as well as mileage and condition for you to bid lower on the car you courteous, but hold to your original fig-
tion. Most websites let you do this want. Keep in mind that listed prices ure after receiving any counteroffer.
online, then give you adjusted figures. are the asking prices, not what people If you must move up your offer, do it
Check CR.org; we have used vehicle are paying. Assume that all such in small increments. If the gap between
prices for every model. You can also prices are negotiable. the two sides is, say, $1,000 or less, move
check Kelley Blue Book (kbb.com), Many sites—including AutoTrader and your bid $100 at a time. State clearly
the National Automobile Dealers CarGurus—will tell you if a car is priced when you have reached your last offer—
Association (nadaguides.com), and well, or too high. And you can check and stick to it.
VMR (vmrintl.com). Checking several closed auctions to see the final price. Don’t be afraid to say your offer is
sources will give you more pricing fair, final, and good for 24 hours only.
information when you begin haggling Negotiate Effectively If the seller won’t budge, be prepared
with potential buyers. The first rule of buying a car is not to fall to walk away rather than pay more
¢ What are sellers asking? Though in love with any specific one. Cars are than you know is a fair price.

CR’S DEAL SHEET USE THIS WORKSHEET TO TRACK THE DETAILS OF YOUR TRANSACTION.
THE NUMBERS
P U RC H A S E P R I C E $
S U BTR AC T: T R A D E- I N A L LOWA N C E -$
R E BATE O R OTH E R C A S H I N C E NTIV E -$
D OW N PAY M E NT ( D U E O N D EL I V ERY ) -$
D E P OS IT -$
EQ UA L S: A M O U N T TO B E FI N A N C ED BY LOA N $
I NTE R E S T R ATE % ( EN T ER A N N UA L PERC EN TAG E R AT E )
LOA N TE R M ( I N M O N T H S)
M O NTH LY PU RC H A S E PAY M E NT ( V ER I F Y W I T H A N O N L I N E AU TO
$
LOA N C A LC U L ATO R )
TOTA L VA LU E O F PAY M E NT S (OV ER D U R AT I O N O F LOA N ) $
O D O M E TE R R E A D I N G ( AT T I M E O F P U RC H A S E )
D E LIV E RY DATE O F V E H I C LE
VEHICLE DESCRIPTION
Year: Make: Model: Trimline:
Body: ☐ Sedan ☐ Pickup ☐ SUV ☐ Hatchback ☐ Coupe ☐ Convertible ☐ Minivan ☐ Wagon
Color: VIN:

5
GET TOP
DOLLAR
FOR YOUR
OLD CAR
To get the most money when selling or trading
in your car, know what it’s worth and clean it up
so that it looks its best.
Figuring out how to dispose of your current

vehicle isn’t as exciting as getting a new
ride, but be careful. You could get a great
deal on your new car but lose all the
savings—and more—on your old one. You
typically get the most money by selling
your car yourself. But many people like the
convenience of trading it in and are willing
to take less money for it. In this chapter, we’ll
look at the advantages and disadvantages
of both strategies.
72
73
5 Selling or Trading In
Staying Safe WHAT TO EXPECT always simply refuse the offer and
15%
Like we touched on in Chapter 3, selling sell your vehicle to the dealer that gave
a used car during a pandemic has a new you a better quote.
set of challenges. If you are comfortable
enough to sell your vehicle, make sure Trade In Your Old Car? Less
you take all necessary precautions to Effort—but Also Less Money.
prevent the spread of COVID-19. Many buyers prefer the simplicity
If you are trading in your car, make of trading in their vehicle. You can
sure you speak with the car dealer early apply the trade-in amount to your
on about how comfortable you (and This is the difference between down payment, reducing how much
they) are with people getting into and the retail and trade-in value of a you have to finance. If you still owe
out of your car. Try to perform all 2017 Honda Civic EX sedan. money on your car, the dealer can
transactions socially distanced or online. SOURCE: Black Book Used Car Values.
deduct that amount from your trade.
It’s more challenging if you are selling There can be tax advantages, too. Most
your car yourself. For example, you states require that sales tax be paid
might not want people to test-drive your only on the difference between the price
car, so make sure you are up front about of your trade-in and the vehicle you
that early in the process. Communicate variables (options, mileage, condition, are buying, not the full price of the car
your safety requirements to the buyer and so on) into consideration. Some you buy. However, this tax benefit goes
early, too, and be prepared to have to tell dealerships will try to give you less away if you sell your car yourself.
people “no, thank you” if they aren’t money for it so that they can make more A real downside of trading in your
willing to meet your safety expectations. profit when they resell it. vehicle is that you might leave behind
Start by making your car present- hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars.
What Is Your Car’s Value? able, then take it to CarMax or a similar The best you can hope for when trading
Whether selling or trading in, it’s impor- used-car superstore, or the used-car in is the wholesale price, which is
tant to know your car’s cash value. departments of local dealerships. Ask significantly less than what you could
If you sell the vehicle yourself, you’ll what they would give you in a straight- get if you sold it yourself. If your car is
often get more than the wholesale price up sale. This is the minimum to older or has very high miles, its trade-in
(the car’s value if you trade it in), but you expect if you trade in your car, so you value may only be a few hundred
likely won’t get what a car dealer would. can negotiate with confidence. dollars—even if you could sell it privately
If you decide to trade in your cur- There’s another advantage to having for thousands. In addition, even if
rent car, expect to get something close this information: If you’re being you’ve checked all the pricing sources
to its wholesale value after taking all lowballed on your trade-in, you can and think you know what your vehicle
Depending on its condi- of grime. But preparing car-wash detergent.

tion, you can spruce up the car for sale may Alloy wheels should be
MAXIMIZE the car yourself or take it

to a professional detailer.
involve bodywork, paint
touch-ups, and heavy-
scrubbed thoroughly
to remove road film and
CURB Prices generally start

around $100 for a full
duty buffing.
As with all do-it-yourself
grime. Use a stiff-bristled
brush with a detergent
APPEAL detail treatment but can

rapidly increase depend-
projects, the more elbow
grease you invest, the less
or cleaner that is safe
for all wheels. Non-
ing on the region, type you’ll need to pay some- automotive cleaners can
Making your vehicle look as of vehicle, and amount of one else. Here are some eat away the protec-
good as possible can pay work needed. Detailing tips on how to get the best tive coating on certain
sometimes isn’t much results from your efforts: factory wheels. Once
big dividends by improving
more than an extra- everything is dry, apply
its value and sales appeal. good job of polishing the SPIFF UP THE tire dressing to give the
body and cleaning the EXTERIOR rubber a new-car look.
inside, plus removing Give your vehicle a Then inspect the paint
every smudge and scrap thorough cleaning with and assess any damage,

DO THE NUMBERS
A dealer won’t
want your trade-in
if he already has
a bunch of the same
model on the lot.
noting scratches, stone put a shine back in the there is damage to the using an appropriate a paintless dent repair
chips, and dents. If the paint. Based on our tests, substrate or damage polish and microfiber service, such as DentPro
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPRE AD: B CHRISTOPHER / AL AMY STOCK
paint is in good condi- we favor liquid waxes for to a large area, then see cloths. Don’t use an (dentpro.com). They use
tion, you may need the best cleaning results. a professional.” Let the electric rotary buffer special tools to massage
only a coat of wax. Your You can fix small paint dry for at least a unless you know what out small dents from the
car probably has a scratches and chips your- day or two before polish- you’re doing. Done inside. Your mechanic,
PHOTO; PHOTO, THIS PAGE: JOHNÉR /OFFSET
clearcoat outer layer, so self with touch-up paint. ing the car. improperly, you can body shop, or car dealer
make sure the wax you “If there is a chip that Fine surface abrasions easily burn through the can help you find a ser-
use is marked “safe for does not reach the sub- or scratches in the paint paint or leave perma- vice. Costs range from
clearcoats.” Avoid abra- strate, then a simple can be professionally nent swirl marks. $50 to $150 per dent.
sive products, which are cosmetic touch-up works buffed out at a body shop Some do-it-yourself
meant to remove paint very well and can be or car-wash center. This REMOVE SMALL DENTS dent-removal kits are
or to shine a dull finish. If completed by anyone,” will improve the car’s Having a body shop advertised on infomercials
your paint finish is a little says Dennis Taljan, a appearance, but it will fix unsightly dents and and online, costing about
dull, look for a product general manager at PPG, cost between $100 and dings can be costly. If $20 to $30. Essentially,
that both polishes and which produces car paints $200. You can hand- there’s no paint damage,
protects. This could help and other products. “If polish the car yourself you may be able to use Continued on next page

5 Selling or Trading In
is worth, you’ll have to haggle with a ership buys your car, it’s because power when the dealer’s estimator
salesperson to get the best deal. there’s an inviting profit for them at the starts deducting repair costs from the
If a dealer already has six used silver end of the transaction. figure offered to you. Be aware that it
Chevrolet Malibus on the lot, you How to get the most money. There costs a dealership a lot less to make
probably won’t get top dollar for yours. are several things you can do to maxi- repairs at its own shop than the retail
And if your trade-in isn’t one the dealer mize the value of your trade-in. price you’ve been quoted.
wants, it will probably be sent A vehicle’s appearance is an important Negotiating the trade-in. You’ll get
to auction and discounted accordingly. consideration when a used-car man- the best deal by keeping the purchase
Just remember, no matter how tired ager estimates its value. and trade-in negotiations separate.
you may be of your current vehicle, If your car needs repairs, get an esti- Combining the two allows salespeople
a dealership isn’t doing you a favor mate to take with you to the dealership. to manipulate the deals to cancel out a
by taking it off your hands. If the deal- This could provide a little bargaining great price on your new car with a lousy
price for your trade.
First, nail down the price of the car
you want to purchase, then discuss
your trade-in. Dealers often make more
PREPURCHASE
INSPECTION money reselling your car than they
Don’t be do on a new-car deal, so they have more
surprised—or flexibility with a trade-in offer.
insulted—if Keep your eye on the bottom line.
a savvy buyer
asks to have your What’s important is the net amount
car inspected you have to pay. Be sure to read and
by a mechanic. understand any sales contract before
you sign it. If you have a problem with
any terms or conditions, ask questions.
You have little recourse after you sign.
Sell It Yourself: More Effort—

but Also More Money
Selling your current vehicle on your
own will get you a higher price than
trading it in. You can always expect to
get more than the wholesale price.
From previous page diameter were the tough- to replace the entire personal clutter from the rear window. If floor mats
est to fix; kits worked windshield. In some states, glove box and storage look worn even after
they work by hot-gluing best on dents about it’s illegal to make repairs spaces, empty and wash you vacuum, replace them.
a disc onto the dent, 4 inches across. in the glass area swept the cup-holder inserts, Ridding cars of odors
then pulling the dent by the windshield wipers. and check under the seats can be a challenge. First,
out with a special tool. FIX WINDOW-GLASS Check your auto insur- for lost toys, trash, and get all the interior fab-
Consumer Reports tested DEFECTS ance policy first. If you wayward french fries. rics clean with pet-spot
two kits: DentOut and It’s very common for have glass coverage, You can buy special cleaner or another odor-
Ding King. We found a windshield to pick up the replacement will be cleaners for upholstery, fighting product. Wipe
that they worked about “star” or “bull’s-eye” dam- free except for a carpet, vinyl, and leather. down the overhead fabric
equally well, but the age from a flying stone. possible deductible. For hard plastic surfaces, (the headliner) and clean
results weren’t perfect. An auto-glass repair use any general-purpose inside the trunk and
Generally, the more service can repair these CLEAN THE INTERIOR cleaner. Use glass cleaner spare-tire well. To remove
experience you have, the so that they are less THOROUGHLY to remove smudges stale odors from the
better the results. Don’t noticeable and don’t de- Look at the results and film from the insides ventilation ducts, spray
pull the metal out too far. velop into big cracks. For through the eye of a po- of all windows—espe- odor eliminator into the
Dents less than 1 inch in larger cracks, you’ll have tential buyer. Remove your cially the windshield and system’s air intake, which

But you’ll have to go through the hassle
of advertising, taking phone calls, and
showing the car. TRADE-IN TAX TIP
Set a competitive price. By this point
you should have a good idea of what

Trading in your car lowers the purchase
the retail and local asking prices are for price of the new one you buy, which
your vehicle. If you checked to see what in turn may reduce the sales tax you’ll
a local dealer would offer on a straight-
up sale, you should be able to price
have to pay.
your car reasonably. Remember, price
your vehicle a little bit higher than
what you are willing to take for it. That for sale. If your network is big enough, car inspected by a mechanic before
way, the buyer can negotiate and feel you might be surprised at how much completing the sale.
good about it. Don’t be greedy: You’ll interest you generate. And it’s free. This is another point of contact to
scare off potential buyers with an un- Showing your car. Once you’ve placed keep in mind during a pandemic, and
realistic price. your ads, have your schedule ready it may be smart to let a perspective
If you have an outstanding loan, so that you can set a day and time to buyer make this trip alone.
contact your lender to pay it off before show the car. Remember that many Bring the correct documents.
you list the vehicle to ensure that the states require the car to remain regis- Paperwork requirements vary from
title is ready to transfer, especially in tered and insured for test drives. When state to state. In some, transferring
states where the lender holds the title. you do show the car, answer all ques- ownership of a vehicle to another
Advertise effectively. There are tions honestly and be prepared to pro- person is as simple as entering the
many ways to advertise your vehicle. vide service receipts. Know that some odometer reading, sales price, and
Both Facebook Marketplace and buyers won’t show up and that others your signature on the back of the title.
Craigslist are free and can get a lot will make an unrealistically low offer. In others, you must fill out official
of local attention. Other options For safety and to avoid scams, meet title-transfer forms.
include CarGurus, Autotrader, Cars. the buyer in a public place, request a It may be more difficult and time-
com, and Kelley Blue Book (kbb.com), cash payment or meet the buyer at consuming to complete this process
although most require payment for the bank to deposit a cashier’s check, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contact
full-featured listings. and never take a payment from your state’s motor vehicle department to
Word of mouth is very effective. a buyer you haven’t met in person. see what you should do. A bill of sale is
Tell your friends, relatives, colleagues, Prepurchase inspection. Any often required by the buyer for registra-
and social media circle that you have a car savvy buyer will want to have your tion and tax purposes.
is usually at the base practice, but it’s not any- Clean engine parts that other repairs will about it. Dealers may
of the windshield. Then more. Steam can dam- with old rags and plain probably be needed. also reduce the value of
run the air conditioning age electronic parts, and soap and water, though Major repairs are an- your trade if they notice
for at least 10 minutes. modern cars have lots of you may have better luck other matter. Most buyers major problems.
those under the hood. with an aerosol engine probably won’t want to The key question is
CLEAN THE ENGINE If battery terminals are degreaser. Loosen dirt make a big one just after whether you can recoup
COMPARTMENT corroded or caked with and rust with a soft- buying a car. the cost of the repair in
PHOTO, FACING PAGE: GET T Y IMAGES
Cleaning the outside of white powder, remove the bristle wire brush and If your air conditioner your selling price. Most
the engine and other residue with an old tooth- soft abrasive cleaner, and doesn’t work and the of the time you can’t, so
components under the brush dipped in a mix- don’t get electrical con- estimate is $600 to repair be prepared to take
hood can be a chore, but ture of water and baking nections wet. it, some private buyers a beating if your car has
a clean engine bay gives soda. Then coat the Fix or replace broken might not care as long as major repair problems.
the impression that the terminals with battery or missing items. A lost you adjust the price On the other hand,
mechanicals have been terminal grease. (Always wheel cover or a broken accordingly, because it a brand-new muffler
well-maintained. Steam wear eye protection mirror are signs that isn’t a safety concern. or new tires could be
cleaning the engine and gloves when working your vehicle has not been Other buyers may balk an attractive selling point
bay was once a common around car batteries.) well-maintained and when they find out for a private buyer.

6
KEEP YOUR
CAR AND
TIRES IN
TOP SHAPE
CR’s complete guide to tires and car care includes
money-saving maintenance and repair tips, tire-buying
advice, and exclusive tire ratings.
Properly maintaining your vehicle is the

best way to keep it out of trouble and
maximize its resale value. To do that, you
should have it serviced regularly, following
the maintenance schedule in the owner’s
manual. People often waste money by
changing the oil too frequently, using
premium gasoline when they don’t have to,
or having needless maintenance done.
78
79
6 Car Care and Tires
Ins and Outs

of Car Care
Make Your Car Last
THIS CHAPTER DISCUSSES when you Federal law gives you the right to tools. On luxury cars, hybrids, or elec-
should go to an independent repair service your vehicle wherever you like tric vehicles some of those tools and
shop instead of a dealership for mainte- without adversely affecting your car’s equipment can be quite specific.
nance or repair, the overall advantages warranty coverage. That means you can No matter where you go for service,
and disadvantages of each, and some either go to a dealership, or an indepen- make sure the mechanics have access
of the ways you can avoid paying more dent mechanic or repair chain, which to the manufacturer’s latest technical
money than necessary. is usually less expensive than a dealer- service bulletins (TSBs). TSBs are alerts
It also includes CR’s’ latest ratings for ship. Drivers who lease their vehicles, about common problems that have
tires—which buyers of used cars often however, might be required to have all cropped up with a particular model,
have to replace after a purchase—as well service performed at a franchised deal- and, they include instructions on how
as expert advice on how to choose the ership selling that brand. to fix them. For most newer vehicles,
right tires for your vehicle. Because most maintenance items are these TSBs are also now available to
fairly routine, any professional auto consumers for free on NHTSA’s website,
Where to Get Your Car Fixed shop should be able to do basic mainte- NHTSA.gov. Turn to page 60 for more
Maintenance and repairs are two nance—like changing oil or replacing on TSBs.
different things. Routine maintenance brake pads. Repairs can range from replacing a
items are listed in your owner’s manual The best reason to use a new-car faulty radiator to complicated service
as part of the service schedule. They’re dealership for service is that the me- such as overhauling a transmission.
intended to keep your vehicle in top chanics are trained and certified in all Go to a dealership if your car is covered
operating condition. Repairs are services aspects of your model’s service needs. by the original warranty, or if your
that fix an unexpected problem. Where They are prepared to performrecalls, car has been recalled or is the subject
you take your vehicle depends on what and the shop will be equipped with the of a “service campaign” in which the
work needs to be done. required diagnostic equipment and automaker offers to correct a defect.

In that case, you should receive a letter
from the automaker alerting you to
the recall or campaign. If you have an Car Care: Myths vs Reality
extended warranty, check the terms
to see who must perform repairs. These “tips” sound like good advice. But in reality they’ll
You can have warranty work performed cost you more time and money in the long run.
at any same-brand dealership, not just
the one where you bought your vehicle.
For example, if you bought your car
at Yourtown Toyota, you can have it Myth Myth
serviced at Othertown Toyota. Tires should be inflated to If regular-grade fuel is good,
the pressure embossed on the premium must be better.
If the vehicle is out of warranty, the
sidewall of the tire.
type of problem can determine where
you take it for repair. A reputable
independent shop should be able to Reality Reality
handle most common repairs. Shops The tire-pressure value on the Most vehicles are designed to
that specialize in your vehicle’s brand sidewall is the maximum pressure, run just fine on regular-grade
are more likely to have the proper not the vehicle manufacturer’s (87 octane) fuel. A higher
training, equipment, and latest informa- recommended pressure. Always octane number doesn’t mean
use the vehicle manufacturer’s that your vehicle will perform
tion. A good technician will explain
recommended pressure, which is better. It simply means that it’s
to you what the problem is, why it needs determined to provide the best more resistant to engine knocking
repair, and what the repair entails. balance of ride, handling, and or pinging. Use the octane
If you’re experiencing a problem with fuel economy for your vehicle. It’s grade that’s required in your
a system that is exclusive to your model usually printed on a sticker on vehicle’s owner’s manual. Filling up
a doorjamb, the glove box, or with a higher grade than is
or automaker, such as navigation or
the fuel-filler door. Check your required for your vehicle is usually
multifunction control systems, consider tires monthly against the a waste of money.
taking the vehicle to a dealership. recommended pressure when your
car has been at rest for more
Get Your Car to 200,000 Miles than 3 hours.
Years ago, cars only came with five-digit
odometers. The expectation was that
a vehicle wouldn’t last long enough for Myth Myth
it to hit 100,000 miles before succumb- Engine oil should be changed You don’t have to worry about
every 3,000 miles. replacing tires until they’re worn
ing to a major mechanical failure or
down to the minimum tread depth.
severe rust.
Even today, low-mileage cars
command a premium on used-car lots. Reality Reality
But improvements in rust prevention, Although oil companies and quick- It’s true that if a tire’s tread
engine technology, safety features, lube shops like to promote this wears to the minimum depth of
and electronics mean that buyers don’t idea, it’s usually not necessary. Go 2⁄32 inch, it should be replaced
have to avoid high-mileage cars—and by the recommended oil-change immediately. But a tire’s wet
schedule in your vehicle’s owner’s grip, snow traction, and ability to
that owners may be able to get 200,000
manual. Most vehicles driven under resist hydroplaning is very limited
miles or more from a vehicle. That’s normal conditions can go 7,500 at that very low 2⁄32-inch tread
especially true if you start with a
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPRE AD: GET T Y IMAGES.
miles or more between oil changes. depth. Start shopping for

reliable model and maintain it properly. Some models now come with a replacement tires before yours
monitoring system that alerts the are worn out. At 4⁄32 inch, tires
The Basics: Life Extenders driver when the oil needs changing. still have some all-weather
Depending on driving conditions grip, which leaves you time to
To improve your odds, start by choos-
and oil type, the change intervals shop around for the best tire
ing not just a safe and reliable model can even be 10,000 or 15,000 miles. at the best price.
but also one with all of the features you
want. If you’ll be driving it for the long
haul, it might as well be a car that you
enjoy as the miles and years roll by.

Read the owner’s manual. It’s unusually hot or cold climate, fre- maintenance, keep up with regular
amazing how many people never take quently tow a trailer, or often drive washing—especially if you drive in a
it out of the glove box. Simply familiar- on dirt roads. snowy region on salted roads. And
izing yourself with the maintenance Newer cars require less service, don’t forget to hose off the underside
schedule can add years of trouble-free and many specify 7,000 or even and wheel wells. Newer cars have
driving. The manual spells out how 10,000 miles between oil changes. strong finishes that don’t need regular
often your car needs basic services Spark plugs can often last at least waxing to prevent fading paint, but
such as oil changes and tire rotations, 100,000 miles if not more. Many cars regular washing can help prevent rust
as well as bigger jobs like timing-belt make it easier for you to keep track and structural damage.
replacements. by calculating when an oil change
Keep on schedule. Forgetting is due based on your mileage and Know When to Say Goodbye
to perform regular oil changes driving style, then letting you know Almost any car can make it to 200,000
can lead to premature engine wear. with a dashboard message when miles if you’re willing to throw enough
Forget about your timing belt, and your it’s time. money at it. But there’s a time to let go.
engine can suffer severe damage. The key is to keep up with what’s From what we have found, the
When we asked our online readers specified. Just remember that some useful life of many cars ends around
how they got to 200,000 miles, an dealerships and mechanics might add the 200,000-mile mark. At that point,
overwhelming number mentioned that services you don’t need, which can add key components start showing their
regular oil changes and proper mainte- hundreds of dollars to regular 30,000- age—often with safety consequences.
nance were important. or 60,000-mile service intervals. Also, owning a car that long could
Use the right maintenance For example, most newer cars have mean that you’re lacking the latest
schedule. In your manual, you’ll find a cabin air filter. Changing it is easy to essential safety gear and crash-preven-
schedules for regular and severe/ do by yourself, and it can refresh the tion systems.
extreme use, with the latter specifying smell of a car’s interior. Still, a dealer- If you reach 200,000 miles, talk
more frequent checkups. Consider ship may charge many times the cost with your mechanic about how much
using the severe schedule if you do a of the filter to change it for you. life your car has left. And see our
lot of stop-and-go driving, live in an Keep it clean. Apart from mechanical related articles in this issue.
in the owner’s manual, some

of them dropped prices as
IT PAYS TO SHOP AROUND much as $150, although others

wouldn’t budge.
Where does that leave
Don’t settle for the first estimate you get for a repair. consumers? Before having
scheduled maintenance per-
formed, get a quick estimated
price range at cr.org/carrepair,
then call around for quotes
You might expect that service on a 2016 Explorer transmission flushes, which and ask that they include only
the price for, say, a 30,000- from Ford dealers, and a several major automakers items listed in the owner’s
mile service procedure on 120,000-mile service on a 2008 advise against. manual. Anything else should
a specific model would cost Civic from Honda dealers. Others added hundreds be quoted separately.
about the same from one In most areas, prices differ- of dollars to the price of parts, You can also take your
dealership to the next. But ed by about $150 or more, or charged many times the vehicle to independent shops—
you’d be wrong. even among similar dealers in cost of the cabin air filter—a which are often less expensive
We got prices from dealers the same area. In one area, simple part that drivers can than dealerships—without
in New York, Chicago, and the difference was more change themselves. A few compromising your warranty.
Los Angeles on scheduled than $300. Many dealers dealers would not quote pric- In all cases, keep your
maintenance for specific included items not listed in ing over the phone at all. receipts so you can prove the
cars—a 30,000-mile service the owner’s manual. When we called back and service was performed on
on a 2017 Camry from Toyota Some, for example, wanted asked some higher-priced schedule, should there be a
dealers, a 60,000-mile to charge us for engine and dealers to do only the items warranty claim later.

10 RED FLAGS FOR OLDER CARS
If any of these sound like your car, it may be time to replace it.
Getting 200,000 miles of use—or more—from a vehicle is an FAILING OLD SPARK

7 9
impressive feat, but it’s not impossible. Owners should be aware, RADIATOR PLUGS
though, that as a vehicle approaches that milestone, many of What are the warning signs? What are the warning signs?
its components will start to wear out. A failing radiator or thermostat If you haven’t changed the plugs
As your car ages, you’ll start to see some warning signs, or can cause the engine to run in 100,000 miles of use, the
red flags. Pay attention to them and you can avoid the double too hot or eventually overheat. engine runs rough and misfires,
whammy of being stranded and slapped with an expensive, Low fluid levels in the coolant or you have trouble starting
unexpected repair—or you can do the math and decide that reservoir could indicate a leak your car, you should replace the
it’s time for a new car. in the radiator, engine, hoses, spark plugs. Buying the right kind
We calculated the cost to repair certain items in a 2014 Toyota or all three. and getting the right service can
Camry with a four-cylinder engine using the free Consumer Reports Cost to repair: Between improve how the engine runs.
Car Repair Estimator at CR.org/carrepair. We estimated the cost of $870 and $1,350 to replace Cost to repair: $140 to $300 for
repairs in the area near our test facility, so the repair costs for your a radiator and all associated new plugs and labor.
car or SUV might be different. hoses, with labor.
RUST
10
OIL CONSUMPTION & PAINT
8
- BRAKE SYSTEM AND LEAKS What are the warning signs?
1 4 ELECTRICAL
What are the warning COMPONENTS What are the warning signs? It starts with paint that looks
signs? Check them often as you What are the warning signs? Increased oil consumption is like it is bubbling. Even a little
approach the 200K mark. If you Don’t be surprised if features common in older cars, so don’t blistering around the wheel
live in the snow belt, make sure to such as power windows, wind- panic if your car seems thirstier wells, hood, trunk, or suspension
check the hard brake lines for rust shield wipers, and even the as it ages. But if you think you’re mounting points means there
or weak spots. instrument panel go on the fritz. topping off the oil too often, it could be a serious problem
Cost to repair: According to our Cost to repair: Expect to could be a sign of a bigger leak. beneath the surface.
estimator, the job could cost pay between $550 and $920 Cost to repair: $240 to almost Cost to repair: It depends on
from $950 to $1,550 for rotors for a door window regulator and $400 for a leak diagnosis, the extent of the damage. If you
and pads at all four wheels. motor, including labor. new valve cover gasket, oil filter, have rust, get several competing
and oil. More for bigger leaks. estimates on the work.
MECHANICAL MOISTURE
2 5
COMPONENTS BUILDUP
What are the warning signs? What are the warning signs? If
Slow cranking of the engine can it seems that the inside of your
be a sign of a failing battery windshield is always fogging up
or alternator. Don’t go cheap on or you are mysteriously losing
replacement parts in order to coolant, it’s likely that the heater
save a few bucks, or you might core is starting to fail.
end up stranded. Cost to repair: Expect to pay
Cost to repair: According to our between $1,150 and $1,750 for
estimator, a new alternator a new heater core and labor.
can cost from $427 to $833 for
parts and labor. OUTDATED
6
SHOCKS & STRUTS
NOISY EXHAUST What are the warning signs?
3
SYSTEM Does your car bounce up and
What are the warning signs? If down while you drive? Do you
your car is getting louder, your have uneven tire wear? You
exhaust system may be reaching may need new shocks or struts.
the end of its life. Exhaust leaks Cost to repair: Expect to pay
can be dangerous and should be between $1,160 and $1,640 for

repaired at the first sign. front and rear shocks and struts,
Cost to replace: Expect to including installation.
pay between $500 and $650
for exhaust pipe and gaskets,
including labor.

A Guide to
Replacement Tires
Our Experts Weigh In
WHEN IT COMES to tires, we found that out evenly. You may even have to prove tires anyway. So don’t be surprised
you generally get what you pay for. they were rotated on schedule. if your mileage drops slightly when you
No matter the type, tires that combine When replacing tires, we recom- replace worn-out tires with brand-
the best grip with the longest tread mend sticking to the same type and new ones.
life may cost a little more but are worth size that your car originally came with.
the extra money in the long run. First, check the ratings for ones that Stick With Your Speed Rating
For example, a recent test has shown provide good braking and handling If your car came with all-season tires
that long-wearing all-season tires capabilities as well as good hydroplan- with a T- or an H-speed rating (capable
can last as many as 100,000 miles; the ing resistance, which can help you of sustaining a maximum speed of
shortest would need replacing after avoid a crash on wet roads. 118 and 130 mph, respectively), you
50,000 miles. It’s pretty straightfor- After that, look for models rated might be tempted to move up to
ward: Unless you don’t plan to keep a highly in areas important to you, such performance V-rated tires (which are
car for long, A $92 tire that will last as winter grip, tread life, ride comfort, designed for up to 149 mph) for better
more than twice as long as a $54 tire and rolling resistance. cornering grip and improved hand-
is a better value, assuming other Some tires advertise better fuel ling. But the trade-off may be shorter
PHOTO: BLOOMBERG/ GET T Y IMAGES
factors are equal. economy due to lower rolling resis- tread life, and they may not do as
Although tires promise warranty tance. In our tests, we found that some well in winter conditions.
coverage, it may not be as useful as of these tires allowed our test cars to You might also be tempted to
it sounds. Tire warranties are prorat- get one to two more mpg than tires downgrade your tires to a lower speed
ed—meaning only the balance of undriv- with the highest rolling resistance. But rating than your original tires to get
en miles will be credited toward the as your tires lose tread over tens of longer tread life. But we advise against it
cost of a new tire. To collect, the tires thousands of miles of wear, they be- because those all-season tires with a
have to be totally worn out, and worn have more like low-rolling resistance lower speed rating may not handle heat

buildup as well—especially when they
are installed on higher-performance WHAT MAKES A TOP TIRE
vehicles. That can be a safety concern.
Our exclusive tests help you save money and stay safe.
In addition, there is very little price
advantage to downgrading in the tire
speed rating. In buying the tires for our
testing program, we saw that tire size
has a greater impact on price differenc-
It’s hard to overstate how important WINTER WONDER TIRES?
es than speed ratings. tires are to safe driving. After all, they’re Many consumers in colder climates
the only part of the car that touches spend time and expense to swap
Know When to Replace the road. That’s why CR puts so much winter/snow tires twice a year to en-
Tires are one of the few safety-related effort into testing, to help you find the sure that their vehicles have the
right tires for your car, truck, or SUV. best grip possible.
systems you can specifically choose, and
Keeping the inconvenience of
one of the few that can noticeably change CR’S UNIQUE TESTING swapping wheels and tires in mind,
your car’s handling and braking capabili- As the tire market evolves, so do some manufacturers have recently
ties. Plus, tires can greatly affect how CR’s testing methods. We replaced introduced all-weather tires. The tires
your car rides, and how well it keeps its our basic cornering test with a more in this new category are designed
dynamic evaluation of acceleration, to perform well in the snow and also
footing on wet roads. As a result, it’s criti-
braking, and handling on a 2-plus-acre year-round. Some cost more than
cal to keep them well maintained and course over wet asphalt. This all-in- the average price of performance
to replace them as they wear out. one test better reflects real-world all-season tires, but you’ll come out
When your tire has reached a tread challenges drivers face. ahead by avoiding the cost and
depth of 2/32 inch, it is legally worn out Overall, we purchased more than inconvenience of seasonal tire changes
in most states and should be replaced. 514 tires this past year for our full or owning an extra set of wheels.
test program, covering 53 models for “The best all-weather tires provide
At that depth the tire’s wet grip, snow
SUV and truck all-season tires, all- year-round traction that truly
traction, and ability to resist hydro- terrain, and winter/snow truck tires.. combines all-season and winter/snow
planing is very limited. We tested them at our track in performance,” says Gene Petersen, CR’s’
Consumers should start shopping for Connecticut for wet and dry braking tire-program manager. “While some
tires before they are worn out, when and handling, ride comfort and cost more than performance all-
quietness, snow traction, and resistance seasons, they represent a good value.”
tread depth approaches 4/32 inch in any
to hydroplaning. These do-it-all tires offer unique
one groove. That happens to be the Our experts evaluate each tested tread designs and enhanced rubber
same distance on a quarter between tire’s grip on ice at a nearby skating compounds that increase traction
George Washington’s head and the edge rink, although due to Covid-related across a broad range of temperatures.
of the coin. Put the coin, head down, restrictions we were unable to do They’re different from typical all-
that in 2020. We also commission- season tires mainly because they
into the tread grooves. If you can see the
ed out-side labs to measure each provide better snow traction. They have
top of George’s head, your tires still tire’s rolling resistance, which affects the mountain/snowflake symbol on
have some grip remaining but it’s time fuel economy. Finally, we conduct- the sidewall, just like winter/snow tires.
to start shopping for replacements. ed extensive tread-wear tests In a recent test, CR evaluated
The single most important step to on public roads in western Texas. six all-weather models: the Firestone
make your tires last longer and run WeatherGrip, Goodyear Assurance
TREADLIFE WORRIES WeatherReady, Michelin CrossClimate +,
safely is to keep them inflated to the Our tested treadlife miles can give Nokian WRG4, Toyo Celsius, and
proper pressure. This is especially you a direct comparative view across Vredestein Quatrac 5.
important when temperatures fall, the tire models we tested within a From this category, the Michelin
because that’s when tires lose pressure. category. Manufacturers assign tread- CrossClimate + shined as the top-
Underinflated tires can wear faster wear mileage warranties, some more rated all-weather tire thanks to its
conservative than others, making uncompromising grip. This impressive—
and build up heat, which can contrib-
comparison between brands difficult. but pricey—tire is sold in limited
ute to tire failure. Underinflation can (We don’t assess tread life for winter/ sizes (with more to come) by Tire Rack,
also hurt fuel economy. Recommended snow tires because they don’t carry a nationwide tire retailer. We
inflation pressure is found in the a mileage warranty and are intended will be testing the new Michelin
owner’s manual or on a placard that’s for limited, seasonal use.) CrossClimate2 soon.
usually located on the driver’s door
jamb. Don’t inflate to the number on
the tire’s sidewall, which is the maxi-
mum inflation pressure.

Know Where to Shop

It’s advantageous to your budget to
compare prices from traditional tire How to Read the Writing on
stores, large retailers, big-box super-
stores, and online tires retailers. We Your Tire’s (Side) Walls
recommend replacing all four tires at
the same time for the best balance of
handling and grip.
All tires have sidewall markings than 149 mph. These speeds may
Check online first. Retailers such as
that tell you things like what seem wildly impractical to most
Tire Rack can ship a large variety of size they are and how much weight drivers, but the point is that tires
tires. They can also direct you to a local they can carry. But these are with higher speed ratings tend
installer. Make sure to get a final price, just some of the information that to provide better handling
is on the tire sidewall. Here’s what and grip under normal driving
including shipping, installation, and
all of the markings mean: conditions, as well.
any extras. Size. On the example tire, 225 Treadwear grade. This number
Check with local retailers. Ask them is the cross-section width in milli- is an index to compare treadwear
whether they can meet or beat online meters, 40 is the ratio of sidewall between tires. A grade of 300
prices. Ask what they’d charge to mount height to its width (40 percent), denotes a tire that will wear three
R indicates radial-ply construction, times better than a tire graded
and balance tires you buy elsewhere.
and 18 is the wheel diameter 100. But there’s no direct correla-
Check the final price. It should in-
measured in inches. tion between the grades and a
clude mounting, balancing, alignment, Load index. This references the specific mileage.
and disposal of the old tires. weight each tire can carry safely. A Traction and temperature
Tire pressure monitors. Known as 92 load index translates to 1,389 grades. They denote a tire’s wet
TPMS, they have been standard equip- pounds per tire, typical for this type grip capability and temperature
of tire. When replacing your tires, resistance. For traction, AA is best;
ment in all new cars since 2008, and
be sure to match or increase the C is worst. For temperature, grades
have improved fuel economy and safety original load index rating. range from A (best) to C.
by reducing the number of underin- Speed rating. A letter denotes DOT code. On the tire below,
flated tires on the road. the tire’s maximum sustainable the first two digits refer to the plant
TPMS comes in two forms: direct and speed. For S-speed-rated tires, where the tire was made, and the
it’s 112 mph; for T, 118 mph. Speed last four numbers refer to the week
indirect. Direct systems rely on sensors
ratings for other tires include Q, and year. The numbers are used
that monitor tire pressure and send 99 mph; H, 130 mph; V, 149 mph; W, to identify the tire in the event
that data to the car’s instrument panel. 168 mph; Y, 186 mph; and ZR, more of a recall.
Indirect systems use the antilock brake
systems to measure wheel speed and
interpret the pressure. They don’t use
Traction and
pressure sensors and therefore can not Temperature
display pressure. Grades
Most cars on the road today have direct Treadwear Load
Grade
TPMS. If the in-wheel sensors need Index
Size
to be replaced, expect to pay $30 or Speed
more per sensor. T RA C T I O N A A - T E Rating
3 00 - MP E
0 R
R RA
18 9
EA
4
Check for some extras. An offer of
T
DW UR
/
EA E
A
TR
free lifetime tire rotations or replace-
25 2Y
ment road-hazard guarantee may tilt M6 R V T HR 2 31 8
D OT
2
the scales to one retailer over another—
especially if those tires are expensive
to begin with.
If you choose to fill your tires with
nitrogen, make sure they’re refilled with

it each time. And like air, nitrogen pres-
sure will drop as seasonal temperatures
fall. Based on the results of our testing,
we don’t think it’s worth paying to fill
your tires with nitrogen.

Ratings Tires 1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
WORSE BET TER RECOMMENDED
ALL-SEASON
These are the most popular type of tires. Standard on many sedans emphasize a comfortable and quiet ride, predictable handling,
and minivans, they’re designed to handle most conditions—including and long wear. That makes them a sound choice for most drivers. All
wet and dry pavement and light snow—reasonably well. They also of the models we tested are T- or H-speed rated (118 or 130 mph).
Brand + Model Overall Three-Season Snow Comfort Other

Score Driving Driving
Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 General Altimax RT43 (T) 70 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 80,000
!
0 Michelin Defender T+H 67 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 90,000
Continental TrueContact Tour 66 3

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 95,000
Falken Sincera SN201 A/S 66 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 80,000
Falken Sincera SN250 A/S (T) 66 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 80,000
Nexen Aria AH7 (T) 66 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 90,000
Yokohama Avid Ascend (T) 65 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 100,000
BFGoodrich Advantage T/A

Sport (T)
63 4
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 75,000
General Altimax RT43
Hankook Kinergy PT 63 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 80,000
Kumho Solus TA11 61 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 5
0 75,000
Pirelli P4 Four Seasons Plus 60 4

0 2
0 2
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 85,000
Bridgestone Ecopia EP422 Plus 60 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 5
0 70,000
Toyo Versado Noir 60 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 75,000
Firestone Champion Fuel Fighter 58 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 60,000
Firestone All Season 58 4

0 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 60,000
Uniroyal Tiger Paw Touring (T) 58 4

0 2
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 75,000
Michelin Defender T+H Kelly Edge A/S 56 4

0 2
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 60,000
Uniroyal Tiger Paw Touring (H) 56 4

0 2
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 70,000
Sentury Touring 53 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 50,000
Milestar MS932 Sport 50 4

0 3
0 4
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 1
0 3
0 2
0 55,000
Westlake Radial RP18 49 4

0 2
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 55,000
Continental
TrueContact Tour

Ratings Tires
PERFORMANCE ALL-SEASON (INCLUDES ALL-WEATHER)

These tires are a step up in price from regular all-seasons, up to 149 mph and are popular as original equipment tires on
with an added emphasis on handling. V-speed rated a number of new vehicles. Tires with a are all-weather tires,
performance all-season tires are rated for sustained speeds which provide better snow traction than all-season tires.

Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Michelin CrossClimate + ⁄ 75 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 75,000
!
0 Continental PureContact LS 71 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 90,000
General Altimax RT43 (V) 66 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 70,000
Goodyear Assurance
WeatherReady ⁄
64 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 75,000
Michelin Premier A/S 64 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 80,000
Pirelli Cinturato P7 All Season Plus 64 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 70,000
Vredestein Quatrac 5 ⁄ 62 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 50,000
Firestone WeatherGrip ⁄ 61 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 60,000
Michelin CrossClimate +
Atlas Force HP 61 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 65,000
Bridgestone Turanza QuietTrack 61 3

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 70,000
Falken Sincera SN250 A/S (V) 61 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 75,000
BFGoodrich Advantage T/A

Sport (V)
60 4
0 2
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 80,000
Firestone Firehawk AS 60 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 2
0 60,000
Nokian WRG4 ⁄ 59 3
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 60,000
Yokohama Avid Ascend (V) 59 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 75,000
Bridgestone Turanza Serenity Plus 59 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 65,000
Continental Goodyear Eagle Sport All Season 58 4

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 4
0 2
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 80,000
PureContact LS
Bridgestone DriveGuard 56 4
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 55,000
Uniroyal Tiger Paw AWP3 56 4

0 1
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 65,000
Nokian enTYRE 2.0 55 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 70,000
Cooper CS5 Ultra Touring 55 4

0 3
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 2
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 60,000
Kumho Solus TA71 54 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 50,000
Toyo Extensa HP II 54 4
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 2
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 55,000
Toyo Celsius ⁄ 53 3
0 1
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 60,000
Falken Ziex ZE950 A/S 51 4

0 2
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 55,000
General Altimax RT43
Maxxis Bravo HP-M3 46 3
0 1
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 1
0 3
0 4
0 65,000
88 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS ⁄ All-weather tires, which provide better snow traction than all-season tires.
1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE ALL-SEASON
These tires come in a number of speed ratings: ZR (above in addition to modest snow traction. In general, these tires
149 mph), W (168 mph), and Y (186 mph). They are all-season are available in sizes found on sports cars as well as
tires that offer high levels of dry and wet grip and handling, on performance-tuned versions of more mainstream cars.

Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (Miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Goodyear Eagle Exhilarate 68 4
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 45,000
!
0 Michelin Pilot Sport A/S 3+ 66 5
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 2
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 55,000
!
0 General G-MAX AS-05 66 5
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 65,000
BFGoodrich g-Force COMP-2 A/S 66 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 2
0 1
0 2
0 65,000
!
0 Vredestein Quatrac Pro 66 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 60,000
Pirelli P Zero All Season Plus 64 4

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 55,000
Continental ExtremeContact
DWS06
64 4
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 50,000
Bridgestone Potenza RE980AS 63 5

0 4
0 5
0 5
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 1
0 40,000
Goodyear Eagle
Exhilarate Kumho Ecsta PA51 62 4
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 1
0 50,000
Cooper Zeon RS3-G1 61 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 55,000
Yokohama ADVAN Sport A/S 60 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 5
0 3
0 75,000
Hankook Ventus S1 noble 2 57 4

0 3
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 2
0 3
0 55,000
Nexen Nfera AU7 56 4

0 3
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 45,000
Nitto Motivo 54 4
0 2
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 60,000
Atlas Force UHP 54 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 1
0 2
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 40,000
Nokian zLine A/S 50 4

0 2
0 3
0 5
0 1
0 2
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 55,000
Laufenn S Fit AS 50 4
0 1
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 4
0 60,000
Michelin Pilot Sport
A/S 3+ Vogue Tyre Signature V 49 4
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 45,000
Uniroyal Tiger Paw GTZ A/S 2 48 4

0 2
0 3
0 5
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 35,000
Ironman iMove Gen2 AS 48 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 1
0 1
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 35,000
Sumitomo HTR A/S PO2 47 4

0 2
0 3
0 5
0 1
0 2
0 2
0 4
0 1
0 35,000
GT Radial Champiro UHP AS 45 4

0 2
0 3
0 5
0 1
0 1
0 2
0 3
0 3
0 40,000
General G-MAX AS-05

Ratings Tires
ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE SUMMER
These come in a number of speed ratings: ZR (above 149 mph), but they are not suited for cold and winter weather conditions.
W (168 mph), and Y (186 mph). However, UHP Summer tires offer the These tires are also available in sizes found on sports cars as well
ultimate in terms of dry and wet grip and handling performance as on performance-tuned versions of more mainstream cars.
Brand + Model Overall Three-Season Comfort Other

Score Driving
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Michelin Pilot Sport 4s 76 5
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 40,000
!
0 Continental ExtremeContact Sport 75 5
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 2
0 5
0 3
0 40,000
!
0 General G-Max RS 75 5
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 45,000
Pirelli P Zero PZ4 73 5

0 4
0 5
0 5
0 2
0 5
0 2
0 30,000
Falken Azenis FK510 73 5

0 4
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 5
0 2
0 35,000
Yokohama Advan Fleva V701 72 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 4
0 55,000
GT Radial Champiro HPY 71 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 5
0 2
0 45,000
Dunlop Sport Maxx RT2 71 5

0 4
0 4
0 5
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 35,000
Michelin Pilot Sport 4s
Firestone Firehawk Indy 500 70 5
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 2
0 40,000
Hankook Ventus V12 evo2 70 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 40,000
Bridgestone Potenza S007A 67 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 1
0 4
0 2
0 40,000
Bridgestone Potenza S001 67 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 35,000
Bridgestone RE-71R 67 5
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 2
0 2
0 2
0 25,000
Nexen N Fera SU1 66 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 40,000
Toyo Proxes Sport 66 5

0 4
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 30,000
Yokohama ADVAN Sport V105 65 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 1
0 4
0 1
0 40,000
Continental Sumitomo HTR ZIII 63 5

0 3
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 40,000
ExtremeContact Sport
Yokohama S.drive 60 5
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 2
0 3
0 2
0 40,000
Sentury UHP 59 5
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 60,000
Achilles ATR Sport 58 5

0 3
0 3
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 45,000
BFGoodrich g-Force Sport COMP-2 58 5

0 2
0 4
0 5
0 2
0 2
0 1
0 40,000
Nitto NT555 G2 58 4
0 2
0 3
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 1
0 65,000
Armstrong Blu-Trac HP 57 4
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 2
0 4
0 3
0 40,000
General G-Max RS
90 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS ⁄All-weather model.

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
ALL-SEASON SUV
These tires split the difference between car and truck tires. They grip, a smooth and quiet ride, a secure handling. Models we
are tuned to balance the performance, light-duty towing, and off- tested come in H- and V-speed ratings and are available in sizes
roading capabilities of car-based SUVs. They offer good all-weather for common small to mid-sizd SUVs.

Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Michelin CrossClimate SUV ⁄ 74 5
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 NA 4
0 4
0 4
0 40,000
!
0 Vredestein HiTrac 69 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 NA 3
0 5
0 4
0 55,000
!
0 Kumho Crugen HP71 66 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 NA 4
0 5
0 4
0 55,000
Pirelli Scorpion Verde All Season

Plus II
65 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 NA 4
0 5
0 5
0 45,000
Falken Ziex CT60 A/S 65 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 NA 3
0 5
0 5
0 60,000
Sumitomo HTR Enhance CX2 65 4

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 NA 2
0 5
0 4
0 75,000
Continental CrossContact LX25 64 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 4
0 5
0 4
0 85,000
Michelin Defender LTX M/S [H] 64 3

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 5
0 NA 3
0 3
0 5
0 90,000
Michelin CrossClimate
SUV Sentury Crossover 63 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 2
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 50,000
Nokian WR G4 SUV ⁄ 63 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 NA 4
0 5
0 4
0 55,000
Nokian eNTYRE C/S 62 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 5
0 4
0 60,000
Hankook Dynapro HP2 61 4

0 2
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 5
0 4
0 85,000
Nexen Roadian GTX 60 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 5
0 45,000
Nitto NT421Q 58 4
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 5
0 3
0 60,000
Vredestein HiTrac
Kumho Crugen HP71

Ratings Tires
ALL-TERRAIN TRUCK
All-terrain truck tires commonly used on SUV’s and light duty pickups. conditions. Like all-season tires, all-terrain models are designed to
They differ from all-season tires in that they have a more aggressive handle most conditions well, including dry and wet pavement and light
tread pattern intended for use on-road and in moderate off-road to moderate snow.

Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Continental TerrainContact A/T 62 4
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 NA 3
0 5
0 4
0 55,000
!
0 Michelin LTX A/T2 61 3
0 2
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 NA 3
0 3
0 4
0 100,000
!
0 Bridgestone Dueler A/T Revo 3 60 4
0 2
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 55,000
!
0 Vredestein Pinza AT 60 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 NA 4
0 4
0 4
0 75,000
Cooper Discoverer AT3 4S 58 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 60,000
General Grabber APT 58 4

0 3
0 3
0 5
0 4
0 NA 3
0 3
0 3
0 60,000
GT Radial Adventuro AT3 58 4

0 2
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 40,000
Mickey Thompson Deegan 38 57 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 NA 4
0 4
0 4
0 65,000
Continental
TerrainContact A/T Firestone Destination A/T2 57 3
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 5
0 60,000
Toyo Open Country A/T III 57 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 3
0 3
0 60,000
Falken Wildpeak A/T3W 57 3

0 3
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 NA 3
0 3
0 3
0 50,000
Hankook Dynapro AT2 55 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 60,000
Nexen Roadian AT Pro RA8 55 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 NA 3
0 5
0 3
0 55,000
Pirelli Scorpion All Terrain Plus 54 3

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 55,000
Nokian Rotiiva AT 54 4
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 50,000
Sailun Terramax A/T 4S 53 4

0 2
0 3
0 5
0 3
0 NA 3
0 4
0 5
0 40,000
Maxxis Bravo A/T 771 50 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 NA 3
0 3
0 3
0 50,000
Michelin LTX A/T 2
Nitto Terra Grappler G2 48 3
0 1
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 1
0 4
0 70,000
Bridgestone Dueler A/T

Revo 3
92 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS ⁄ All-weather tires, which provide better snow traction than all-season tires.
1
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ALL-SEASON TRUCK
These tires are very big sellers and have characteristics similar off-road use, but that’s something few drivers ever do. Tested models
to those for all-season car tires. They aren’t designed for serious are designed for light-duty SUVs and pickup trucks.
Brand + Model Overall Three-Season Winter Comfort Other

Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Continental TerrainContact H/T 69 4
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 5
0 NA 4
0 5
0 4
0 95,000
General Grabber HTS60 62 4

0 3
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 5
0 75,000
Michelin Defender LTX M/S [T] 62 3

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 NA 3
0 5
0 5
0 80,000
Laufenn X Fit HT 57 4
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 55,000
Kumho Crugen HT51 56 4

0 2
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 3
0 5
0 5
0 55,000
Bridgestone Dueler Alenza

H/L Plus
55 4
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 2
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 65,000
Falken Wildpeak H/T HT02 54 4

0 2
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 NA 3
0 4
0 3
0 45,000
Nokian Rotiiva HT 54 4
0 1
0 4
0 4
0 3
0 NA 2
0 4
0 4
0 60,000
Continental
TerrainContact H/T Firestone Destination LE3 54 3
0 1
0 2
0 4
0 5
0 NA 4
0 5
0 5
0 60,000
Hankook Dynapro HT 54 4
0 1
0 3
0 4
0 4
0 NA 2
0 4
0 4
0 60,000
Sumitomo Encounter HT 53 4
0 1
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 NA 3
0 4
0 4
0 65,000
Toyo Open Country H/T II 51 3

0 1
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 NA 2
0 5
0 4
0 75,000
Nitto Dura Grappler 51 4

0 1
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 NA 3
0 4
0 3
0 70,000
General Grabber
HTS60
Michelin Defender LTX

M/S (T)

Ratings Tires 1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
WINTER/SNOW
Winter/snow tires offer superior grip to go, stop, and corner in cold, into snow and ice, and the rubber is formulated to stay pliable at
inclement weather. But they typically have faster tread wear than freezing temperatures. Also, winter/snow tires generally take longer
all-season tires because the tread is specifically designed to bite to stop than all-season tires on cleared roads.

Snow traction
Hydroplaning
Tested tread
Wet braking
Dry braking
Ice braking
resistance
resistance
life (miles)
Handling
Rolling
Noise
Ride
!
0 Bridgestone Blizzak WS90 71 3
0 2
0 2
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 3
0 NA
!
0 Cooper Discoverer True North 70 2
0 1
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 5
0 5
0 4
0 3
0 NA
!
0 Hankook Winter i*Cept iZ2 70 2
0 1
0 2
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 5
0 4
0 5
0 NA
!
0 Continental WinterContact SI 69 2
0 1
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 4
0 4
0 4
0 NA
!
0 Michelin X-Ice XI3 68 2
0 1
0 2
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 NA
!
0 Nokian Hakkapeliitta R3 68 2
0 1
0 2
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 3
0 3
0 4
0 NA
General Altimax Arctic 12 67 2

0 1
0 2
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 3
0 4
0 3
0 NA
Nexen Winguard Ice Plus 66 2

0 1
0 1
0 4
0 5
0 5
0 5
0 5
0 3
0 NA
Bridgestone Blizzak WS90
Falken HS449 Eurowinter 64 3
0 3
0 3
0 5
0 5
0 4
0 4
0 2
0 3
0 NA
HO W W E T E S T: Overall Score is based on our wet handling course, steering feel, moder ately packed snow. Ride comfort
up to one dozen tests, with braking, and an emergency handling maneuver. and Noise are evaluated subjectively, on
handling, and hydroplaning resistance Hydroplaning denotes a tire’s ability to rough and smooth roads. Rolling resis-
more heavily weighted for most tires. resist skimming along the surface of tance, as measured on a dynamometer,
Braking tests on ice are from 10 mph; on standing water. Snow traction tests is a factor in fuel economy. Tread life
dry and wet pavement from 60 mph. denote how far a vehicle has to travel indicates wear potential from our
Handling combines how well a tire did on to accelerate from 5 to 20 mph on flat, mixed driving test of 16,000 miles.
Cooper Discoverer
True North
Hankook Winter
I*cept iZ2

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UCBGMYT
CR’S
USED-CAR
DIRECTORY
Get insights, reliability ratings, safety data, and more.
Here, you will find profiles of 284 vehicles,

covering the major models made
from 2011 through 2020. Each includes
a review by CR’s auto experts, typical
price ranges for each model year, crash-
test results, available safety features,
and other data. For most models, you’ll
also find a detailed reliability history
chart that provides an overall reliability
rating for each model year—information
that can help you avoid buying a
problem-prone vehicle.
96
97
User’s Guide to Vehicle Profiles
RELIABILITY
RATINGS KEY
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0
WORSE BET TER GOOD BET
1. THE “GOOD BET” 6. RELIABILITY

symbol is given to models HISTORY
that have consistently For each model year,
done well in our tests and where available, this chart
have had consistently details the problems in
above-average reliability. 17 trouble spots. See the
facing page for details on
2. OVERVIEW interpreting these charts.
This assessment by CR’s The Overall Reliability sums
auto experts is based up the problems for
on testing and research 1 each model year. The
through the years covered. year a model was re-
2
designed is noted in bold.
3. REDESIGN/ These charts are based
FRESHENING on about 329,000
Here we note the model responses to our Annual
year or years that the Auto Surveys. Consumer
vehicle was introduced or Reports members reported
received significant design on any problems they
changes. In between major had with their vehicles
3-5
redesigns, a model typically during the previous
remains the same from 12 months, considered
6 7
year to year, sometimes serious because of cost,
with minor changes in failure, safety, or down-
styling, trim, features, or time, in any of the trouble
the powertrain. spots included in the
table on the facing page.
4. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Because high-mileage
We note the availability of cars tend to encounter
side and head-protection more problems than low-
airbags, antilock brakes mileage cars, problem
(ABS), electronic stability 8
rates are standardized
control (ESC), forward to minimize differences
collision warning (FCW), due to mileage.
automatic emergency
braking (AEB), and blind spot 7. PRICES
warning (BSW). Prices are an estimate
5. DRIVE WHEELS of the current used price
This tells you whether a range for the years the
vehicle uses front-wheel model was available.
drive, rear-wheel drive, 8. CRASH-TEST RESULTS
four-wheel drive, or Where available, we Acceptable, Marginal,
all-wheel drive. 4WD is include the small overlap and Poor. We also include
available as a part-time, and offset-frontal crash the overall frontal-
permanent, or selectable results from the Insurance and side-crash test
system. Both permanent Institute for Highway results from the National
and selectable can be Safety. The IIHS uses a Highway Traffic Safety
engaged in full-time 4WD four-point scale: Good, Administration (NHTSA).
all the time. Part-time
4WD can’t be used on dry
pavement. AWD is similar
to full-time 4WD, except
it doesn’t include low-
range gearing, which is
most important for serious
off-road driving.

How to Read average model overall. hybrid/electric battery
the Charts A column of asterisks (*) and related systems,
To check on the reliability indicates that there regular battery, battery The Numbers Behind
is insufficient data for cables, engine harness,
history of a particular
year’s model, start with that year. coil, ignition switch,
Reliability Ratings
the Overall Reliability. electronic ignition, spark
This score shows whether What the Trouble plugs and wires failure. AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF CARS
WITH A REPORTED ISSUE
the model had more Spots Include Climate system:
’11 ’12 ’13 ’14 ’15 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20
or fewer problems overall Engine, major: Engine Blower (fan) motor,
A/C compressor, Engine, Major 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 <1 <1
than the average model rebuild or replacement,
of that year, calculated cylinder head, head condenser, evaporator, Engine, Minor 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 <1 <1
from the total number gasket, turbo or heater system, auto- Engine, Cooling 1 1 1 1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
of problems reported by supercharger, timing matic climate control,
Trans., Major 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 <1 <1 <1
members in all trouble chain or timing belt. refrigerant leakage,
spots. Because problems Engine, minor: Oil or electrical failure. Trans., Minor 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 <1
with the engine, major; fuel leaks, accessory Suspension: Shocks Drive System 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <1
engine cooling; trans- belts and pulleys, engine or struts, ball joints, tie
Fuel System 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 <1 <1
mission, major; and drive computer, engine rods, wheel bearings,
alignment, steering Electrical 2 2 1 1 1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1
system can be serious mounts, engine knock
and expensive to repair, or ping, difficult to fill linkage (includes rack Climate System 5 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 <1
our calculations give up the gas tank. and pinion), power Suspension 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 <1
extra weight to problems Engine, cooling: steering (pumps and
Brakes 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 <1
in those areas. Radiator, cooling fan, hoses, leaks), wheel
To see a model’s antifreeze leaks, water balance, springs or Exhaust 1 1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
individual strengths and pump, thermostat, torsion bars, bushings, Paint/Trim 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

weaknesses, look at the overheating. electronic or air
Noises/Leaks 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
individual scores for Transmission, major: suspension.
Brakes: Premature Body Hardware 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
each of the 17 trouble Transmission rebuild
spots. The chart on the or replacement, torque wear, pulsation or Power Equip. 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1
right shows the average converter, premature vibration, squeaking, In-Car Electr. 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2
problem rates for all clutch replacement. master cylinder, calipers,
models in the survey in Transmission, minor: rotors, antilock brake
each trouble spot by year. Gear selector or system (ABS), parking The chart above shows the average
Scores for each profile linkage, coolers and brake, brake failure. rates of problems in each trouble spot
reliability chart are lines, rough shifting, Exhaust: Muffler, by model year for all vehicles in CR’s
based on the percentage slipping transmission, pipes, catalytic converter, Annual Auto Survey. This is the basis
of survey respondents leaks, transmission exhaust manifold, leaks. for the Reliability History charts that
who reported problems computer, transmission Paint/trim: Paint appear in the profiles.
or that trouble spot, sensor or solenoid, (fading, chalking, For example, 2 percent of 2017
compared with that year’s clutch adjustment, cracking, peeling), loose models had Power Equipment
average model. hydraulics (clutch master trim or moldings, rust. problems on average. The Chevrolet
Models that score or slave cylinder). Noises/leaks: Squeaks Bolt on the facing page scores a 5
a 1 are not necessarily Drive system: or rattles, seals, and/or (Much Better Than Average) because
unreliable, but suffer a Driveshaft or axle, weather stripping, air or lass than half of a percent of the 2017
higher rate of problems CV joint, differential, water leaks, wind noise. Bolts had a problem in this area.
than the average model. transfer case, 4WD/AWD Body hardware: In 2017, the average rate of problems
PHOTO, PREVIOUS SPREAD: JOE POLILLIO/GETTY IMAGES
Similarly, models that components, driveline Windows, locks and with the Suspension was 1 percent.
score a 5 are not vibration, traction latches, tailgate, hatch Because 5.6 percent of Chevrolet
necessarily problem-free, control, electronic or trunk, doors or Camaros were reported to have a
but had relatively few stability control (ESC), sliding doors, mirrors, problem in this category, it has a score
problems compared with electrical failure. seat controls (power or of 1 (Much Worse Than Average).
other models. Fuel system: Sensors manual), safety belts,
Newer vehicles should (includes O₂ or oxygen sunroof, convertible top,
have few, if any, prob- sensor), emission control glass defect.
lems and score all 5 ’s. devices (includes EGR), Power equipment interior or exterior In-car electronics:
In some cases a model fuel gauge/sender, fuel and accessories: Cruise light, horn, gauges, 12V Audio system,
may score 4 and 5 injection system, fuel control, clock, warning power plug, remote entertainment system,
in most categories, but pump. lights, body control engine start, alarm or navigation system,
the verdict is a 3 or Electrical: Alternator, module, keyless entry, security system, heated back-up camera/
lower because it still has starter, hybrid/electric wiper motor or washer, or cooled seats, heated sensors, communication
more problems than the battery replacement, tire pressure monitor, steering wheel. system.

A
Acura ILX Acura MDX

Introduced in 2013, Acura's entry-level luxury compact shares its The MDX has always been among the better SUVs, with a strong,
underpinnings with the Honda Civic. But the ILX has different suspen- refined powertrain and a very functional seven-passenger interior.
sion tuning, as well as fancier features and nicer interior materials. The 2007 redesign was a significant improvement, and included a
Early models were available with three different four-cylinder engines: 300-hp V6. The cabin is well-appointed and quiet, but road noise is
a 2.0-liter base, 1.5-liter hybrid, and a higher-performance 2.4-liter. noticeable. The ride is firm but composed. Handling is responsive and
The base engine and five-speed automatic work very well. The 2016 the MDX is mostly agile. A welcome feature is a split third-row seat
freshening included a standard eight-speed dual-clutch transmission, that 's best for kids, and folds flat into the floor when not in use. The
which is clunky and reluctant to downshift. Handling is sound, but the 2014 redesign reduced road noise, but the dashboard became confus-
ride is stiff and choppy, road noise is pronounced, and the drivers seat ingly crowded with buttons. In the most recent redesign, Acura added
lacks lower back support, all of which undermine the ILX's pretense of a nine-speed automatic transmission that isn't always smooth or
affordable luxury. responsive, and a tricky-to-use pushbutton gear selector. The ride is
still quiet, but handling is a bit mundane, though secure.
REDESIGN/FRESHENING: SAFETY EQUIPMENT: DRIVE WHEELS: REDESIGN/FRESHENING: SAFETY EQUIPMENT: DRIVE WHEELS:
2013, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2001, 2007, 2010, 2014, ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
protection air bags 2016, 2022 protection air bags
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. FCW, BSW
and AEB optional from optional from 2011. FCW,
2016. AEB standard from 2017.
RELIABILITY HISTORY PRICES RELIABILITY HISTORY PRICES
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,600 - $12,600
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $13,000 - $14,200
Reliability 2013 $11,100 - $12,500 Reliability 3
0305
0404
0305
0203
010 2013 $15,000 - $16,500
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * 2014 $12,900 - $14,400 Engine, Major 1
0103
0505
0405
0405
050 2014 $16,700 - $19,700
2015 $14,000 - $15,700 2015 $18,700 - $22,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * 2016 $16,200 - $18,300
Engine Minor 1
0303
05 03
04 05
0505
050
2016 $22,300 - $25,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * 2017 $18,200 - $20,400
Engine Cooling 2
0305
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $26,600 - $33,600
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * 2018 $19,600 - $22,100 Trans. Major 4
0304
03 02
04 05
0505
050 2018 $29,800 - $39,400
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * 2019 $21,600 - $24,000 Trans. Minor 3
0504
02 01
01 03
0104
030 2019 $33,500 - $44,300
2020 $23,700 - $26,200 2020 $37,200 - $50,500
Drive System
* * * * * * * * Drive System 5
0205
04 04
02 04
0205
010
Fuel System
* * * * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 5
0403
05 05
05 05
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0405
04 05
05 05
0405
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Small Frontal Front/ Small Frontal Front/
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 4
0504
04 05
05 05
0504
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 2
0204
02 03
01 05
0504
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 5
0403
05 04
05 02
0404
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * 2015 Good NT 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
0405
03 02
03 04
0502
010 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * 2016 Good Good 4/5 Noises & Leaks 5
0403
01 03
03 05
0203
030 2016 Good Good 5/5
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0505
05 04
04 05
0402
010
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 2
0404
04 04
04 04
0302
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr. 1
0305
0303
0401
0202
050 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
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0 5
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0
Acura RDX Acura RLX

Derived from the Honda CR-V, the RDX bowed in 2007 as a small, all- Acura's flagship sedan falls well short of its competitors. The ride is
wheel-drive upscale SUV. First generation models have a 2.3-liter jumpy and unsettled, and the lack of handling agility makes the RLX
turbocharged four-cylinder that lacks the refinement of a V6 and feel ungainly. Its responsive 310-hp V6 and six-speed automatic pow-
tends to either hesitate or burst forward with power. Handling is rela- ertrain is a high point, however. Our tested front-wheel-drive model
tively agile, but the ride is way too stiff, and road noise is pronounced. averaged 23-mpg overall. A pricey all-wheel-drive hybrid is available,
Because of these issues we would avoid the first-generation RDX. The and gets an EPA-rated 30 mpg combined. The cabin is spacious and
2013 and later models are much better, with a roomier interior and a well-made, and includes a raft of electronic and connectivity fea-
smooth, powerful V6 coupled with a six-speed automatic. The ride was tures, but it isn't particularly luxurious and the controls are overly
improved and the interior is better trimmed. A 2016 update gave the complicated. 2014-2015 models offer forward collision warning and
RDX more safety features as well as Acura's overly-complicated dual- automatic emergency braking, but only on top-trim Advance models.
screen infotainment system. Other changes included a minimal bump 2016 models bring the AcuraWatch safety suite down to the mid-level
in horsepower and slightly improved highway fuel economy figures. Technology trim, as well as adding rear cross traffic warning. A sur-
A 2019 redesign brought a four-cylinder turbo engine and 10-speed round-view camera system was added to the top-trim Advance. 2017
automatic. It has nimble handling but distracting controls. made AcuraWatch standard on all trims.
2007, 2013, 2016, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2014, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
protection air bags protection air bags stan-
standard. FCW, and AEB dard. BSW, FCW, and
optional, standard from AEB optional from 2014,
2019. BSW optional. standard from 2017.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,600 - $10,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $10,900 - $11,900 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 4
0 5
0504
0503
0403
010 2013 $13,300 - $14,100 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major 5
0 *5
0503
0505
0505
050 2014 $14,400 - $15,800 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $14,100 - $17,400
2015 $16,100 - $17,900 2015 $15,700 - $19,000
Engine Minor 5
0 *5
05 05
03 05
0505
050
2016 $18,800 - $22,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $18,500 - $23,200
Engine Cooling 5
0 *5
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $22,000 - $25,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $24,800 - $30,000
Trans. Major 5
0 *4
05 05
05 03
0405
050 2018 $25,300 - $31,000 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $29,900 - $34,100
Trans. Minor 5
0 *2
03 04
02 04
0403
050 2019 $30,600 - $38,000 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $35,200 - $39,700
2020 $34,900 - $42,700 2020 $39,900 - $44,900
Drive System 4
0 *5
05 05
03 04
0504
050 Drive System
* * * * * * *
Fuel System 5
0 *5
04 04
05 04
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0 *5
05 05
01 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0 *4
05 04
04 03
0404
050 Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 4
0 *2
02 03
03 02
0205
050 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes 1
0 *4
01 04
05 01
0501
010
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0 *4
05 05
05 05
0405
050 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Good NT
Paint/Trim 4
0 *4
05 05
04 04
0505
020 2015 Good NT 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 4
0 *4
04 04
02 04
0402
020 2016 Good Good 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 5
0 *5
04 05
05 05
0505
020
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0 *4
04 05
04 03
0403
040 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0 *5
0504
0503
0301
010 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5

A
Acura TL Acura TLX !

Starting in 2004, the third-generation TL was basically a fancier The TLX replaced both the TL and TSX, and it doesn't quite measure up
Honda Accord V6. Spacious and well-finished, the TL featured a refined to the competition. It's available with either a four- or a six-cylinder
drivetrain and competent, but not sporty, handling. We were less engine; all-wheel drive is only available with the V6. The 2.4-liter uses
impressed with the 2009 redesign. Although it is a fine car overall, it an eight-speed automatic that delivers quick, direct shifts and con-
doesn't stand out among sporty midsize sedans in any category other tributes to very good fuel economy of 27 mpg overall. The V6 is a gem,
than reliability. The cabin is well finished but road noise intrudes and with plenty of power, but its nine-speed automatic shifts roughly and
the dash is cluttered with buttons. The front seats are comfortable uses an annoying pushbutton shifter. Handling is responsive, but not
but the rear is cramped. Our tested FWD, 3.5-liter V6 returned 24 sporty, although the ride is quite comfortable. The cabin is quiet, but
mpg overall with the six-speed automatic. It had taut handling and a rear-seat room is so-so. The dual-screen infotainment system is unin-
compliant, if firm, ride. But we found the steering vague and lacking tuitive to use, and our members have told us they dislike it. A 2018
feedback. AWD was available with the 3.7-liter V6. 2014 was the last update made the AcuraWatch suite of safety equipment standard,
year for the TL. which includes forward collision warning and automatic emergency
braking, as well as adding a few luxury features.
1996, 1999, 2004, 2009 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2015, 2018, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
protection air bags protection air bags
standard. standard. FCW and AEB
optional, standard from
2017. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,700 - $11,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $10,500 - $13,200 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 3
0505
0 2013 $11,400 - $15,200 Reliability 5
0405
0504
040 2013 -
Engine, Major
*1
0505
0 2014 $12,400 - $16,800 Engine, Major 5
0205
0505
050 2014 -
2015 - 2015 $15,600 - $19,800
Engine Minor
*3
0505
0
2016 -
Engine Minor 05
5 05
0505
050
2016 $17,100 - $21,900
Engine Cooling
*3
0505
0 2017 -
Engine Cooling 05
5 05
0505
050 2017 $19,600 - $25,500
Trans. Major
*1
0505
0 2018 - Trans. Major 05
5 05
0505
050 2018 $23,900 - $33,400
Trans. Minor
*1
0405
0 2019 - Trans. Minor 05
1 02
0502
050 2019 $27,300 - $36,500
2020 - 2020 $30,900 - $39,900
Drive System
*1
0402
0 Drive System 05
5 05
0502
020
Fuel System
*5
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 02
5 05
0503
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
*3
0505
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 02
5 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*3
0503
0 Overlap Side Climate Syst. 05
5 05
0505
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
*4
0402
0 2011 Good Good NT Suspension 05
4 05
0505
050 2011 - -
-
2012 Good Good 4/4 2012 - -
Brakes
*5
0505
0
2013 Good Good 4/4
Brakes 03
5 05
0505
050
2013 - - -
Exhaust
*5
0505
0 2014 Good Good 4/4
Exhaust 05
5 05
0505
050 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
*3
0505
0 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 05
3 05
0505
050 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks
*2
0505
0 - -
-
Noises & Leaks 05
5 03
0405
050 Good Marg.
2017 - - 2017 Good Accpt. 5/5
Body Hardware
*2
0405
0
2018 - - -
Body Hardware 05
5 05
0505
050
2018 Good Accpt. 5/5
Power Equip.
*1
0503
0 2019 - - - Power Equip. 03
5 05
0505
050 2019 Good Accpt. 5/5
In-Car Electr.
*3
0105
0 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 5
0203
0404
030 2020 Good Accpt. 5/5

1
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0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Acura TSX Alfa Romeo Giulia

Acura's entry-level TSX first arrived for 2004. Though not as exciting The Giulia is Alfa's entry in the compact-luxury-sport-sedan segment.
to drive as the best sports sedans, it was certainly more agile than a It corners and steers like a sports car, making it fun to drive. The
Honda Accord, plus it came with standard electronic stability control. 280-hp, 2.0-liter turbo four is mated to an eight-speed automatic
2009 brought a much-improved, redesigned model that was roomier, and provides punchy acceleration. All-wheel-drive is optional. Ride
quieter, and enjoyable to drive. A smooth and economical four-cylinder comfort is civilized even though it has a firm edge. Fuel economy at 27
engine delivers responsive performance, the front seats are excel- mpg overall is one of the best in the class. The interior is attractive
lent and the interior is well appointed. But the rear seat is tight, and with matte wood and nicely textured surfaces but cheap switchgear
steering is short on feedback. A wagon bodystyle was also available. detracts. The infotainment system is convoluted and distracting, and
Overall, a used TSX is an economical choice of getting a semi-luxurious the 2017 model lacks Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. Seat comfort
car without overspending on maintenance and repair. is compromised by a short cushion and limited range of adjustments.
The trunk is small. The top-trim, high-performance Quadrifoglio ver-
sion uses a 505-hp, 2.9-liter twin-turbo V6 and ups the ante in the
sport quotient at the expense of comfort.
2004, 2009 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. standard. BSW, FCW,
AEB optional; FCW, AEB
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,700 - $11,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $10,800 - $13,400 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 3
050 2013 $11,900 - $14,700 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major 4
040 * * 2014 $13,100 - $16,600 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 -
2015 - 2015 -
Engine Minor 2
050 * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling 5
050 * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $22,200 - $43,400
Trans. Major 2
050 * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $25,000 - $50,200
Trans. Minor 5
050 * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 $28,300 - $60,100
2020 - 2020 $32,900 - $71,600
Drive System 5
050 * * Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System 4
020 * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 2
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
050 * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 2
050 * * 2011 Good Marg. NT Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good Marg. NT 2012 - -
Brakes 3
040 * * 2013 Good Marg. NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
050 * * 2014 Good Marg. NT
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 1
040 * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - -
2016 - 2016 -
Noises & Leaks 2
050 * * 2017
- -
-
Noises & Leaks
* * * * 2017
- -
- - Good Good NT
Body Hardware 5
050 * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 3
040 * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
In-Car Electr. 4
040 * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.

A
Alfa Romeo Stelvio Audi A3

Like Alfa's Giulia sedan, the Stelvio delivers fantastic handling and The A3 is an upscale compact sedan or hatchback with a taste-
is fun to drive. That, however, doesn't mean it's fun to live with on a ful interior and, in most versions, a gutsy 2.0-liter, turbocharged
daily basis. Positioned to compete with high-end and sporty SUVs four-cylinder engine. It's a relative of the Volkswagen Golf and Jetta.
such as the Audi Q5, BMW X3, and Porsche Macan, the Stelvio falls Front-wheel drive is standard but as in other Audis, all-wheel drive is
short on refinement, luxury, and reliability. The standard engine is a available. We found the A3 quite nimble and quick. The S-tronic trans-
punchy 280-hp, 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder that gets 24 mpg overall mission, an automated manual, works well but tends to transmit some
on premium fuel. The ride is a bit jittery, but the suspension absorbs vibrations at low speeds. A more powerful 3.2-liter V6 was optional
bumps rather well. Among constant annoyances are a driving position on front-drive versions and standard with AWD models until 2009. A
with a limited range of seat adjustments and controls that are not redesigned A3 sedan arrived for 2015. It was a much more modern
user-friendly. Like the Giulia, the parking sensors are too sensitive, car with a more substantial feel, sporty handling, a taut ride, and an
going off constantly in an urban environment. Rear and side visibility up-to-date infotainment system. We got a respectable 27 mpg overall
are wanting, and the cargo hold is modest. in our tests of a FWD version with the 1.8-liter engine.
2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2006, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. BSW, FCW,
AEB optional; FCW, AEB AEB optional.
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,300 - $10,400
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $8,200 - $11,500
Reliability 1
0 2013 - Reliability 3
0501
030 2013 $9,500 - $12,600
Engine, Major 2
0 * * 2014 - Engine, Major
* * * *2
0403
020 * * 2014 -
2015 - 2015 $13,500 - $22,000
Engine Minor 5
0 * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * *3
0501
020 * * 2016 $16,400 - $28,100
Engine Cooling 5
0 * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * *5
0501
050 * * 2017 $19,400 - $31,600
Trans. Major 5
0 * * 2018 $25,200 - $55,100 Trans. Major
* * * *5
0505
050 * * 2018 $21,700 - $34,900
Trans. Minor 5
0 * * 2019 $28,800 - $64,400 Trans. Minor
* * * *1
0401
050 * * 2019 $24,700 - $39,700
2020 $36,200 - $74,900 2020 $27,600 - $31,600
Drive System 1
0 * * Drive System
* * * *4
0505
050 * *
Fuel System 1
Fuel System
* * * *3
0503
Electrical 2
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * *1
0501
020 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
* * * *5
0503
010 * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0 * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * *4
0401
050 * * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 - - 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes 5
0 * * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * *5
0505
050 * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0 * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * * *1
0505
050 * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 5
0 * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * *4
0503
050 * * 2015 Good Good 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks 3
0 * * - -
-
Noises & Leaks
* * * *5
0502
030 * * Good Good
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0 * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * *3
0503
050 * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0 * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * *5
0404
030 * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0 * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * *2
0404
010 * * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Audi A4 Audi A5
The A4 is available with front- or all-wheel drive. The cars feature These coupes and convertibles are mechanically related to the A4 and
impressive attention to interior detail and offer a fantastic driving have quiet, luxurious cabins with room for four. Although the rear seat
experience. The 2009 redesign was a big step forward in terms of is snug, it's one of the best in any convertible. The car drives well,
handling agility and overall refinement. Handling was agile and very with agile handling and a taut, compliant suspension. The A5 initially
secure, the ride was firm but supple, and interior quality was first- used a 3.2-liter V6 engine in the base model, while the S5 performance
rate. Although the rear seat grew a bit it remained tight, and some version featured a 4.2-liter V8. A turbocharged four-cylinder arrived in
controls became overly complex. The 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cyl- 2010, delivering ample power but sounding raspy. The V6 was dropped
inder and slick eight-speed automatic returned a very respectable 25 in 2013. The eight-speed automatic is super-smooth. The convertible
mpg overall in our tests of an all-wheel-drive version. The 2017 rede- has a shudder-free body structure and is almost devoid of wind buf-
sign brought a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission mated to the feting, and the well-insulated soft top can be operated while driving
turbo four-cylinder engine which has even better fuel economy. The at low speeds. The S5 uses a supercharged V6 and seven-speed auto-
high-performance S4's 3.0-liter supercharged V6 was replaced by a mated manual.
turbo V6 in the 2018 redesign. The wagon version is called the Allroad.
2009, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2008, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. FCW standard standard. FCW standard
from 2017; AEB, BSW from 2017; AEB, BSW
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,200 - $11,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,800 - $14,300
Overall 2012 $8,500 - $13,400 Overall 2012 $10,900 - $17,800
Reliability 1
0203
0105
0504
0505
0 2013 $10,400 - $15,000 Reliability 1
0505
040 5
050 2013 $12,500 - $20,000
Engine, Major 1
0102
0105
0505
0505
0 * 2014 $12,600 - $16,400 Engine, Major
* *1
0405
050 *5
050 * 2014 $14,200 - $23,100
2015 $13,900 - $16,300 2015 $16,900 - $24,400
Engine Minor 1
0103
01 03
05 03
0505
0 * 2016 $17,100 - $19,100
Engine Minor
* *1
05 05
05 0 *5
050 * 2016 $20,200 - $25,800
Engine Cooling 1
0101
01 03
05 04
0505
0 * 2017 $21,400 - $28,500
Engine Cooling
* *1
05 05
05 0 *5
050 * 2017 $25,800 - $29,900
Trans. Major 5
0504
05 05
05 05
0405
0 * 2018 $24,600 - $32,900 Trans. Major
* *5
04 05
03 0 *5
050 * 2018 $28,900 - $38,900
Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2019 $28,700 - $38,200 Trans. Minor
* *5
03 05
05 0 *5
050 * 2019 $33,500 - $43,700
2020 $33,800 - $50,900 2020 $35,800 - $47,200
Drive System 1
0502
05 05
05 03
0505
0 * Drive System
* *1
02 05
05 0 *4
050 *
Fuel System 1
0104
01 05
02 05
0505
0 * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* *5
05 05
05 0 *5
Electrical 1
0503
02 05
05 05
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* *4
05 05
05 0 *5
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0505
05 05
05 03
0405
0 * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* *5
05 03
04 0 *5
040 * Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0101
02 05
02 03
0405
0 * 2011 Good Poor 4/5 Suspension
* *5
05 05
05 0 *5
050 * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 Good Poor 4/5 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0404
01 05
02 04
0404
0 * 2013 Good Poor 5/5
Brakes
* *3
04 01
04 0 *5
050 * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0104
03 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2014 Good Poor 5/5
Exhaust
* *5
05 05
05 0 *5
050 * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 4
0505
03 03
05 04
0505
0 * 2015 Good Poor 5/5 Paint/Trim
* *4
05 05
05 0 *5
050 * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks 4
0503
04 04
05 02
0305
0 * 2016 Good Poor 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* *1
05 01
04 0 *3
040 * 2016 NT NT NT
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 2
0204
03 05
05 05
0405
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* *5
05 05
03 0 *5
050 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0204
04 05
03 03
0505
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* *4
05 05
04 0 *3
050 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0105
0405
0403
0304
0 * 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* *5
0505
040 *4
050 * 2020 Good Good 4/5

A
Audi A6 Audi A7
A 2012 redesign made this already-good car even better, with upgrad- The coupelike A7 is based on the A6, but lower and more firmly sprung,
ed interior materials, a roomy cabin, super comfortable seats, and a and sacrifices some comfort for sportiness. Getting in and out is
slick eight-speed automatic, making it one of our favorite mid-sized more difficult than in the A6, and visibility is somewhat hampered
luxury sedans. It's super-quiet and makes an excellent long-distance by the styling. Underneath the sporty looks, however, the A7 has
cruiser. We got a commendable 22 mpg overall with the V6. A 2.0-liter, the cargo flexibility of a hatchback. Its 3.0-liter, supercharged V6 is
turbocharged four-cylinder engine arrived in 2013, but it has a raspy, mated to Audi's excellent eight-speed automatic. In our tests the
less-than-luxurious sound quality. For 2019, Audi redesigned the A6 diesel version returned an excellent 28 mpg overall. The interior is
with an improved interior and a new dual-screen infotainment sys- very luxurious and features an available head-up display that projects
tem that takes some getting used to. We measured 26 mpg overall information on the windshield. The MMI interface adds a touchpad
from the four-cylinder engine, and a 3.0-liter V6 engine with a mild control for destination entry in the navigation system, which offers a
hybrid system is now also available. Both engines get a seven-speed Google maps display.
dual-clutch automatic transmission that sometimes hesitates when
accelerating from a rolling stop. A wagon version, called the Allroad, is
also available.
2005, 2012, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2012, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
standard. FCW, AEB, standard. FCW, AEB,
BSW optional; FCW, AEB BSW optional; FCW, AEB
standard from 2019. standard from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,400 - $14,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $9,600 - $14,000 Overall 2012 $17,200 - $18,400
Reliability 4
0303
0103
0504
030 2013 $11,100 - $16,200 Reliability 2013 $18,400 - $19,800
Engine, Major
*5
0202
0104
0505
040 * 2014 $11,700 - $19,200 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $21,200 - $23,100
2015 $13,200 - $20,500 2015 $23,700 - $25,800
Engine Minor
*5
0303
0104
0505
050 * 2016 $20,100 - $28,500
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 $28,800 - $31,900
Engine Cooling
*1
0105
0102
0505
050 * 2017 $23,400 - $35,800
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $36,200 - $39,200
Trans. Major
*5
0305
0504
0505
050 * 2018 $24,400 - $36,000 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $41,700 - $43,900
Trans. Minor
*5
0105
0504
0505
040 * 2019 $34,400 - $47,800 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $44,800 - $54,500
2020 $38,600 - $52,900 2020 $54,000 - $63,100
Drive System
*5
0405
0505
0303
030 * Drive System
* * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
*5
0201
0301
0201
Fuel System
* * * * * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
*5
0201
0105
0505
040 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*5
0405
0403
0505
* * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
*3
0401
0401
0505
050 * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 - -
2012 Good NT NT 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
*3
0201
0101
0201
050 * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
*5
0305
0505
0505
050 * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
*5
0403
0504
0505
030 * 2015 Good Good 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
*2
0405
0403
0202
010 * 2016 Good Good 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
*5
0502
0303
0505
030 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*1
0404
0105
0305
030 * 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
In-Car Electr.
*1
0404
0304
0202
010 * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good NT

1
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0 3
0 4
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Audi A8 Audi Q3
Audi's flagship has always been comfortable, capable, and replete Slotted below the Q5, the Q3 competes with the BMW X1 and
with the latest safety gear. A 2011 redesign brought crisp handling Mercedes-Benz GLA. Overall it manages to deliver a similarly premium
and a ride that's firm but still supple, making the A8 one of the sport- driving experience as in the Q5 but in a 10-inch shorter package. The
iest luxury sedans. Standard all-wheel drive gives it good winter trac- energetic 200-hp, 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder is mated to a con-
tion. The strong engines deliver smooth and effortless acceleration, ventional six-speed automatic, and returned 22 mpg overall in our
yet attain commendable fuel economy. Interior ambience and quality tests. This is a quiet SUV with a firm, comfortable ride and responsive
of materials and craftsmanship is top-notch, with exceptionally handling. The cabin shows thoughtful attention to detail. Demerits
comfortable and supportive front seats. The controls have a steep include the tight quarters and controls that take some getting used
learning curve and the trunk is small for a car this size. A dual-screen to. Front- and all-wheel-drive versions are available. A 2019 redesign
infotainment setup and further interior refinements came with a 2019 gave the Q3 more power and the engine no longer requires premium
redesign, and we measured 21 mpg overall from the turbocharged V6 fuel.
engine.
2011, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2015, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. FCW, AEB, standard. BSW optional;
BSW optional; FCW, AEB FCW, AEB standard from
standard from 2019. 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $14,000 - $14,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $14,900 - $24,700 Overall 2012 -
0 5
0 2
0 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $19,200 - $37,400 Engine, Major
*2
0 *5
0 *5
0 2014 -
2015 $23,300 - $47,400 2015 $16,100 - $18,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $30,000 - $58,700
Engine Minor
*1
0 *5
0 *5
0
2016 $19,400 - $22,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $36,100 - $39,100
Engine Cooling
*5
0 *5
0 *5
0 2017 $21,000 - $26,300
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $42,300 - $46,900 Trans. Major
*5
0 *5
0 *5
0 2018 $23,000 - $27,200
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $62,600 - $62,600 Trans. Minor
*5
0 *5
0 *2
0 2019 $28,200 - $34,400
2020 $76,700 - $83,700 2020 $31,500 - $38,100
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
*5
0 *5
0 *5
0
Fuel System
* * * * * * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*5
0 *5
0 *5
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*2
0 *5
0 *5
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
*3
0 *4
0 *5
0 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
*1
0 *4
0 *5
0 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
*4
0 *5
0 *2
0
2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
*5
0 *5
0 *5
0 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim
*5
0 *5
0 *5
0 2015 Good Good NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT Noises & Leaks
*5
0 *5
0 *3
0
2017
Good Good NT
NT NT NT Good Good NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
*3
0 *5
0 *1
0
2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*2
0 *4
0 *5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
*2
0 *1
0 *5

A-B
Audi Q5 Audi Q7
The Q5's handling is agile and sporty, among the best for an SUV. Audi's midsized luxury SUV has a tight—but serviceable—third-row
It has a steady, supple ride and excellent braking. The 3.2-liter V6 seat. The strong 350-hp, 4.2-liter V8 pulls smoothly, but returns just
provides generous power and returns 19 mpg overall. 2011 brought a 15 mpg overall on premium fuel. The V6 version got 17 mpg overall in
four-cylinder engine and an eight-speed automatic transmission that our tests. Handling is fairly nimble but doesn't shine at its limits. The
returned 21 mpg overall in our tests. The beautifully furnished interior ride is steady, though a little stiff at low speeds. Front-seat comfort
is commendably quiet, but rear seat room and cargo space are mod- is excellent, interior fit and finish is superb, and the cabin is quiet, but
est. Controls take some getting used to, but they ultimately prove log- the MMI driver-interaction system can be confusing. A turbodiesel
ical. Turbodiesel and hybrid versions were also available in some years, V6 was added in 2009, while both the V6 and V8 gas engines were
but are rare. The redesigned 2018 model is among the better compact replaced by a supercharged V6 in 2011. A 2017 redesign made the Q7
luxury SUVs. It has nimble and secure handling along with a compliant an impressive vehicle. The supercharged V6 smooth eight-speed auto-
ride. The smooth 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder engine is coupled to a matic combined for effortless acceleration and 20 mpg overall in our
seven-speed dual-clutch automatic. This combination delivers plenty tests. The SUV is very quiet, instilling a sense of tranquility. The ride
of power while returning a good 24 mpg overall in our tests. has an underlying firmness. Handling is responsive and confidence-in-
spiring. The beautifully finished interior exudes luxury.
2009, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2007, 2017, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. BSW, optional;
AEB optional; FCW, AEB FCW, AEB standard from
standard from 2018. 2017.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,300 - $11,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,100 - $13,500
Overall 2012 $10,700 - $14,300 Overall 2012 $13,000 - $15,300
Reliability 1
0103
0304
0403
0402
0 2013 $12,600 - $16,600 Reliability 3
0 2
0305
0 2013 $14,700 - $17,600
Engine, Major
*1
0101
0402
0303
0505
0 2014 $14,300 - $21,400 Engine, Major
* * * *5
0 *4
0505
0 * 2014 $16,900 - $21,400
2015 $16,900 - $25,700 2015 $18,900 - $24,800
Engine Minor
*1
0102
0303
0504
0505
0
2016 $19,900 - $31,000
Engine Minor
* * * *3
0 *4
0405
0 * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
*1
0105
0505
0505
0505
0 2017 $24,600 - $36,500
Engine Cooling
* * * *3
0 *4
0505
0 * 2017 $31,200 - $36,800
Trans. Major
*5
0305
0405
0505
0504
0 2018 $29,100 - $44,700 Trans. Major
* * * *5
0 *5
0505
0 * 2018 $34,500 - $43,800
Trans. Minor
*5
0205
0304
0505
0504
0 2019 $33,200 - $52,400 Trans. Minor
* * * *5
0 *5
0505
0 * 2019 $39,600 - $53,100
2020 $37,600 - $58,400 2020 $54,000 - $64,600
Drive System
*5
0102
0505
0504
0505
0 Drive System
* * * *5
0 *5
0505
0 *
Fuel System
*4
0401
0105
0405
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * *5
0 *4
0505
Electrical
*1
0505
0405
0505
0504
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * *5
0 *5
0405
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*1
0204
0505
0503
0301
* * * *1
0 *3
0403
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
*5
0102
0205
0405
0505
* * * *2
0 *3
0505
0 * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes
*5
0104
0301
0103
0205
0
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * *1
0 *1
0105
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*2
0503
0205
0505
0505
0 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * *5
0 *5
0505
0 * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
*5
0501
0404
0403
0505
0 2015 Good Good 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * *5
0 *1
0504
0 * 2015 Good NT NT
Noises & Leaks
*2
0101
0101
0103
0405
* * * *1
0 *2
0405
0 * 2016 NT NT NT
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 Good Good NT
Body Hardware
*4
0503
0304
0404
0505
0
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * *3
0 *2
0505
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*3
0504
0305
0303
0405
Power Equip.
* * * *2
0 *3
0305
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
*5
0104
0504
0303
0305
* * * *3
0 *1
0302
0 * 2020 Good Good NT/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Audi TT BMW 1 Series, 2 Series

The TT has been offered as a coupe or convertible with front- or all- The compact 1 Series is available as a two-door coupe or convertible.
wheel drive. Though artfully styled and well finished, handling isn't as Power comes from smooth, powerful six-cylinder engines, including
sporty as competitors like Porsche's Boxster or Cayman of the era. a muscular 300-hp twin-turbo. Excellent steering and body control,
The standard 180-hp turbo four-cylinder was matched with a five- along with slick shifter and clutch action, make the 1 Series a blast
speed manual. AWD models got a gutsier but still-noisy 225-hp engine to drive. The 135i we tested was super agile and quick, and even
and six-speed manual. The ride was very stiff and visibility poor. A returned decent fuel economy. Although snug, the interior features
250-hp V6 with a six- speed automatic was also offered. The 2008 high levels of fit and finish. 2013 was the final year for this fun and
redesign gave it crisper handling and a less punishing ride. Interior agile car. In 2014 it was replaced by the more refined and fun-to-drive
materials and details improved, and the 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder 2 Series, with a choice of turbocharged four and six-cylinder engines.
and automated-manual gearbox make up a punchy powertrain that It is available with all-wheel drive in coupe and convertible forms. A
sounds good and adds to the cars sporty character. 2016 brought a sportier, more-powerful M2 version arrived was also available. 2017
far more refined and advanced redesign that featured a slick interior brought a change in nomenclature, with the base 228i becoming the
and all-digital instrument panel. 230i and powered by a 248-hp, 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine.
2008, 2016 ABS, ESC, and side air AWD 2008, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
bags standard. BSW protection air bags
optional. standard. FCW, AEB
2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,500 - $19,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,500 - $9,900
Overall 2012 $13,100 - $28,800 Overall 2012 $8,300 - $11,200
0 5
0504
030 2013 $9,700 - $15,600
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $17,000 - $22,400 Engine, Major
* *2
0 *5
0505
050 * * 2014 $13,200 - $19,600
2015 $20,900 - $26,700 2015 $14,300 - $21,800
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $27,700 - $29,600
Engine Minor
* *1
0 *4
0505
030 * * 2016 $17,000 - $26,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $30,300 - $33,400
Engine Cooling
* *3
0 *5
0504
030 * * 2017 $21,800 - $31,900
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $33,800 - $55,200 Trans. Major
* *5
0 *5
0405
050 * * 2018 $24,500 - $36,000
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $37,300 - $61,900 Trans. Minor
* *5
0 *4
0505
050 * * 2019 $28,000 - $41,100
2020 $40,700 - $68,100 2020 $32,100 - $47,100
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* *5
0 *1
0504
030 * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* *5
0 *5
0505
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* *3
0 *5
0505
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* *3
0 *5
0503
Suspension
* *5
0 *5
0304
050 * * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 NT NT NT 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* *1
0 *2
0505
050 * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* *2
0 *4
0505
050 * * 2014 Good Good NT
Paint/Trim
* *5
0 *5
0305
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
* *4
0 *5
0504
030 * * 2017
Good Good NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* *4
0 *5
0301
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* *4
0 *5
0205
In-Car Electr.
* *2
0 *5
0504

B
BMW 3 Series BMW 4 Series

No matter which 3 Series you choose, its compliant ride, slick and The 4 Series coupe and convertible pack style, luxury, and exclusivity
punchy engine, and fun-to-drive formula defines the essence of a into a sporty, two-door package. Formerly part of the 3 Series lineup,
sports sedan. Over the years it has been offered with a wide variety this plush and comfortable line is lower and wider than its sedan
of engines, and in sedan, convertible, and wagon bodystyles. For brethren. They are more well-mannered touring cars than pure sports
2012, the 3 Series grew larger and softer, more comfortable and fuel cars, yet they're quite capable. Handling is taut, the ride is steady
efficient, but a little less fun. However, the interior grew plusher and and compliant, and the interior is plush. The rear seat is relatively
more high tech. Hybrid and diesel versions were offered. Changes for spacious. The turbocharged, 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine is sparing
2016 included a new 3.0-liter six-cylinder gasoline engine for the top with fuel; the 3.0-liter, six-cylinder turbo is super smooth and delivers
trim 340i. Other updates included an enhanced suspension and rede- effortless punch, which makes the 440i a treat to drive. All-wheel
signed electric power steering system. For 2017, BMW introduced new drive is optional. The convertible version uses a retractable hardtop
four-cylinder engines, changing the 328i to the 330i, and cars with that can be operated at slow speeds. The ultra-high-performance M4
navigation got the latest, somewhat simplified version of the iDrive is a track-ready version.
infotainment system. The 2019 redesign improved handling and fuel
economy.
2006, 2012, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2014, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional. FCW, AEB AEB optional. FCW, AEB
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,800 - $14,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $9,800 - $17,300 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 1
0101
0303
0404
0503
050 2013 $10,800 - $20,300 Reliability 3
0404
0105
050 2013 -
Engine, Major 1
0101
0103
0405
0504
050 2014 $13,000 - $18,100 Engine, Major 4
0301
0505
050 * 2014 $16,900 - $20,700
2015 $14,400 - $21,000 2015 $17,900 - $23,900
Engine Minor 1
0101
01 05
04 04
0505
050
2016 $17,000 - $26,700
Engine Minor 1
0205
0503
050 * 2016 $19,800 - $26,800
Engine Cooling 1
0103
03 05
04 04
0505
050 2017 $20,200 - $31,500
Engine Cooling 1
0405
0105
050 * 2017 $24,500 - $33,900
Trans. Major 4
0404
03 05
03 05
0505
050 2018 $22,600 - $35,700 Trans. Major 5
0505
0505
050 * 2018 $28,300 - $38,800
Trans. Minor 2
0403
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $34,100 - $39,000 Trans. Minor 5
0505
0505
050 * 2019 $32,500 - $44,700
2020 $37,600 - $52,800 2020 $37,500 - $51,300
Drive System 3
0401
03 02
04 05
0504
050 Drive System 3
0405
0305
050 *
Fuel System 1
0101
01 04
03 05
0505
020
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 5
0405
0505
Electrical 1
0103
04 05
05 05
0504
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0204
0505
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 2
0503
05 01
04 04
0405
0501
0105
050 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 3
0505
03 04
03 03
0505
050 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 3
0505
0505
050 * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good Marg. 4/5 2012 - -
Brakes 4
0203
04 05
03 05
0205
050
2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Brakes 3
0404
0204
040 * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0201
03 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
0505
050 * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 3
0503
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2015 Good Marg. 4/5 Paint/Trim 3
0305
0503
050 * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks 1
0504
04 05
01 05
0204
050 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks 1
0503
0505
040 * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 5
0403
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0305
0105
050 * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 1
0201
02 05
02 04
0501
050 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 2
0405
0503
050 * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr. 3
0403
0304
0201
0301
050 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr. 3
0505
0505
050 * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
BMW 5 Series BMW 6 Series

The 2011 redesign saw the 5 Series grow larger and get a more The 6 Series coupe, convertible, and four-door Gran Coupe share a
composed ride, but it lost some of its handling precision. Interior platform with the 5 Series. The standard 4.4-liter V8 is smooth and
room, refinement, and fuel efficiency all improved. Fit and finish is punchy, and handling is agile. But the ride can be choppy. A redesign
excellent, the engines are powerful and refined, and the eight-speed for 2012 brought the four-door Grand Coupe along with power from a
automatic shifts smoothly. The cabin is comfortable and roomy with 3.0-liter, turbo six-cylinder or a 4.4-liter V8 mated to an eight-speed
excellent seats. The iDrive infotainment system takes some getting automatic or a six-speed manual. The V8 delivers ferocious accelera-
used to, but is logical to use. Both rear- and all-wheel-drive versions tion and an invigorating exhaust note. Handling is much sharper than
are available. The 2017 redesign brought updated engines with better the 5 Series, making this more of a driver's car than its predecessor.
fuel economy, improvements to iDrive system, and marginally more The M version is even more performance oriented. 2019 was the final
interior room. It's still a remarkably satisfying car, but more plush and year for the big 6 Series.
luxurious than fun-to-drive. The 530i we tested rides comfortably and
handles responsively. Its turbo four-cylinder engine is paired with a
smooth eight-speed automatic transmission and returns an impres-
sive 26 mpg overall.
2011, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional; standard AEB optional.
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,600 - $11,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $8,800 - $12,900 Overall 2012 $17,400 - $18,800
Reliability 1
0101
0304
0403
0103
050 2013 $10,700 - $15,900 Reliability 2013 $18,900 - $22,400
Engine, Major 1
0101
0105
0505
0304
050 2014 $14,100 - $19,500 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * 2014 $20,900 - $25,400
2015 $16,500 - $23,100 2015 $24,400 - $31,200
Engine Minor 1
0101
03 04
01 02
0104
050
2016 $19,600 - $26,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * 2016 $29,300 - $38,200
Engine Cooling 1
0101
02 05
05 02
0104
050 2017 $24,700 - $35,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * 2017 $34,400 - $48,200
Trans. Major 4
0102
02 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $31,500 - $47,100 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * 2018 $37,700 - $60,500
Trans. Minor 5
0102
04 03
05 05
0405
050 2019 $35,400 - $55,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * 2019 $43,800 - $66,200
2020 $44,200 - $65,600 2020 -
Drive System 1
0101
04 05
05 04
0105
050 Drive System
* * * * * * * *
Fuel System 1
0103
02 01
03 02
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 1
0101
05 05
04 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0101
03 04
04 01
0103
* * * * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 3
0401
01 04
01 04
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/5 Suspension
* * * * * * * * 2011 - -
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0502
02 05
02 04
0305
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0502
04 05
05 05
0405
050 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 3
0104
05 04
03 04
0304
050 2015 Good Marg. 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks 5
0103
04 02
05 03
0404
050 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
2017 Good Good NT 2017 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 1
0104
02 05
05 04
0305
050
2018 Good Good NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 1
0101
05 02
04 01
0103
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr. 4
0104
0501
0401
0103
030 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * 2020 - - -

B
BMW 7 Series BMW i3

BMW's top-of-the-line sedan has first class accommodations, with BMW's i3 is a futuristic-looking, rear-wheel-drive four-seat electric
comfortable seats and abundant features. 2006 brought a new 4.8- car that works best for urban use. Early models had a short 72-mile
liter V8 and some mild exterior changes. With the 2009 redesign the electric-only driving range and an optional two-cylinder gas engine
car lost its crisp, sporty luxury feel. Handling lacked agility, and the that extended the range to 150 miles in total. Even so equipped, long
750Li we tested didn't shine at its limits. The ride is steady and supple drives require frequent refueling stops due to its small gas tank. The
but not that cushy. The turbo V8 is smooth, refined, and punchy. Gas electric drive produces the equivalent of 170 hp. Charge times are 4.5
and diesel six-cylinders are also available, along with a mighty V12. hours on 240-volt circuit. 2017 brought a larger 94 amp-hour battery
The controls require time to master. On the plus side, the roomy cabin (up from 60 amp-hour) with a longer range of up to 97 miles, and mod-
is super-quiet and impeccably finished, and seat comfort is tops. A els with the range extender engine got a slightly bigger fuel tank, now
much improved 2016 redesign brought more agile handling, a steady up to 2.4 gallons. In 2019, the battery grew again, as did the range—
ride, simplified controls, and lots of high-tech gizmos. which is now up to 153 miles. Despite its tall stance the car is very
agile. It feels quick and easy to maneuver, but the ride is rather stiff.
The pronounced deceleration when lifting off the gas pedal takes
some getting used to.
2009, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2014, 2017, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear
standard. BSW, FCW, standard.BSW, FCW
AEB optional; standard optional.
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,700 - $19,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $11,100 - $23,700 Overall 2012 -
0 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $17,500 - $34,100 Engine, Major
* * *5
0 * * * 2014 $9,300 - $11,400
2015 $21,500 - $39,100 2015 $11,300 - $13,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $29,800 - $34,000
Engine Minor
* * *5
0 * * * 2016 $12,100 - $14,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $33,200 - $66,600
Engine Cooling
* * *5
0 * * * 2017 $12,200 - $17,800
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $36,600 - $79,700 Trans. Major
* * *5
0 * * * 2018 $19,900 - $24,700
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $43,000 - $100,200 Trans. Minor
* * *5
0 * * * 2019 $25,200 - $30,300
2020 $47,100 - $128,800 2020 $29,500 - $34,900
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * *1
0 * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* * *5
0 * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * *5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *5
0 * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * *5
0 * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * *5
0 * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * *5
0 * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * *5
0 * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
* * *5
0 * * * 2017
NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * *5
0 * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * *5
In-Car Electr.
* * *5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
BMW X1 BMW X2
The X1 is a compact five-seat SUV that's smaller than the X3. The base The BMW X2 is designed to appeal to style-conscious customers who
turbo four-cylinder and eight-speed automatic provide quick accel- want a sporty-looking SUV but don't mind sacrificing interior space.
eration, and is available with rear- or all-wheel drive. It feels quite Based on the X1, the lower, shorter X2 feels more like driving a car
sporty to drive, but ride comfort is on the stiff side and the sharp and than an SUV. Its power comes from a gutsy 228-hp, turbocharged
communicative steering feels heavy at low speeds. Noise isolation four-cylinder engine that's mated to a smooth eight-speed automatic
and interior quality are decent. A used X1 is a viable alternative to a transmission. Front- and all-wheel drive are available. The ride is a bit
new small SUV that's more fun-to-drive for the same price. The sec- stiff, but handling is sharp and engaging, making the X2 enjoyable to
ond-generation changed to a front-wheel-drive platform. Its lower drive. The cabin is well made if a bit austere, with comfortable front
ride height makes it feel almost like driving a sedan, although its seats and logical controls. Outward visibility is hurt by the sleek styl-
ride and handling are more ordinary than sporty. Road noise is rather ing, and BSW is unavailable.
noticeable. The interior is typical BMW, with high-quality materials and
switchgear. The front seats are rather short and flat, however, while
rear-seat passengers may hit their shins against the backs of the
front seats.
2013, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and AWD; Front; Rear 2018 ABS, ESC, side and AWD; Front
head protection air head protection air
bags standard. FCW, bags standard. FCW,
AEB optional, standard AEB optional, standard
in 2019. in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 -
Reliability 1
020 3
040 2013 $9,100 - $11,500 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
*1
010 *3
050 * * 2014 $11,000 - $13,700 Engine, Major
* * * 2014 -
2015 $13,200 - $16,400 2015 -
Engine Minor
*1
020 *5
050 * * 2016 $18,700 - $18,700
Engine Minor
* * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
*1
020 *5
050 * * 2017 $21,400 - $22,900
Engine Cooling
* * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
*2
050 *5
030 * * 2018 $24,400 - $25,800 Trans. Major
* * * 2018 $24,800 - $26,000
Trans. Minor
*3
030 *5
050 * * 2019 $28,700 - $30,200 Trans. Minor
* * * 2019 $28,700 - $36,500
2020 $32,400 - $33,700 2020 $33,100 - $42,100
Drive System
*1
050 *5
* * *
Fuel System
*1
050 *1
Fuel System
* * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
*1
010 *5
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*5
030 *5
* * * Overlap Side
- -
Suspension
*4
010 *1
050 * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes
*2
040 *1
010 * * 2013 Good Marg. NT
Brakes
* * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
*5
050 *5
050 * * 2014 Good Marg. NT
Exhaust
* * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
*5
020 *5
050 * * 2015 Good Marg. NT Paint/Trim
* * * 2015 - - -
2016 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
*5
010 *2
030 * * 2017
Good Good NT Noises & Leaks
* * * 2017
- -
-
Good Good NT - -
Body Hardware
*2
020 *5
030 * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * 2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
*5
050 *5
050 * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
In-Car Electr.
*3
010 *5
040 * * 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr.

B
BMW X3 BMW X4
Skip the first-generation X3, which has a very hard and choppy ride, as Emphasizing sport over utility, the X4 is a coupelike variant of the X3.
well as a low-rent interior. The 2011 redesign was a big step forward It is agile, rides tautly, and has a beautifully trimmed cabin. Front and
and impressed us with its sporty handling, a firm but compliant ride, rear seats are lowered to keep passengers' heads from hitting the
a seamless eight-speed automatic, and a roomier, nicely-finished low roof, and the cargo space shrinks considerably under the sloping
interior. For 2012 a four-cylinder turbo became the base engine, and rear hatch, making it a less practical SUV. Engine choices are a 240-
it returned 23 mpg overall in our tests. The front seats are very sup- hp, 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder and a 300-hp, 3.0-liter turbo six-cylin-
portive and the rear seat is quite hospitable. Controls have a learning der that is particularly smooth and powerful. Both engines are mated
curve but ultimately prove logical. BMW redesigned the X3 for 2018. to an eight-speed automatic transmission, and all-wheel drive is stan-
The new model is super quiet inside, with impeccable fit and finish. dard. Optional 19-inch tires make the ride a bit too jiggly. The length
Handling is responsive, and the ride is firm yet absorbent. The latest and overall size of the X4 increased with the 2019 redesign along with
generation of the iDrive infotainment system has been simplified. A an increase in horsepower for both engines. A high performance M
rear-wheel drive sDrive30i is added for the 2019 model year. model was also introduced.
2011, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2015, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
AEB optional; FCW, AEB AEB optional; FCW, AEB
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,500 - $10,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $10,400 - $11,800 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 3
0103
0103
0403
0201
0 2013 $11,400 - $13,700 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
*1
0102
0105
0305
0505
0 2014 $13,300 - $15,600 Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 -
2015 $15,500 - $18,600 2015 $19,500 - $20,700
Engine Minor
*1
0101
0104
0303
0404
0
2016 $18,700 - $22,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $22,400 - $28,300
Engine Cooling
*1
0101
0105
0502
0405
0 2017 $23,700 - $28,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 $26,100 - $32,400
Trans. Major
*5
0505
0504
0505
0505
0 2018 $32,200 - $42,100 Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 $32,400 - $38,600
Trans. Minor
*5
0405
0504
0505
0505
0 2019 $33,300 - $47,600 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 $41,400 - $49,000
2020 $38,300 - $69,400 2020 $48,000 - $73,000
Drive System
*5
0105
0305
0504
0504
0 Drive System
* * * * * *
Fuel System
*3
0305
0101
0503
0305
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
*2
0104
0305
0405
0505
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*4
0503
0502
0404
0205
* * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
*5
0103
0403
0505
0404
* * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
*4
0404
0303
0403
0305
0
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
*5
0304
0304
0505
0505
0 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
*5
0302
0305
0304
0405
* * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
*5
0104
0104
0503
0304
0 2016 Good NT 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
*5
0304
0103
0405
0504
0
2018 Good Good NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*3
0103
0302
0503
0104
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
*2
0301
0501
0302
0201
* * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
BMW X5 BMW X6
BMW's sporty midsized SUV grew longer and offered an option- Based on the X5 SUV, the X6 is a tall coupe with four seats and stan-
al, kids-only third row as part of the 2007 redesign. The six- and dard all-wheel drive. A turbocharged 3.0-liter six-cylinder engine
eight-cylinder engines are powerful and the diesel version got 22 mpg powers most versions and a 4.4-liter V8 is the up-level choice. Note
in our tests. The iDrive infotainment system takes some time to get that early versions had only four seats but most are five-seaters. The
used to. The 2014 redesign brought a smoother ride, quieter interior, interior is luxurious and well-crafted, and the seats are supportive
more advanced safety equipment, and a high-tech interior, but also for long trips. The infotainment system takes time to master but ulti-
less-agile handling. The 3.0-liter turbo six cylinder is silky smooth and mately proves logical. The styling severely hurts rear visibility, cabin
returned a good 21-mpg overall. The third-row seat is only suitable for access, and cargo storage. Hybrid and high-performance M versions
small children to sit in. High performance M models are available from were added in 2010. Redesigned for 2020, the new X6 brought a
2010 and hybrids were introduced in 2016. The redesigned 2019 X5 smooth 3.0-liter turbo six-cylinder engine and eight-speed automatic.
is one of the best vehicles we've ever tested. It has a composed ride, The luxurious cabin is whisper-quiet, and the seats are all-day com-
quick six-cylinder engine, and whisper-quiet cabin, and still gets 23 fortable. Handling is very competent. The controls take time to learn.
mpg overall. The styling severely hampers rear visibility and cargo room.
2007, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2008, 2015, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional; standard AEB optional; standard
from 2019. from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,800 - $16,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,700 - $17,900
Overall 2012 $11,400 - $18,300 Overall 2012 $14,600 - $20,400
Reliability 1
0101
0203
0403
0104
0 2013 $13,600 - $21,300 Reliability 2013 $17,000 - $23,400
Engine, Major
*1
0101
0102
0405
0505
0 2014 $18,200 - $20,700 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $20,800 - $26,800
2015 $20,800 - $39,500 2015 $25,500 - $28,600
Engine Minor
*1
0101
0101
0403
0505
0
2016 $24,400 - $45,800
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $30,100 - $44,400
Engine Cooling
*1
0103
0505
0505
0505
0 2017 $29,700 - $56,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $36,100 - $54,500
Trans. Major
*5
0504
0505
0505
0505
0 2018 $35,100 - $67,400 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $41,200 - $65,200
Trans. Minor
*3
0504
0504
0505
0505
0 2019 $49,300 - $59,700 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $49,100 - $79,900
2020 $53,200 - $99,900 2020 $62,400 - $109,500
Drive System
*1
0501
0505
0401
0205
0 Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
*1
0101
0101
0204
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical
*1
0101
0104
0405
0405
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*2
0102
0303
0403
0104
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
*1
0101
0101
0403
0205
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
*3
0101
0204
0301
0505
0
2013 Good NT 3/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
*1
0102
0505
0505
0405
0 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
*5
0505
0504
0405
0302
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
*1
0101
0402
0401
0105
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
*5
0105
0505
0103
0204
0
2018 Good NT 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*3
0105
0304
0304
0105
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
*1
0304
0405
0403
0101
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

B
BMW Z4 Buick Cascada

While an improvement over the Z3, the Z4 still has a choppy ride and The Cascada is a four-seat soft-top convertible. It's a well-thought-
isn't as agile as one would expect from a two-seat roadster. The out convertible with a fully-insulated top and responsive handling.
one-touch power top is very convenient. Both the available 3.0-liter The ride is steady but a bit stiff due to the standard 20 inch tires. The
six-cylinders are strong, and the M coupe and roadster use an even leather seats are supportive but it's a long reach to access the touch-
more powerful 3.2-liter that makes 330 hp. Later models had a punchy screen infotainment system, and the center dash is a mess of but-
2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder, which returned 28 mpg overall tons. The power-operated fabric roof takes 17 seconds to open, and
in our tests. Inside is a well-finished, but very snug, cabin. The iDrive can be opened or closed at speeds up to 31 mph. Rear-seat access is
controls can be fussy to use, particularly in manual-transmission cars. made easier by front seats that power-slide forward. A partition in the
The folding hard top keeps the cabin quiet, but it can't be operated trunk can be flipped to increase cargo room when the top is raised.
on the move. A new Z4 returned in 2019 with a sportier character, 2019 was the final year for the Cascada.
up-to-date advanced safety features, and improved fuel economy. The
base 2.0-liter turbo delivers punchy acceleration and an invigorating
exhaust sound. Handling was super nimble, but the ride is incessantly
stiff and choppy. The controls take some time to master.
2009, 2019 ABS, ESC, and side air Rear 2016 ABS, ESC, side air bags Front
bags standard. FCW, standard. FCW optional.
AEB standard, BSW
optional from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $13,500 - $16,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $14,300 - $18,500 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 2013 $16,200 - $20,400 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $18,600 - $23,300 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 -
2015 $21,100 - $26,500 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 $24,400 - $30,500
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 $16,900 - $17,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $19,100 - $21,600
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $20,400 - $22,900
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $43,400 - $43,400 Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 $22,300 - $25,200
2020 $47,100 - $57,400 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - -
Noises & Leaks

* * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT Noises & Leaks
* * * * 2016 NT NT 5/5
2017 NT NT NT 2017 NT NT 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 NT NT 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Buick Enclave Buick Encore

The Buick Enclave is a large, car-based SUV with three rows of seats. The subcompact Encore SUV is a size smaller than SUVs like the
It shares a platform with the Chevrolet Traverse and GMC Acadia. Toyota RAV4 or Honda CR-V, but the Encore boasts a quiet cabin,
Early versions used the same GM 3.6-liter V6 engine mated to a six- great maneuverability, and a better ride than many larger and high-
speed automatic transmission that is a bit hesitant to downshift. We er-scoring SUVs. The little 1.4-liter turbo four-cylinder and six-speed
found the ride comfortable and quiet, and the powertrain smooth. automatic deliver anemic acceleration, however, and fuel economy is
Handling is secure and pretty agile for such a big vehicle. The third- disappointing for a vehicle of this size. Handling is sound though unex-
row seat is roomy enough for adults. Fit and finish is excellent. But the ceptional. The cabin is reasonably well appointed but feels narrow and
Enclave has a thirst for fuel; we measured 15 mpg overall. A revised cramped and the swoopy styling hampers visibility, particularly to the
version with an improved infotainment system, a better sorted out rear. A revised interior came for 2017, as well as a larger screen for the
transmission, and improved head restraints debuted for 2013. A 2018 infotainment system which also got Android Auto and Apple CarPlay
redesign added a nine-speed automatic, reduced noise, and improved compatibility.
fuel economy to 18 mpg.
2008, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. BSW, FCW
AEB optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,200 - $9,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $9,600 - $12,200 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 1
0103
0203
0304
0104
050 2013 $10,800 - $14,600 Reliability 2
0101
0105
050 2013 $8,600 - $10,600
Engine, Major 3
0105
0404
0505
0405
050 2014 $12,700 - $17,100 Engine, Major
*1
0101
0105
050 * 2014 $9,600 - $11,800
2015 $14,600 - $19,200 2015 $10,600 - $13,300
Engine Minor 1
0104
02 05
05 04
0204
050
2016 $17,700 - $23,100
Engine Minor
*4
0101
0105
040 * 2016 $12,800 - $15,900
Engine Cooling 1
0105
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2017 $20,900 - $27,400
Engine Cooling
*3
0105
0505
050 * 2017 $13,600 - $18,000
Trans. Major 4
0104
01 01
03 05
0405
050 2018 $24,500 - $33,600 Trans. Major
*1
0505
0505
050 * 2018 $15,400 - $20,600
Trans. Minor 5
0205
01 01
02 05
0102
050 2019 $28,500 - $38,700 Trans. Minor
*1
0505
0505
050 * 2019 $16,600 - $19,700
2020 $33,400 - $44,700 2020 $17,500 - $22,100
Drive System 1
0102
03 04
05 05
0205
050 Drive System
*4
0104
0505
050 *
Fuel System 4
0201
05 03
04 04
0404
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*5
0101
0105
Electrical 1
0104
05 05
04 05
0405
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*3
0101
0405
040 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0101
01 01
01 01
0104
*1
0105
0103
050 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 1
0101
01 02
04 04
0405
*3
0505
0102
050 * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 - -
Brakes 1
0105
03 04
04 02
0205
050
2013 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
*5
0204
0405
050 * 2013 Good Poor 5/5
Exhaust 2
0505
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
*5
0101
0405
050 * 2014 Good Poor 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0105
04 04
02 05
0305
*4
0405
0101
050 * 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 3
0404
01 04
04 05
0103
*5
0104
0105
040 * 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 3
0305
01 04
02 04
0204
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
*5
0405
0505
050 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 2
0201
01 05
03 04
0403
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*1
0305
0205
050 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 2
0204
0204
0303
0404
*3
0205
0405
050 * 2020 Good Good 5/5

B
Buick Envision Buick LaCrosse

Buick's entry into the luxury compact SUV segment sits between the The redesigned 2010 LaCrosse was a much better car than its previ-
small Encore and larger Enclave. The China-built Envision uses either ous incarnations. The big sedan handled soundly and has a very com-
a smooth and quiet 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder or a 2.5-liter fortable, quiet ride, and beautiful interior fit and finish. The seats are
four-cylinder mated to a six-speed automatic transmission. Handling comfortable and supportive, and the rear seat is very roomy. However,
is rather clumsy, however, and wind noise is pronounced. Oddly, driver visibility is hurt by the thick front and rear roof pillars. The
the ride is a mixed bag of cushiness and harshness. The interior is LaCrosse was redesigned for 2017, and came with a comfortable ride,
well-finished and features a relatively roomy rear seat. The model line and a well-trimmed and quiet cabin with a spacious rear seat. Paired
expanded for 2017, adding a non-turbo 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine with an eight-speed automatic, the smooth 3.6-liter V6 supplied plen-
and front-wheel-drive, as well as lower levels of equipment. A nine- ty of power and a decent 24 mpg overall. All-wheel drive was available.
speed automatic transmission is paired to the updated 2.0-liter turbo Handling was responsive but not sporty. Most controls were easy to
engine starting in 2019. Forward collision warning, automatic emer- use. Forward collision wanring, automatic emergency braking, and
gency braking, and blind spot warning are optional. blind spot warning were only available on high-end trims. The LaCross
was last available for the 2019 model year.
AEB optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,600 - $8,600
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $8,500 - $9,900
Reliability 2
0504
0403
0303
0504
0 2013 $9,400 - $11,300
Engine, Major
*1
0505
050 2014 - Engine, Major 4
0403
0202
0505
0 * * 2014 $9,600 - $14,600
2015 - 2015 $10,600 - $17,800
Engine Minor
*5
0505
050
2016 $18,400 - $19,200
Engine Minor 3
0302
02 05
03 05
0 * * 2016 $13,200 - $20,500
Engine Cooling
*5
0505
050 2017 $16,900 - $23,200
Engine Cooling 1
0403
05 05
05 05
0 * * 2017 $17,800 - $24,500
Trans. Major
*5
0504
050 2018 $19,200 - $25,800 Trans. Major 5
0302
02 03
02 04
0 * * 2018 $18,600 - $29,800
Trans. Minor
*5
0504
050 2019 $21,800 - $29,000 Trans. Minor 4
0501
02 05
02 01
0 * * 2019 $19,500 - $30,800
2020 $24,100 - $32,000 2020 -
Drive System
*5
0505
050 Drive System 5
0501
02 05
05 04
0 * *
Fuel System
*5
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 4
0504
05 03
03 05
Electrical
*2
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0403
01 05
05 05
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*1
0503
0204
03 02
02 04
0 * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
*5
0505
050 2011 - -
-
Suspension 2
0405
04 05
04 02
0 * * 2011 Good NT 5/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
*4
0505
050
2013 - - -
Brakes 5
0302
03 05
05 02
0 * * 2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
*5
0505
050 2014 - - -
Exhaust 1
0205
05 05
05 05
0 * * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
*5
0501
050 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 4
0404
01 01
05 05
0 * * 2015 Good NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks
*2
0102
050 2016 Good Good 4/5 Noises & Leaks 4
0501
04 05
04 05
0 * * 2016 Good NT 5/5
Body Hardware
*5
0503
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0404
05 01
05 05
0 * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
*1
0505
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0205
02 05
02 04
0 * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
*1
0405
050 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr. 4
0104
0102
0405
0 * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Buick Regal Buick Verano

Starting in 2011, the Regal name was applied to a model based on The Verano is based on the Chevrolet Cruze but has more luxurious
the Opel Insignia from Germany. It's a well-honed sports sedan with trimmings and better sound insulation. Power comes from a 2.4-liter
a taut, steady ride and well-done interior. The up-level turbo four-cyl- four-cylinder, but its 24 mpg overall fuel economy is unimpressive
inder is a better choice, and became standard for 2014. In our tests for the class. A turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder is also available.
that engine delivered 24 mpg overall. All-wheel drive is available. High- The car is very quiet, but some engine noise is evident. It rides rela-
quality materials are used throughout the interior and the front seats tively comfortably and handling is responsive rather than sporty. The
are firm and comfortable, although the rear seats are snug. The large interior is nicely finished, but cramped in the rear. Features such as a
trunk is a bonus. A freshening for 2013 brought a better infotainment heated steering wheel are luxurious, but the lack of power recline and
system. Android Auto and Apple CarPlay were added to the infotain- adjustable lumbar support on the driver's seat are cheap in this class.
ment system for 2017. Available safety features included forward col- Updates for 2016 included available forward collision warning, blind
lision warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning. spot warning, and lane departure warning. 2017 was the last year for
The Regal was discontinued after the 2019 model year. the Verano.
2011, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW, FCW standard. BSW, FCW
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,500 - $6,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $7,300 - $8,400 Overall 2012 $6,800 - $6,800
Reliability 5
0203
050 2013 $8,100 - $11,500 Reliability 2013 $8,000 - $8,700
Engine, Major
* * * *5
0105
050 * * 2014 $9,300 - $14,100 Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 $9,600 - $10,500
2015 $10,500 - $16,400 2015 $8,600 - $12,400
Engine Minor
* * * *1
0105
040 * * 2016 $12,600 - $19,500
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $11,200 - $14,100
Engine Cooling
* * * *5
0505
050 * * 2017 $14,600 - $22,200
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 $12,600 - $15,200
Trans. Major
* * * *1
0501
050 * * 2018 $16,500 - $25,100 Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * *5
0305
050 * * 2019 $17,800 - $26,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 -
2020 $18,700 - $29,100 2020 -
Drive System
* * * *5
0505
* * * * * *
Fuel System
* * * *5
0105
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * *5
0105
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *5
0405
-
Suspension
* * * *5
0305
010 * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 - -
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * *5
0101
050 * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * *5
0505
050 * * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * *1
0505
050 * * 2015 Good NT 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 Good NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * *3
0105
040 * * 2016 Good NT 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2016 Good NT 5/5
2017 Good NT 4/5 2017 Good NT 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * *1
0505
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * *5
0502
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * *2
0302
030 * * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 - - -

C
Cadillac ATS Cadillac CT6

Offered in rear- or all-wheel drive, the ATS was Cadillac's answer to Cadillac's flagship sedan fits above the CTS and below the BMW 7
the BMW 3 Series. Nimble, capable handling outdoes some European Series and Mercedes-Benz S-Class. But it's priced to compete against
rivals and makes it a treat to drive. Three engines were offered: a 2.5- the luxury midsized crowd. This large sedan possesses some athletic
liter four-cylinder, a 3.6-liter V6, and a 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder. The chops and has a steady, controlled ride and a very quiet interior. Most
turbo is quick, but doesn't feel powerful in everyday driving and got CT6s have the mid-level nonturbo V6, while the top trim carries a 404-
just 23 mpg overall. The six-speed automatic was a step behind the hp twin-turbocharged V6. The eight-speed automatic is smooth and
seven- and eight-speeds of most competitors, but later models got an responsive. All-wheel drive comes standard with the V6s. Although
8-speed automatic. The ride is taut, and braking is excellent. However, more scarce, twin-turbo V8 and PHEV variants are also available. The
the touch-based CUE infotainment system, with its flush buttons, is interior is posh and roomy, but cabin storage is a bit scant. Despite
very convoluted and frustrating to use. The interior is well finished improvements, the updated Cue infotainment touch screen is still
but very snug, with a small rear seat and trunk. Several active safety unintuitive. Forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking,
features were available, including forward collision warning, blind spot and blind spot warning were available, along with other advanced
warning, and lane departure warning. 2019 is the final year for the ATS. safety features, and Cadillac's excellent Super Cruise driver assis-
tance system is optional. 2020 was the final year for the CT6.
2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional. AEB optional, standard
from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
0 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $11,400 - $16,500 Engine, Major
*5
0 * * * 2014 -
2015 $13,300 - $22,900 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $16,600 - $33,400
Engine Minor
*5
0 * * * 2016 $23,300 - $34,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $19,900 - $41,400
Engine Cooling
*5
0 * * * 2017 $26,400 - $39,700
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $22,800 - $45,500 Trans. Major
*1
0 * * * 2018 $30,400 - $46,200
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $25,200 - $49,400 Trans. Minor
*1
0 * * * 2019 $37,800 - $66,000
2020 - 2020 $47,800 - $74,300
Drive System
* * * * * * * Drive System
*1
0 * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
*1
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
*2
- -
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
*5
0 * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 NT NT 5/5
Brakes
*3
0 * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust
*5
0 * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 NT NT 5/5 Paint/Trim
*3
0 * * * 2015 - - -
Noises & Leaks

* * * * * * * 2016 NT NT 5/5 Noises & Leaks
*4
0 * * * 2016 NT NT NT
2017 NT NT 5/5 2017 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 NT NT 5/5
Body Hardware
*5
0 * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*1
0 * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
*1
0 * * * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Cadillac CTS Cadillac Escalade

The CTS has sports sedan handling and a firm but supple ride. The Introduced to compete with the Lincoln Navigator, the Escalade has
second-generation 2008 redesign retained the smooth, refined 3.6- traditionally been a rebadged Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon with leath-
liter V6 while improving interior materials, ride, and handling. The cabin er upholstery, wood trim, a cushier ride, and an inflated price tag. The
is quiet, but some controls are confusing. The sporty—but rare—CTS-V ESV is a longer version based on the Chevrolet Suburban, while the
packed a 5.7-liter V8 and a six-speed manual, delivering Chevrolet EXT pickup is essentially a plusher version of the Chevrolet Avalanche.
Corvette-like performance in a luxury sedan. The front seats are A redesign for 2007 brought a 403-hp, 6.2-liter V8 mated to a six-
supportive and comfortable, but the rear seats are fairly snug. Sedan, speed automatic. Interior quality was improved, but handling is clum-
coupe, and wagon versions were produced. 2014 brought a new CTS, sy, fuel economy is poor at 13 mpg overall, and the third-row seat is
with a firm, absorbent ride and precise handling that makes it one of small. The 2015 redesign has an overly-stiff ride and the controls are
the sportiest cars in the class. Unfortunately, the CUE infotainment very distracting. Despite its massive shadow, the Escalade isn't par-
system is overly complex and frustrating to use. The cabin is luxuri- ticularly roomy inside.
ous, but the rear seat is snug. Neither the turbo four-cylinder nor the
V6 are that refined. 2019 was the final year for the CTS.
2008, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2007, 2015, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Rear
AEB optional. AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,300 - $24,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $13,000 - $20,300
Overall 2012 $9,000 - $27,400 Overall 2012 $16,500 - $23,500
Reliability 4
0403
030 3
0 2013 $10,500 - $30,900 Reliability 2013 $18,500 - $26,600
Engine, Major 5
0505
040 *5
0 * * * 2014 $13,200 - $32,200 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $22,200 - $27,800
2015 $16,300 - $36,700 2015 $30,700 - $39,800
Engine Minor 4
0505
020 *5
0 * * * 2016 $19,300 - $51,000
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $36,300 - $46,600
Engine Cooling 5
0505
050 *5
0 * * * 2017 $22,500 - $62,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $40,300 - $55,800
Trans. Major 5
0501
050 *1
0 * * * 2018 $25,300 - $66,000 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $45,700 - $64,400
Trans. Minor 5
0505
040 *1
0 * * * 2019 $27,300 - $72,800 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $53,700 - $71,300
2020 - 2020 $63,000 - $77,700
Drive System 3
0101
040 *5
0 * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System 5
0403
050 *2
Fuel System
Electrical 3
0505
050 *5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0305
050 *3
0 * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension 2
0302
010 *2
0 * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT 5/5
2012 NT NT NT 2012 NT NT 5/5
Brakes 1
0502
030 *3
0 * * * 2013 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust 5
0505
010 *2
0 * * * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0503
050 *5
0 * * * 2015 Good NT 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0305
010 *4
0 * * * 2016 Good Marg. 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT/5
2017 Good Marg. 5/5 2017 NT NT 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0405
030 *5
0 * * * 2018 Good Marg. 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip. 3
0403
050 *4
0 * * * 2019 Good Marg. 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT/5
In-Car Electr. 3
0104
010 *1
0 * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT/5

C
Cadillac SRX Cadillac XT5

The first-generation SRX was a highly capable three-row SUV that The XT5 replaced the SRX as Cadillac's 5-seat luxury crossover. it's
felt taut and agile, and performed well with either the V6 or V8. Fit powered by a 3.6-liter V6 paired with an eight-speed automatic.
and finish fell short, though, and some controls were confusing. It Despite decent measured acceleration, it feels a bit lethargic in
was available with rear- or all-wheel drive. Redesigned for 2010, the everyday driving. Cadillac's convoluted Cue infotainment system is a
SRX switched to a front- or all-wheel drive platform and emerged as little more manageable, but the unintuitive gear selector is madden-
an agile contender with a well-trimmed interior. The third row was ing. A rear-camera system that displays in the rearview mirror comes
dropped and a 308-hp V6 became the sole engine, but the SRX feels on top versions. The XT5 handles soundly, though the ride is too stiff
lethargic in normal driving. Changes for 2013 included a revised inte- unless you opt for the active damping suspension that comes on
rior with supportive front seats and high-quality materials. But the top-trim versions. Occupants are treated to a quiet cabin, supportive
back seats are snug, the wide roof pillars hurt visibility, and CUE info- seats, and impressive cabin fit and finish. Forward collision warning
tainment system is convoluted and frustrating to use. The SRX was and automatic emergency braking were available, and became stan-
replaced by the XT5 after the 2016 model year. dard in 2020.
AEB optional; FCW, AEB
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,300 - $10,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $9,400 - $12,100 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 3
0303
0302
020 2013 $10,700 - $13,700 Reliability 3
0303
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 4
0404
0505
050 2014 $12,100 - $16,200 Engine, Major 5
0504
0 * 2014 -
2015 $13,800 - $18,700 2015 -
Engine Minor 4
0405
03 05
01 0
2016 $16,500 - $22,100
Engine Minor 2
0505
0 * 2016 -
Engine Cooling 2
0505
05 05
05 0 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0504
0 * 2017 $23,400 - $31,700
Trans. Major 5
0401
05 01
05 0 2018 - Trans. Major 5
0405
0 * 2018 $25,000 - $35,200
Trans. Minor 5
0301
05 02
04 0 2019 - Trans. Minor 3
0404
0 * 2019 $29,500 - $43,600
2020 - 2020 $36,400 - $47,900
Drive System 1
0105
03 02
05 0 Drive System 2
0305
0 *
Fuel System 5
0505
04 05
01 0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 5
0504
Electrical 5
0305
05 05
02 0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0401
04 05
03 0 Overlap Side Climate Syst. 3
0505
0 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 1
0301
03 01
01 0 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 2
0405
0 * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 5/5 2012 - -
Brakes 4
0405
04 05
05 0
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 2
0403
0 * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 1
0205
05 02
05 0 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
0 * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 1
0104
05 01
03 0 2015 Good NT 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
0304
0 * 2015 - - -
2016 4/5 2016 -

Noises & Leaks 5
0101
02 01
05 0 Good NT
-
Noises & Leaks 3
0404
0 * - -
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0301
03 03
01 0
2018 - - -
Body Hardware 5
0303
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0101
01 01
01 0 2019 - - - Power Equip. 1
0204
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0101
0101
010 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 1
0203
0 * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Cadillac XTS Chevrolet Avalanche

As a replacement for the plush DTS, the XTS falls short. It handles The Chevrolet Avalanche is a full-sized crew-cab pickup with a uni-
better, but the ride is jittery and feels very ordinary for a luxury car, fied bed and cab. An innovative mid-gate panel between the bed and
and the 3.6-liter V6 sounds coarse when prodded. Still, the XTS has passenger compartment can be folded down to make room for longer
a quiet, posh, and beautifully finished interior, and the seats are cargo. This feature allows the Avalanche to accommodate a variety
very comfortable. However, the touch-activated CUE infotainment of different passenger and cargo loads. Fussing with all those pieces,
interface is unintuitive and frustrating to use, and the high rear deck however, can be a chore. Based on the Suburban, the Avalanche uses
impedes the view aft. Various safety systems will vibrate the driver's that model's 5.3-liter V8 which provides impressive acceleration but
seat as a warning. A high-performance V-Sport version with a twin-tur- isn't terribly economical. The ride is commendably comfortable and
bo V6 is also available, and all-wheel drive is an option on all but the quiet for a truck. 2007 brought a redesign with a nicer interior. An
base-trim versions. 2019 was the final year for the XTS. optional backup camera helps to compensate for the very large rear
blind zone. 2013 was its last year.
2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2002, 2007 ABS, ESC, head protec- 4WD; Rear
protection air bags tion air bags standard.
standard. BSW, FCW, Side air bags available.
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,100 - $17,500
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $13,400 - $19,100
Reliability 1
0 2013 $13,200 - $15,700 Reliability 2
0 2013 $16,700 - $22,400
Engine, Major
*2
0 * * * * * 2014 $14,800 - $17,900 Engine, Major
* *2
0 2014 -
2015 $15,600 - $21,600 2015 -
Engine Minor
*5
0 * * * * * 2016 $17,100 - $25,700
Engine Minor
* *1
0
2016 -
Engine Cooling
*5
0 * * * * * 2017 $19,000 - $30,200
Engine Cooling
* *2
0 2017 -
Trans. Major
*1
0 * * * * * 2018 $21,500 - $35,000 Trans. Major
* *5
0 2018 -
Trans. Minor
*5
0 * * * * * 2019 $24,600 - $41,300 Trans. Minor
* *5
0 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
*1
0 * * * * * Drive System
* *5
0
Fuel System
*1
0 * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* *3
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
*1
0 * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* *1
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*5
0 * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* *3
0 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
*1
0 * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* *1
0 2011 NT NT NT
2012 - - 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
*1
0 * * * * * 2013 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
* *3
0
2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
*5
0 * * * * * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* *5
0 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
*1
0 * * * * * 2015 Good NT 5/5 Paint/Trim
* *1
0 2015 - - -
2016 5/5 2016 -

Noises & Leaks
*1
0 * * * * * Good NT Noises & Leaks
* *5
0 - -
-
2017 Good NT 5/5 2017 - -
Body Hardware
*1
0 * * * * * 2018 Good NT 5/5
Body Hardware
* *1
0
2018 - - -
Power Equip.
*1
0 * * * * * 2019 Good NT 5/NT
Power Equip.
* *3
0 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
*1
0 * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* *3
0 2020 - - -

C
Chevrolet Bolt ! Chevrolet Camaro

The Bolt was a game changer when it debuted as the first relatively The Camaro takes classic muscle-car looks and sounds and injects
affordable EV to have a robust driving range. This small hatchback them into a modern drivetrain and body. Our tested Camaro SS was
is built around a large 60-kWh battery pack that sits under the car's very quick, thanks to its 6.2-liter V8, but the base 3.6-liter V6 also
floor and contributes to the car's planted feel despite its tall stance. delivers decent performance. Handling is capable, but the car's size
With 200 electrified horses on tap, the Bolt accelerates with gusto. and weight really hurt its agility. Braking performance on the SS
A full charge can take 9 hours on a 240-volt connector but rarely is excellent, and the taut and controlled ride isn't that punishing.
required thank to the 250 mile range we measured. The battery gains However, the emphasis on interior and exterior styling undermines
about 25 miles of range per hour of charging through a 240V connec- practicality. It results in severely hampered visibility, difficult-to-read
tor. The Bolt is very quiet but the ride can get choppy. Controls take controls, a small trunk, and a tiny rear seat that is tricky to access.
some getting used to including the unintuitive shifter. The driver's The convertible has an awkward manual release for the top. The 2016
seat is short on lower back support and interior quality is on the redesign made the Camaro smaller and lighter, which made it feel nim-
cheap side. bler. A turbocharged four-cylinder joined the lineup as the base engine.
Forward collision warning, blind spot warning, and rear cross traffic
warning were offered.
2017 ABS, ESC, front side and Front 2010, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear
head protection air bags protection air bags
AEB optional optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,000 - $16,700
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $12,000 - $28,500
Reliability 5
0505
0 2013 $13,300 - $30,500
Engine, Major 5
0505
050 2014 - Engine, Major
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2014 $14,400 - $35,700
2015 - 2015 $15,800 - $37,500
Engine Minor 5
0505
050
2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2016 $21,400 - $30,100
Engine Cooling 5
0505
050 2017 $15,200 - $16,800
Engine Cooling
* * * * * *2
0 * * * 2017 $21,000 - $49,500
Trans. Major 5
0505
050 2018 $17,500 - $19,300 Trans. Major
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2018 $22,700 - $55,200
Trans. Minor 5
0505
050 2019 $19,400 - $21,400 Trans. Minor
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2019 $24,500 - $61,700
2020 $21,600 - $23,700 2020 $28,100 - $68,500
Drive System 4
0405
050 Drive System
* * * * * *5
0 * * *
Fuel System 5
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * * * *5
Electrical 5
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * *5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
0502
* * * * * *4
-
Suspension 2
0305
050 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 - - 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0205
050
2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
050 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 5
0504
050 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 - 2016
Noises & Leaks 5
0405
050 - - Noises & Leaks
* * * * * *1
0 * * * Good Good NT
2017 Good Good NT 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 4
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0505
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2019 Good Good NT/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0102
* * * * * *2
0 * * * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
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0 5
0 !
0
Chevrolet Colorado Chevrolet Corvette

The Colorado was first available with crude and noisy four- and The 2005 Corvette was slightly smaller and lighter than the model it
five-cylinder engines, and had an optional part-time four- wheel-drive replaced. Base models had a 400-hp, 6.0-liter V8, while the Z06 got a
system that can't be used on bare pavement. The original Colorado's wicked 505-hp, 7.0-liter V8. Handling is capable, though the Corvette
handling was sound but unexceptional, the ride was unsettled, and the is less agile than a Porsche 911. Interior trim and materials were
body quivered constantly. 2007 brought a larger 3.7-liter engine. An improved, but still fell somewhat short. A redesigned Vette arrived in
available V8 engine and standard ESC were added to the 2009 models. 2014, with sharp-edged styling, a 455-hp V8, and, finally, an interior
The 2015 redesign made this truck more maneuverable, and offered worthy of the price. Changes for 2016 include Apple CarPlay capabil-
the choice of four-cylinder, V6, and diesel engines. The ride remained ity, a front curb-view parking camera, and a power-activated hatch/
choppy, but handling is responsive. These were the first small trucks trunk. The redesigned 2020 model underwent a radical change, get-
to offer forward collision warning and lane departure warning, and a ting a mid-mounted 495-hp, 6.2-liter V8 puts. The only transmission is
backup camera was standard. Updates for 2016 included Android Auto an eight-speed dual-clutch automatic. This version is extremely agile,
and Apple CarPlay capability. An eight-speed automatic and a more with an invigorating sound, and yet the ride is docile. Rear and side
powerful V6 arrived for 2017. Forward collision warning was available, visibility are severely hampered. There is some cargo space up front
but automatic emergency braking wasn't offered. and under the hatchback.
2004, 2015 ABS, ESC, head protec- 4WD; Rear 2005, 2014, 2020 ABS, ESC, side protec- Rear
tion air bags standard. tion air bags standard.
FCW optional. FCW optional. BSW
optional from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,800 - $13,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $22,300 - $52,900
Overall 2012 $8,500 - $15,100 Overall 2012 $24,100 - $55,500
Reliability 3
0301
0101
0101
030 5
0 2013 $26,800 - $58,400
Engine, Major
* * 4
0503
0505
* * *1
0101
050 *5
0 * 2014 $36,900 - $39,400
2015 $14,300 - $24,800 2015 $37,900 - $59,200
Engine Minor
* * 04
5 03
0405
050
2016 $15,900 - $27,000
Engine Minor
* * *5
0101
020 *5
0 * 2016 $39,900 - $62,200
Engine Cooling
* * 05
4 05
0505
050 2017 $17,800 - $35,400
Engine Cooling
* * *1
0505
050 *5
0 * 2017 $41,500 - $65,500
Trans. Major
* * 03
3 01
0101
050 2018 $19,000 - $36,700 Trans. Major
* * *5
0102
050 *5
0 * 2018 $43,100 - $66,900
Trans. Minor
* * 03
1 01
0101
050 2019 $20,200 - $38,900 Trans. Minor
* * *5
0101
010 *5
0 * 2019 $47,500 - $121,300
2020 $21,500 - $40,300 2020 $82,500 - $101,500
Drive System
* * 03
2 01
0203
050 Drive System
* * *5
0404
010 *5
0 *
Fuel System
* * 01
3 03
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * *5
0501
050 *5
Electrical
* * 05
4 05
0504
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * *5
0501
030 *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * 02
2 04
0504
* * *3
0302
050 *5
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * 04
2 03
0405
050 2011 Accpt. NT NT Suspension
* * *5
0501
010 *5
0 * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 Accpt. NT NT 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * 05
3 03
0405
050
2013 - - -
Brakes
* * *5
0205
050 *5
0 * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * 03
4 05
0505
050 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * *5
0501
050 *5
0 * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * 03
5 04
0505
030 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim
* * *5
0205
040 *4
0 * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
* * 04
4 03
0503
* * *5
0101
030 *5
0 * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * 04
5 04
0504
030
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * *5
0205
050 *5
0 * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * 04
1 03
0404
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * *5
0505
040 *5
0 * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * 2
0201
0502
* * *3
0302
050 *5
0 * 2020 NT NT NT

C
Chevrolet Cruze Chevrolet Equinox

In 2011 the Cruze replaced, and greatly improved on, the unimpres- The redesigned 2010 Equinox, which can be had with four-cylinder
sive Cobalt as Chevrolet's mainstream small car. It feels solid and and V6 engines, is light years better than its predecessor. The V6
substantial, handles nicely, and has a firm but steady and controlled is quieter and delivers more effortless power but at the expense of
ride. Two four-cylinder engines are offered: a base 1.8-liter and an fuel economy. It has a very roomy rear seat, and the interior is well
up-level turbocharged 1.4-liter. The latter has the edge in power deliv- constructed. The ride is taut yet supple and controlled and handling is
ery and quietness. Both, however, delivered a rather unimpressive responsive and secure. But fuel economy still falls short of the best
26 mpg. Noise levels are moderate, which is fairly good for this class. small SUVs. Redesigned again in 2018, the Equinox came with a roomy
The well-finished cabin feels spacious up front, even for tall drivers, and quiet interior, absorbent and controlled ride, and responsive han-
but it's cramped in the rear. The Cruze was redesigned for 2016 and dling. Forward collision warning and low-speed automatic emergency
received a 1.4-liter turbocharged engine that got 30 mpg overall in our braking are only standard on the upper AWD models. FWD models have
tests. A diesel version was added a year later and got an impressive these features as optional on the upper trims. Updates for the 2020
41 mpg overall. 2019 was the Cruze's last year. model year saw the discontinuation of the diesel engine, and forward
collision warning and automatic braking were made standard on all
trim lines.
2011, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2005, 2010, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. BSW optional.
AEB optional. FCW, AEB optional;
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,400 - $6,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,400 - $7,900
Overall 2012 $5,900 - $7,200 Overall 2012 $7,200 - $9,000
Reliability 1
0202
0101
0103
010 2013 $6,600 - $7,700 Reliability 1
0102
0303
0304
0304
020 2013 $8,100 - $10,300
Engine, Major 1
0101
0101
0101
050 * 2014 $7,100 - $8,800 Engine, Major 1
0101
0202
0505
0405
040 2014 $9,100 - $12,700
2015 $7,300 - $9,700 2015 $9,700 - $14,700
Engine Minor 1
0101
01 01
01 04
020 * 2016 $9,800 - $13,500
Engine Minor 1
0101
02 05
02 05
0504
040
2016 $11,600 - $16,900
Engine Cooling 1
0102
01 02
01 05
050 * 2017 $11,700 - $14,900
Engine Cooling 1
0404
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $13,500 - $19,300
Trans. Major 1
0105
02 02
01 04
020 * 2018 $12,500 - $15,800 Trans. Major 1
0105
03 03
04 04
0405
050 2018 $15,900 - $22,800
Trans. Minor 1
0105
01 02
01 02
040 * 2019 $13,300 - $17,300 Trans. Minor 2
0303
05 04
04 04
0305
050 2019 $17,400 - $26,500
2020 - 2020 $19,800 - $26,400
Drive System 3
0401
04 02
02 05
050 * Drive System 4
0502
03 04
04 04
0505
050
Fuel System 1
0205
01 05
02 02
Fuel System 1
0101
04 05
02 05
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 1
0201
01 05
01 05
020 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0301
04 05
03 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0301
01 02
01 03
020 * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 2
0203
03 02
04 04
0505
030 Overlap Side
Suspension 3
0503
05 05
05 05
050 * 2011 Good Marg. 5/5 Suspension 4
0404
04 04
04 04
0405
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 Good Marg. 5/5 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 1
0302
03 03
05 03
040 * 2013 Good Marg. 5/5
Brakes 1
0304
03 03
04 03
0505
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 2
0105
04 05
05 05
040 * 2014 Good Marg. 5/5
Exhaust 1
0101
04 03
03 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 4/5
Paint/Trim 5
0503
05 05
05 04
040 * 2015 Good Marg. 5/5 Paint/Trim 1
0103
02 02
03 04
0404
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 1
0101
01 01
01 01
010 * 2016 Good NT 5/4 Noises & Leaks 2
0503
02 04
04 04
0303
040 2016 Good Good 4/5
2017 Good NT 5/4 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0405
05 01
05 04
020 * 2018 Good NT 5/4
Body Hardware 1
0304
04 04
04 05
0405
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 5
0404
04 01
04 03
030 * 2019 Good NT 5/4
Power Equip. 4
0303
04 04
03 03
0304
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0504
0201
0303
050 * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 5
0202
0303
0404
0304
040 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
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0 !
0
Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Malibu

Prior to its final version the Impala was a mediocre and outdated Avoid any Malibu built before the 2008 model. Newer versions are
sedan. Its various V6 engines got the job done, but weren't very more competitive thanks to quiet interiors, responsive handling, and
smooth or refined. Ride and handling were mediocre even by the comfortable ride. 2012 brought another redesign, based on the Buick
period's standards. But it wasn't until 2014 that the Impala was Regal. The V6 engine option was dropped, but its normal and turbo
completely redesigned and became an appealing option. It's roomy, four-cylinders are quiet and refined. The rear seat is tight. Models
comfortable, quiet, and enjoyable to drive. It even rides like a luxury with the leather seats are worth the upgrade. The stylish 2016
sedan, feeling cushy and controlled. The punchy 3.6-liter V6 engine is redesign got smaller, more efficient turbo engines and a hybrid that
paired with a six-speed automatic transmission and returned 22 mpg achieved an impressive 41 mpg in our testing. Too bad the austere
overall in our tests. The cabin stays very quiet and has a sumptuous interior is unremarkable. Advanced safety gear, including blind spot
backseat. Controls are intuitive and easy to use, but rear visibility is warning, forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking,
restricted. Available safety features included forward collision warn- was readily available even on mid-level trim lines.
ing and automatic emergency braking.
2006, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2008, 2013, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,800 - $7,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,900 - $6,500
Overall 2012 $6,200 - $7,400 Overall 2012 $6,300 - $7,000
Reliability 1
0303
0204
0203
0305
0 2013 $6,700 - $7,800 Reliability 2
0301
0404
0101
010 2013 $7,000 - $9,400
Engine, Major 4
0504
0105
0505
0505
0 * 2014 $7,300 - $15,100 Engine, Major 3
0101
0504
0404
040 * * 2014 $8,400 - $11,300
2015 $8,400 - $17,100 2015 $10,200 - $13,300
Engine Minor 1
0505
02 04
05 01
0105
0 * 2016 $9,200 - $18,100
Engine Minor 5
0201
02 01
02 02
010 * * 2016 $12,000 - $17,600
Engine Cooling 1
0302
04 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2017 $15,200 - $19,600
Engine Cooling 1
0301
05 04
05 05
040 * * 2017 $13,900 - $20,400
Trans. Major 5
0505
03 05
04 03
0505
0 * 2018 $16,500 - $21,000 Trans. Major 1
0504
05 04
05 03
040 * * 2018 $14,800 - $21,400
Trans. Minor 3
0503
05 05
04 04
0505
0 * 2019 $17,700 - $22,800 Trans. Minor 2
0103
04 01
05 01
010 * * 2019 $16,200 - $23,100
2020 $23,100 - $26,100 2020 $17,600 - $24,900
Drive System 1
0103
02 04
05 04
0505
0 * Drive System 3
0503
04 01
03 01
010 * *
Fuel System 1
0401
02 01
01 02
0205
Fuel System 1
0401
05 04
01 04
Electrical 1
0502
01 05
05 05
0305
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0201
04 01
03 02
020 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0101
05 01
05 01
0105
0401
03 04
05 04
Suspension 3
0201
04 04
03 03
0505
0 * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 2
0503
03 04
05 04
050 * * 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 Good NT 4/4 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 1
0101
01 02
04 01
0405
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes 1
0301
04 04
03 05
050 * * 2013 Good Marg. 5/5
Exhaust 1
0503
03 02
05 04
0505
0 * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust 1
0105
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0502
03 01
03 05
0403
0 * 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5 Paint/Trim 4
0401
02 05
03 01
030 * * 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 1
0103
04 05
05 05
0405
0 * 2016 Good Accpt. 5/5 Noises & Leaks 5
0305
01 01
05 02
040 * * 2016 Good Good 5/5
2017 Good Accpt. 5/5 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 3
0505
03 01
03 05
0505
0 * 2018 Good Accpt. 5/5
Body Hardware 5
0401
04 05
03 04
050 * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 2
0405
01 01
02 04
0303
0 * 2019 Good Accpt. 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0204
05 02
04 01
010 * * 2019 Good Good 5/4
In-Car Electr. 1
0405
0204
0204
0505
0 * 2020 Good Accpt. 5/5 In-Car Electr. 1
0205
0504
0304
030 * * 2020 Good Good 5/4

C
Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Chevrolet Sonic

Chevrolet's full-size Silverado has powerful engines, an inviting inte- The standard Sonic uses an unimpressive 1.8-liter four-cylinder
rior, responsive handling, and a decent ride. High-end interiors have engine, which makes the expense of upgrading to the modestly
attractive fit and finish, and all have simple controls. Fuel economy quicker and more fuel-efficient 1.4-liter turbocharged four-cylinder
from the 5.3-liter V8 and six-speed automatic is decent. Cabin access worthwhile. The six-speed manual transmission is somewhat balky,
is easy. Towing and payload capacities are generous. A redesign for but the automatic has to dig for gears constantly. Handling is fairly
2014 brought a more spacious cabin that is as quiet as a luxury car's. nimble, the brakes are excellent, and the ride is civilized for this
Fuel economy is an impressive 16 mpg, but the truck feels sluggish. class. The sedan has a huge trunk and gives a better view out, but the
The 2019 redesign saw the 5.3-liter V8 become smoother and more hatchback version has more cargo versatility. Both offer a relatively
responsive, and fuel economy improved to 17 mpg overall. The ride is quiet cabin, but the rear seats are cramped. Available options such as
stiff and snappy, but the cabin is very quiet. Handling is sound and heated seats, a sunroof, remote start, and safety features such as
secure. The infotainment system is easy to use. Rear-seat room in forward collision and lane departure warning are rarities in this class.
crew-cab versions is immense, but the high step-in requires a climb. Crash-test results for the newer model years are impressive. 2020
Advanced safety features, such as forward collision warning and auto- was the final year for the Sonic.
matic emergency braking, are optional. A diesel arrived for 2020.
2007, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW, FCW, dard. FCW optional.
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,100 - $18,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $11,900 - $19,700 Overall 2012 $4,600 - $6,800
Reliability 3
0403
0201
0301
0301
010 2013 $13,300 - $22,500 Reliability 1
0 2013 $4,900 - $8,300
Engine, Major 4
0402
0401
0403
0403
050 2014 $14,700 - $28,900 Engine, Major
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2014 $5,600 - $8,600
2015 $16,300 - $32,000 2015 $6,400 - $9,500
Engine Minor 4
0403
04 05
03 03
0402
040
2016 $17,700 - $35,600
Engine Minor
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2016 $7,600 - $10,900
Engine Cooling 5
0505
04 05
04 05
0505
040 2017 $19,800 - $39,300
Engine Cooling
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2017 $9,500 - $12,300
Trans. Major 3
0305
03 02
01 01
0403
050 2018 $21,000 - $42,100 Trans. Major
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2018 $10,600 - $14,000
Trans. Minor 4
0303
05 01
01 01
0201
050 2019 $25,200 - $51,900 Trans. Minor
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2019 $12,400 - $16,300
2020 $29,800 - $55,100 2020 $15,100 - $18,700
Drive System 3
0503
02 04
02 01
0403
050 Drive System
*5
0 * * * * * * *
Fuel System 3
0401
04 03
04 03
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*3
0 * * * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 4
0305
04 05
02 04
0504
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*1
0 * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0405
01 04
01 04
0505
*2
0 * * * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 4
0304
03 03
03 02
0505
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2011 - -
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 Good Marg. NT
Brakes 4
0404
01 01
01 01
0501
010
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
*4
0 * * * * * * * 2013 Good Marg. NT
Exhaust 4
0505
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2014 Good Marg. NT
Paint/Trim 1
0101
02 04
02 04
0305
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2015 Good Good NT
Noises & Leaks 3
0303
03 03
02 03
0503
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2016 Good Good 5/5
2017 Good Marg. 5/5 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 1
0101
03 04
04 05
0304
030
2018 Good Marg. 5/5
Body Hardware
*1
0 * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0403
03 04
04 03
0202
020 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*5
0 * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0504
0403
0403
0501
*4
0 * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
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0 3
0 4
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0 !
0
Chevrolet Spark Chevrolet Suburban

Chevrolet's tiny Spark four-seat city car has some nice features, but GM's largest SUV can seat up to nine people, haul massive loads,
it isn't a good deal. Its dinky 84-hp, 1.2-liter four-cylinder and jerky or tow big trailers. The Suburban shares its basic platform and V8
continuously variable automatic transmission combined to provide powertrain lineup with GM's pickups. Power comes from a strong-
slow acceleration and its 32 mpg overall is not impressive for this but-thirsty 5.3-liter V8. It's relatively agile and has good steering and
class. A four-speed automatic available in 2012 was no better, even brakes, along with an efficient six-speed automatic transmission. The
with the standard manual transmission. The cabin is cramped and interior looks good, but the third-row seats lack thigh support and
relentlessly noisy, the ride is stiff and jittery. While not exciting to don't fold into the floor, as some competitors' did by then. The full-
drive, the Spark is maneuverable, easy to park, and boasts a rear seat time four-wheel-drive system is a plus. The 2015 redesign brought a
fit for two adults. An all-electric version is surprisingly fun, giving the nicer interior, power folding second- and third-row seats, and available
Spark plenty of smooth and quiet power, but was only sold in a handful advanced safety features. Beyond that, it's pretty much your tried-
of states. Forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking and-true Suburban, with a 5.3-liter V8 and a six-speed automatic.
were optional. Look for an LTZ or Premier versions because the magnetic ride control
suspension improves both ride and handling capabilities.
2013, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2007, 2015, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
standard. FCW, AEB standard. BSW, FCW,
optional. AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,800 - $19,100
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $12,000 - $20,600
0103
0501
0103
0505
0 2013 $13,700 - $22,500
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * 2014 $6,000 - $6,600 Engine, Major 1
0502
0403
0402
0505
0 * 2014 $16,000 - $24,300
2015 $6,800 - $7,600 2015 $23,400 - $31,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * 2016 $7,600 - $8,400
Engine Minor 4
0401
04 04
03 04
0505
0 * 2016 $27,000 - $52,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * 2017 $9,100 - $10,600
Engine Cooling 5
0502
05 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2017 $31,700 - $55,400
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * 2018 $9,600 - $12,300 Trans. Major 4
0104
05 01
01 04
0405
0 * 2018 $35,200 - $58,000
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * 2019 $10,900 - $13,800 Trans. Minor 5
0305
05 01
02 02
0505
0 * 2019 $40,100 - $64,100
2020 $12,200 - $15,000 2020 $44,000 - $59,000
Drive System
* * * * * * * * Drive System 1
0504
04 01
04 04
0505
0 *
Fuel System
Fuel System 5
0402
05 05
02 04
0503
Electrical
* * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0502
03 05
03 05
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 1
0105
05 01
01 03
0202
0 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 4
0102
03 01
01 04
0505
0 * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 - - 2012 NT NT 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 1
0204
05 01
01 01
0505
0 * 2013 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
0 * 2014 NT NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5 Paint/Trim 1
0101
04 04
01 05
0505
0 * 2015 NT NT 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * 2016 Good NT NT Noises & Leaks 1
0103
05 01
03 01
0105
0 * 2016 NT NT 4/5
2017 Good NT NT 2017 NT NT 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * 2018 Good NT NT
Body Hardware 1
0101
01 03
04 04
0503
0 * 2018 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * 2019 Good NT NT
Power Equip. 1
0105
05 01
01 04
0405
0 * 2019 NT NT 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * 2020 Good NT NT In-Car Electr. 4
0405
0503
0204
0504
0 * 2020 NT NT 4/5

C
Chevrolet Tahoe Chevrolet Traverse

This full-sized SUV offers impressive towing and an absorbent low- The Traverse is an impressive large, car-based, three-row SUV
speed ride. However, it offers little cargo space behind the raised with a quiet, spacious interior and a third-row seat roomy enough
third row and the ride deteriorates on the highway. Handling is impre- to accommodate adults. Seating for seven or eight is available.
cise, the steering is vague, and the brakes are so-so. The interior Handling is responsive, especially given the Traverse's size, and the
looks good, but the third-row seats lack thigh support and don't fold ride is comfortable. Rear visibility isn't great. The smooth 3.6-liter V6
into the floor. The full-time four-wheel-drive system is a plus. A 2015 returned just 16 mpg in our tests. It's mated to a six-speed automatic
redesign markedly improved the interior and added power folding that sometimes hesitated to downshift; later versions have better
second- and third-row seats along with available advanced safety fea- transmission programming. A minor freshening for 2013 brought an
tures. Beyond that, it's essentially a shorter Suburban, with a 5.3-liter improved infotainment system and a standard front-center air bag,
V8 and a six-speed automatic. If your budget permits, the magnetic which is designed to prevent the driver and passengers bumping
ride control on the LTZ significantly improves the handling and ride heads during a side collision. Chevy made the Traverse longer in 2018,
quality. The LTZ also brings blind spot warning and rear cross traffic adding room for rear seat passengers. It also gets a new transmis-
warning. sion and engine options. We measured 20 mpg overall.
2007, 2015, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2009, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,400 - $17,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,400 - $9,600
Overall 2012 $11,600 - $18,900 Overall 2012 $8,300 - $10,500
Reliability 5
0404
0101
0101
0505
050 2013 $13,600 - $22,400 Reliability 2
0101
0202
0403
0103
020 2013 $9,900 - $14,000
Engine, Major 5
0205
0301
0305
0505
050 2014 $16,900 - $24,400 Engine, Major 1
0404
0504
0505
0405
050 2014 $11,600 - $16,200
2015 $23,700 - $33,000 2015 $13,700 - $19,800
Engine Minor 5
0504
04 04
05 01
0505
050 Engine Minor 3
0401
05 04
05 04
0305
050
2016 $28,300 - $39,200 2016 $15,400 - $23,400
Engine Cooling 5
0105
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $32,400 - $43,500
Engine Cooling 2
0301
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2017 $18,100 - $27,700
Trans. Major 3
0304
03 01
05 01
0305
050 2018 $34,600 - $46,400 Trans. Major 2
0101
04 04
02 03
0103
050 2018 $21,100 - $35,100
Trans. Minor 2
0505
01 01
04 04
0405
050 2019 $38,100 - $53,600 Trans. Minor 4
0203
02 04
05 03
0102
050 2019 $23,400 - $39,000
2020 $41,900 - $58,200 2020 $26,000 - $43,900
Drive System 4
0505
03 03
01 01
0405
050 Drive System 4
0201
02 05
02 04
0105
030
Fuel System 5
0404
03 05
03 05
0405
050 Fuel System 5
0102
02 01
04 01
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0505
02 05
04 02
0505
050 Model
Electrical 4
0201
05 05
02 04
0305
050 Model
IIHS IHHS NHTSA IIHS IHHS NHTSA
year Small Frontal Front/ year Small Frontal Front/
Climate Syst. 5
0402
01 01
01 01
0505
0103
01 01
01 02
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 5
0203
01 01
01 05
0503
050 2011 NT NT 5/5 Suspension 4
0101
01 02
01 03
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 4
0403
02 01
01 01
0505
050
2012 NT NT 5/5 Brakes 4
0103
03 05
02 03
0105
050
2012 Good NT 4/5
2013 NT NT 5/5 2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Exhaust 4
0303
05 05
05 05
0305
050
2014 NT NT 5/5 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0501
01 03
01 04
0505
050 2015 NT NT 5/5 Paint/Trim 5
0405
04 05
04 02
0303
050 2015 Good NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks 3
0401
01 05
01 04
0503
050 2016 NT NT 5/5 Noises & Leaks 4
0304
01 05
04 05
0404
050 2016 Good NT 5/5
Body Hardware 1
0501 0505
05
2017 NT NT 5/5 Body Hardware
2017 Good NT 5/5
0101 05
050 4
0405
04 05
05 04
0505
050
2018 NT NT 5/5 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 3
0504
01 01
01 05
0301
050 2019 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip. 2
0201
03 01
03 04
0305
010 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0405
0302
0102
0505
050 2020 NT NT 4/5 In-Car Electr. 4
0301
0305
0504
0305
010 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Chevrolet Trax Chevrolet Volt

This aging bite-sized crossover is ambitiously priced, and essentially a The Volt is quick, quiet, and responsive, and uses a backup gas engine
stripped-down Buick Encore. It's available in front- or all-wheel drive, to extend beyond its electric range. The first generation could run
and uses a 1.4-liter turbo four-cylinder and six-speed automatic that about 35 miles on electric power. Once the lithium-ion battery is
didn't deliver either performance or fuel economy. It got 25 mpg over- depleted, the unrefined 1.4-liter engine turns on to extend the driving
all in our tests, which is just OK; there are larger SUVs that get much range. It takes about 4 hours to recharge on a 240-volt supply and
better mileage. The cabin is easy to get into and the seating position about 10 hours on 120 volts. Note that if you don't charge frequently
is relatively upright. However, it's narrow, cramped, and overall basic enough, you'll get 32 mpg overall on gas mode, which isn't anything
inside, with just a few niceties. The seats rival folding chairs in terms special. The all-electric cost advantage diminishes once you venture
of comfort. The slanted rear hatch limits the ability to carry tall items beyond the electric range, in part because the Volt requires premium
in the cargo area. Pronounced engine noise and stiff ride don't add to fuel. Ride and handling are sound. Visibility is wanting, controls are
the experience. Later models offered forward collision warning, lane a jumble, and as a four-seater, practicality is compromised. A 2016
departure warning, and blind spot warning. redesign made the Volt quicker and quieter, and imprived both the ride
and controls. Electric-only range is extended to 50 miles. 2019 was
the Volt's last year.
2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2011, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW, FCW standard. BSW, FCW,
optional. AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,800 - $5,800
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $6,900 - $6,900
Reliability 3
0504
0403
0302
010 2013 $8,100 - $8,100
Engine, Major
* * * *5
0 * 2014 - Engine, Major
*4
0404
0505
0505
050 2014 $9,500 - $9,500
2015 $9,800 - $11,900 2015 $11,000 - $11,000
Engine Minor
* * * *5
0 * 2016 $11,500 - $13,900
Engine Minor
*5
0405
0502
0104
050
2016 $13,300 - $15,900
Engine Cooling
* * * *5
0 * 2017 $13,000 - $15,900
Engine Cooling
*3
0305
0505
0505
050 2017 $14,600 - $17,500
Trans. Major
* * * *5
0 * 2018 $14,300 - $17,800 Trans. Major
*5
0505
0505
0504
020 2018 $16,800 - $19,600
Trans. Minor
* * * *5
0 * 2019 $15,400 - $19,900 Trans. Minor
*2
0505
0301
0204
020 2019 $19,800 - $23,300
2020 $16,600 - $22,300 2020 -
Drive System
* * * *5
0 * Drive System
*1
0401
0101
0101
020
Fuel System
* * * *2
Fuel System
*3
0505
0501
0201
020
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*3
0503
0505
0204
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *1
*4
0101
0105
0501
020 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * *5
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
*4
0403
0505
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * *5
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes
*5
0203
0305
0305
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * *5
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
*5
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * *2
*5
0405
0505
0405
020 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * *1
*4
0503
0501
0505
Body Hardware
* * * *2
0 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
*5
0501
0503
0505
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * *1
0 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
*5
0503
0105
0405
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * *5
*4
0403
0201
0304
010 2020 - - -

C
Chrysler 200 Chrysler 300

For 2011 Chrysler reworked the long-running and unloved Sebring and The aging Chrysler 300 offers a choice of two V6 engines or, in 300C
gave it a new name: 200. In the process the car received a much nicer trim, a strong V8. The first generation didn't stand out: styling imped-
interior, a more compliant ride, and a strong, smooth V6. Handling ed the view out and made the cabin feel claustrophobic. The 300C
remained underwhelming. Model year 2015 brought a total redesign. accelerated well but drank fuel and handling was unexceptional. We
While it represents a vast improvement over the previous model, found the ride in the V6 Touring trim to be supple and controlled but
the 200 continued to trail the field by a considerable margin. This is the 300C felt stiffer. A much-improved redesign arrived for 2011, mak-
largely owing to klutzy handling, a thrashy base engine and cramped ing this car a respectable, large luxury cruiser. A smooth eight-speed
packaging. Even in its most recent years, it suffered from unsettled automatic was added to the V6 in 2012 and extended to the V8s three
ride, hampered visibility and cramped rear seat. The 200 was dropped years later. The touch-screen infotainment system is one of the best
after 2017. out there. Look for one with forward collision warning, automatic
emergency braking, and blind spot warning.
2011, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,900 - $7,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,000 - $10,500
Overall 2012 $5,700 - $8,000 Overall 2012 $9,200 - $19,400
Reliability 1
0 2013 $6,300 - $8,700 Reliability 4
0303
0 5
0 2013 $10,600 - $22,300
Engine, Major
* * * *3
0 * * 2014 $7,100 - $11,500 Engine, Major
* *5
0303
0 * *5
0 * * 2014 $12,500 - $26,400
2015 $10,000 - $13,100 2015 $13,800 - $20,100
Engine Minor
* * * *1
0 * * 2016 $11,700 - $15,100
Engine Minor
* *5
0503
0 * *5
0 * * 2016 $16,800 - $22,500
Engine Cooling
* * * *3
0 * * 2017 $13,800 - $18,000
Engine Cooling
* *5
0305
0 * *5
0 * * 2017 $18,600 - $25,700
Trans. Major
* * * *2
0 * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* *5
0305
0 * *5
0 * * 2018 $20,100 - $24,800
Trans. Minor
* * * *1
0 * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* *5
0305
0 * *5
0 * * 2019 $21,400 - $26,100
2020 - 2020 $23,300 - $29,700
Drive System
* * * *1
0 * * Drive System
* *5
0102
0 * *5
0 * *
Fuel System
* * * *3
Fuel System
* *1
0105
0 * *5
Electrical
* * * *3
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* *5
0302
0 * *5
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *4
* *1
0301
0 * *5
0 * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * *1
* *5
0505
0 * *5
0 * * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 Good NT 4/3 2012 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
* * * *2
0 * * 2013 Good Accpt. 4/3
Brakes
* *5
0505
0 * *5
0 * * 2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * *5
0 * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/3
Exhaust
* *1
0505
0 * *5
0 * * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * *2
0 * * 2015 Good Good 5/5 Paint/Trim
* *2
0501
0 * *5
0 * * 2015 Good Marg. NT
Noises & Leaks
* * * *1
0 * * 2016 Good Good 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* *3
0403
0 * *5
0 * * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * *5
0 * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* *2
0501
0 * *5
0 * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * *1
0 * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* *2
0201
0 * *1
0 * * 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * *1
0 * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* *1
0302
0 * *5
0 * * 2020 Good Marg. 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Chrysler Pacifica Chrysler Town & Country

The Pacifica name was resurrected for the new 2017 Town & Country The Town & Country is an upscale, seven-seat version of the Dodge
minivan replacement. The minivan is offered in seven- and eight-pas- Grand Caravan. In pre-2008 models you can expect a fairly composed
senger configurations and retains the handy fold-into-the-floor ride and secure handling. The handy Stow'n Go seating system that
second- row seats. But these seats have limited thigh support. The debuted in 2005 allows both rear rows to fold flat into the floor. The
3.6-liter V6 engine, paired with a nine-speed automatic transmission, standard 3.3-liter V6 provided lackluster acceleration and unimpres-
provides ample power and gets a decent 21 mpg overall. Handling is sive fuel economy. A stronger 3.8-liter V6 was also available. The 2008
responsive, the ride is comfortable, and the cabin is quiet. A plug-in redesign brought new features, improved safety gear, and a quieter,
hybrid version is available with an electric range of about 30 miles more comfortable cabin, but handling, braking, fuel economy, and fit
before it reverts to hybrid operation and gets 27 mpg overall. The and finish still weren't impressive. A 2011 update brought a new 3.6-
latest version of the UConnect touch-screen system is intuitive and liter V6 that considerably improved fuel economy, improved handling,
easy to master. and better interior quality. 2016 was the Town & Country's last model
year, replaced by the much better Pacifica.
standard. BSW standard. dard. BSW optional.
FCW, AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,700 - $8,200
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $7,200 - $9,200
Reliability 1
0102
0101
0102
020 2013 $8,400 - $10,500
Engine, Major 4
0405
0205
0101
020 2014 $9,700 - $13,000
2015 - 2015 $9,800 - $15,500
Engine Minor 5
0302
050 Engine Minor 3
0404
01 03
05 0
2016 - 2016 $11,700 - $17,200
Engine Cooling 5
0503
050 2017 $16,100 - $25,900
Engine Cooling 2
0303
03 05
04 0 2017 -
Trans. Major 3
0505
050 2018 $17,700 - $26,500 Trans. Major 1
0101
01 02
01 0 2018 -
Trans. Minor 1
0305
050 2019 $19,800 - $29,700 Trans. Minor 1
0101
02 01
01 0 2019 -
2020 $25,600 - $32,900 2020 -
Drive System 2
0203
050 Drive System 4
0205
05 05
05 0
Fuel System 3
0505
050 Fuel System 4
0303
04 05
04 0
Electrical 4
0305
050 Model
Electrical 1
0104
03 04
03 0 Model
Climate Syst. 1
0405
0101
01 01
01 0 Overlap Side
Suspension 1
0305
050 2011 - - - Suspension 4
0303
05 04
05 0 2011 Good NT NT
2012 - - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 4
0504
050 Brakes 1
0102
02 04
04 0
2013 - - - 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
050 -
Exhaust 4
0403
03 05
05 0
2014 - - 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Paint/Trim 1
0505
040 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 5
0301
01 01
02 0 2015 Good Poor 4/5
Noises & Leaks 2016 - Noises & Leaks 2016 4/5
1
0204
010 - - 5
0202
02 04
02 0 Good Poor
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 - - -
Body Hardware 1
0505
040 Body Hardware 3
0201
02 03
01 0
2018 Good Good 5/5 2018 - - -
Power Equip. 1
0103
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0101
02 01
04 0 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr. 1
0102
0303
0302
040 2020 - - -

D
Dodge Avenger Dodge Challenger

The Avenger was a sedan-only twin of the unimpressive Chrysler This large retro-look coupe hasn't changed much since 2008. It is
Sebring. The 3.5-liter V6 was refined, but couldn't mask the car's many derived from the Chrysler 300/Dodge Charger siblings with styling
flaws. The ride is stiff and unsettled, the interior uses cheap mate- inspired by the original 1960s muscle car. While it offers a plethora of
rials, and handling is ungainly. Along with the Chrysler Sebring, the powerful engines and sporty trim packages, this is a large and heavy
Avenger got an update in 2011 that brought a better ride, a more-pow- car that comes up a bit short on sporty credentials. It's very quick
erful V6 engine, and improved interior materials. Still, not much could in a straight line but handling lacks agility. The brawny 375-hp V8
be done about the basic flaws of this car, and the family-sedan market emits an invigorating growl, and larger V8s and a smaller V6 are also
is teaming with better choices. The Avenger was discontinued after available. It's a fairly comfortable and effortless cruiser. Easy-to-use
the 2014 model year but lived on in some rental fleets. controls, decent interior quality and the ability to seat five are pluses.
Some tweaks for 2011 made for more responsive cornering with a
small sacrifice in ride comfort. Minor updates in 2015 improved han-
dling, making it more balanced and capable.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD, Front 2008, 2011, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. standard. BSW, FCW
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,400 - $6,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,000 - $19,700
Overall 2012 $5,900 - $7,100 Overall 2012 $13,200 - $21,100
0 2013 $14,300 - $22,700
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $7,500 - $8,900 Engine, Major
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2014 $15,500 - $24,600
2015 - 2015 $17,600 - $44,200
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2016 $20,900 - $49,200
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2017 $23,900 - $53,600
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2018 $25,100 - $106,600
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2019 $26,800 - $71,300
2020 - 2020 $28,800 - $78,600
Drive System
* * * * Drive System
* * * * * * *5
0 * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* * * * * * *5
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * *5
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * * *5
0 * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good Accpt. 4/4
Brakes
* * * * * * *1
0 * * 2013 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/4
Exhaust
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2014 NT NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2015 Good Marg. 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * - -
-
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * *4
0 * * Good Marg.
2017 - - 2017 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * * * *5
0 * * 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * *3
0 * * 2020 Good Marg. 4/5

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Dodge Charger Dodge Dart

The Charger, a sibling of the Chrysler 300, arrived way back in 2006. It Dodge's first decent small car in decades debuted for 2013 but still
was available with a 3.5-liter V6 or a 5.7-liter V8, which got only 17 mpg fell short. The 1.4-liter turbo has enough power but sounds thrashy,
overall in our testing. Suspension architecture relies on Mercedes- and the optional automated manual transmission is unrefined and
Benz hardware but that first version didn't shine in ride or handling. stumbles at low speeds. The base 2.0-liter has a better six-speed
The SRT-8 is a high-performance V8 version. Look for a 2011 or later automatic transmission, but it still feels underpowered. A 2.4-liter
vintage because of significant improvements and better crash- wor- four-cylinder became the primary engine choice starting in 2014. It
thiness. That Charger was more responsive and comfortable, with has more power, but falls short in fuel economy. Handling is taut and
better visibility and a nicer interior. A slick eight-speed automatic was agile, and the ride is composed. Inside, the cabin is roomy up front but
added to the V6 in 2012 and the infotainment system is one of the the rear seat is tight, and the front seats aren't very comfortable. The
best out there. Exterior and interior updates arrived for 2015, but the Uconnect touchscreen infotainment system is one of the best on the
Charger hasn't changed much since. market. The Dart was discontinued after the 2016 model year.
2011, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW, FCW, dard. BSW optional.
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,100 - $11,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $9,700 - $19,200 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 2013 $11,000 - $21,900 Reliability 2013 $5,800 - $7,300
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $12,300 - $24,700 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $6,500 - $9,100
2015 $15,100 - $43,700 2015 $7,200 - $10,300
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $17,400 - $49,300
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 $8,400 - $11,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $20,700 - $54,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $22,700 - $57,800 Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $23,900 - $60,700 Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 -
2020 $25,900 - $69,500 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good Accpt. 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Marg. NT Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 5/5
2017 Good Marg. 4/5 2017 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Marg. 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - -

D-F
Dodge Durango Dodge Grand Caravan

The Durango's 2011 redesign was a significant improvement over the The Caravan and extended-length Grand Caravan have some good
previous generation. Its 5.7-liter Hemi V8 provided quick acceleration, points but have been mediocre competitors for years. Expect a quiet
but at the expense of fuel economy. The seats are comfortable and ride and OK handling. The Stow-'N-Go seating system that debuted
the controls are easy to use. It has a roomy third-row seat and strong in Grand Caravans for 2005 allow both rear rows to fold flat into the
V6 and V8 engines, both with impressive towing capacity. Handling is floor. The standard 3.3-liter V6 provided lackluster acceleration and
surprisingly agile. In 2014, the Uconnect infotainment system arrived unimpressive fuel economy. A stronger 3.8-liter V6 was also available.
along with a new eight-speed automatic, which improved fuel econ- A 2008 redesign brought new features and improved safety, but han-
omy and performance with both engines. Rear visibility is limited, so dling, braking, fuel economy, and fit and finish still fell short. A major
make sure to buy one with the rear-view camera. Most trimlines were reworking for 2011 improved the ride and brought a nicer interior but
available with forward collision warning, automatic emergency brak- still failed to measure up to the class-leading Honda Odyssey and
ing, and blind spot warning. Toyota Sienna. Blind spot warning and rear cross traffic warning were
only available on the top trim.
1998, 2004, 2011, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001, ABS, ESC, side and head Front
protection air bags 2008, 2011 protection air bags
standard. BSW, FCW, standard.
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,700 - $13,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,400 - $6,900
Overall 2012 $10,600 - $15,100 Overall 2012 $6,900 - $7,900
Reliability 2
0301
0401
0 2013 $11,900 - $17,000 Reliability 1
0101
0102
0203
0101
0 2013 $7,700 - $9,000
Engine, Major
* * *2
0101
0505
0 * * 2014 $14,000 - $19,600 Engine, Major 1
0205
0101
0205
0501
0 * 2014 $8,700 - $10,000
2015 $16,700 - $23,200 2015 $10,000 - $11,300
Engine Minor
* * *1
0501
0502
0 * * 2016 $19,300 - $26,300
Engine Minor 3
0404
01 03
05 05
0505
0 * 2016 $11,800 - $13,100
Engine Cooling
* * *4
0401
0505
0 * * 2017 $21,200 - $30,100
Engine Cooling 2
0303
03 05
04 05
0505
0 * 2017 $13,600 - $15,300
Trans. Major
* * *5
0202
0505
0 * * 2018 $23,800 - $48,800 Trans. Major 1
0101
01 02
01 05
0403
0 * 2018 $15,500 - $17,100
Trans. Minor
* * *4
0402
0505
0 * * 2019 $26,000 - $52,100 Trans. Minor 1
0101
02 01
01 05
0403
0 * 2019 $17,500 - $19,000
2020 $27,900 - $55,100 2020 $19,600 - $21,500
Drive System
* * *5
0505
0502
0 * * Drive System 4
0205
05 05
05 05
0105
0 *
Fuel System
* * *1
0205
0301
Fuel System 4
0303
04 05
04 05
0401
Electrical
* * *1
0501
0505
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0104
03 04
03 05
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *1
0305
0501
0 * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 2
0101
01 01
01 05
0503
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * *1
0205
0201
0 * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 4
0303
05 04
05 03
0103
0 * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * *5
0502
0301
0 * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 1
0102
02 04
04 01
0505
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * *5
0505
0505
0 * * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 4
0403
03 05
05 05
0405
0 * 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * *4
0401
0501
0 * * 2015 Good Marg. 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
0301
01 01
02 01
0105
0 * 2015 Good Poor 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * *3
0504
0203
0 * * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks 5
0202
02 04
02 02
0305
0 * 2016 Good Poor 4/5
2017 Good Marg. 4/5 2017 Good Poor 4/5
Body Hardware
* * *4
0105
0505
0 * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0201
02 03
01 02
0103
0 * 2018 Good Poor 4/5
Power Equip.
* * *2
0303
0101
0 * * 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0101
02 01
04 01
0301
0 * 2019 Good Poor 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * *4
0201
0101
0 * * 2020 Good Marg. 4/5 In-Car Electr. 1
0303
0302
0405
0404
0 * 2020 Good Poor 4/5

1
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0 !
0
Dodge Journey Fiat 124

The Journey is an inexpensive SUV, and performs accordingly. It is a The Fiat 124 Spider shares its underpinnings with the Mazda Miata,
fairly compact vehicle that offers a tiny third-row seat. A noisy 2.4- but it's powered by a 160-hp, 1.4-liter turbo four-cylinder from the
liter engine is standard, but the punchier and more refined 3.5-liter Fiat stable and gets its own exterior styling. Like the Miata, it can be
V6 engine was a better choice. Our tested V6 returned just 16 mpg paired with a six-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission.
overall, however. The ride is a bit unsettled and handling lacks agility, Though that's a smaller engine than the Mazda's nonturbo 2.0-liter,
but is ultimately secure. Storage bins under the front-passenger seat the Fiat produces more readily available power. The Fiat has more
cushion and in the second row floor are handy. Some had integrated comfortable seats than the Miata has. Different suspension tuning
child booster seats. The 2011 reworking brought a nicer interior and a lets the 124 corner with slightly less body lean. But the ride is jittery
better V6, but the lack of agility and still-mediocre fuel economy keep and the cabin is very noisy with the top up. It takes some time to get
it far out of the top ranks. 2020 marks the final year for the Journey. used to the controls, which are straight from Mazda. The sportier
Abarth version features tighter handling. Like with the Miata, opening
and closing the manual top is a breeze. The two-seater cabin is very
tight.
2009, 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear
standard. dard. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,800 - $8,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $6,700 - $9,400 Overall 2012 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $8,500 - $12,200 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 -
2015 $10,200 - $14,200 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $11,900 - $15,900
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $13,900 - $18,200
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $18,700 - $22,300
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $16,000 - $19,400 Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $20,500 - $23,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $17,900 - $21,100 Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 $23,000 - $25,700
2020 $20,100 - $21,000 2020 $26,100 - $28,800
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Good Poor NT Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good Poor 4/5 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good Poor 4/5
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor 4/NT Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - -
2016 4/5 2016 -

Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * Good Poor Noises & Leaks
* * * * - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Poor 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Poor 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Poor 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 NT NT NT

F
Fiat 500 Fiat 500L

The retro-styled 500 has agile handling, a willing engine, and a More than an overgrown 500, the 500L is let down by a jerky sequen-
crisp-shifting manual transmission, which all combine to make the tial automatic, stiff ride, flat seats, and odd driving position. Around
Fiat fun to drive. The little 101-hp, 1.4-liter four-cylinder and five-speed town, the 500L feels sluggish and hesitant, but that improves if you
manual returned 33 mpg overall, but it takes frequent downshifts to choose the new conventional automatic, which was added in 2015. We
keep up on the highway. Zippy around town and easy to park, this two- like the 500L's easy access, commodious interior, and spacious back-
door suffers from a choppy ride and a noisy cabin, which detract from seat. A tiny five-inch screen is used to access the simple Uconnect
the fun. The rear seats are very tight and difficult to access. Front- system. The car responds eagerly in turns and handles securely at its
seat headroom is copious, but the cabin is narrow and some may find limits. But the driving position is odd, with a bus-like steering-wheel
the steering wheel too far away. The convertible version has a clever rake and far-off, four-pillar windshield. The 500L scored a Poor in the
sunroof feature. The sporty Abarth version is quick and fun to drive, IIHS small-overlap crash test. 2018 saw the addition of available
but the throaty exhaust note can grow wearisome over time. Fiat Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. There aren't any advanced safety
dropped the 500 after the 2019 model year. systems available in the 500L
2012 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $4,800 - $7,100 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 1
030 2013 $5,400 - $8,000 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major 5
050 * * * * * * 2014 $5,900 - $9,000 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $5,300 - $7,300
2015 $6,700 - $10,100 2015 $7,000 - $8,700
Engine Minor 1
050 * * * * * * 2016 $7,500 - $11,700
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $8,600 - $10,600
Engine Cooling 5
050 * * * * * * 2017 $8,700 - $13,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $10,500 - $12,600
Trans. Major 2
010 * * * * * * 2018 $10,400 - $15,200 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $12,500 - $14,500
Trans. Minor 1
040 * * * * * * 2019 $13,000 - $17,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $14,500 - $16,900
2020 - 2020 $17,100 - $19,300
Drive System 1
040 * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * *
Fuel System 5
050 * * * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 5
050 * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
010 * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
- -
Suspension 3
050 * * * * * * 2011 - - Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/3 2012 - -
Brakes 1
030 * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
050 * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor NT
Paint/Trim 1
030 * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor NT
Noises & Leaks 3
050 * * * * * * 2016 Good Poor 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2016 Good Poor NT
2017 Good Poor 4/5 2017 Good Poor NT
Body Hardware 1
010 * * * * * * 2018 Good Poor 4/NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 Good Poor NT
Power Equip. 1
020 * * * * * * 2019 Good Poor 4/NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 Good Poor NT
In-Car Electr. 1
020 * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 Good Poor NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Fiat 500X Ford C-MAX

The more time you spend with the 500X, the more its appeal wanes, Based on the Focus, the five-passenger C-Max hybrid is clever, well
thanks to its stiff ride, noisy cabin, restricted visibility, annoying finished, and practical. In testing we found it rides well and handles
vibration when idling, and unsupportive seats. Styled like a burlier with agility, and we got an excellent 37 mpg overall. The regenerative
Fiat 500, the X is a sister vehicle to the Jeep Renegade, and it shares braking system helps fuel economy but makes the pedal feel touchy.
some of the same virtues and weaknesses. Both models offer two The 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine and electric motor deliver adequate
four-cylinder engines: the 160-hp, 1.4-liter turbo and a 180-hp, 2.4- acceleration and seamless transitions, and the C-Max can cruise in
liter. Both are mated to a nine-speed automatic that is neither smooth full-electric mode below 62 mph. The Energi version is a plug-in hybrid
nor responsive. Fuel economy, at 23 mpg overall, is unimpressive for a that can travel on electric power alone for about 18 miles. The early
vehicle this size. The interior has some flair, and a number of upscale iteration of the MyFord Touch infotainment system can be quite frus-
features, such as heated seats, blind spot warning, and lane depar- trating to use. Cargo space is compromised by the large battery pack
ture warning, are available. in the rear of the C-Max. The C-Max was discontinued after the 2018
model year.
2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW, FCW, dard. BSW optional.
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 2013 - Reliability 4
0402
0505
030 2013 $6,900 - $8,400
Engine, Major
* * * * * 2014 - Engine, Major 5
0504
0505
050 2014 $8,500 - $10,200
2015 - 2015 $9,500 - $11,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * 2016 $9,600 - $13,600
Engine Minor 5
05 05
03 05
050
2016 $11,400 - $13,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * 2017 $11,400 - $15,300
Engine Cooling 5
05 05
02 05
050 2017 $13,400 - $16,100
Trans. Major
* * * * * 2018 $13,100 - $17,200 Trans. Major 3
01 04
05 05
050 2018 $16,100 - $18,100
Trans. Minor
* * * * * 2019 $16,800 - $20,100 Trans. Minor 5
05 05
05 05
020 2019 -
2020 $18,800 - $22,300 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * Drive System 3
01 05
01 03
050
Fuel System
* * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 5
05 01
05 05
010
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
05 05
03 05
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 5
04 05
04 05
050 Overlap Side
- -
Suspension
* * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 4
05 01
01 05
020 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes 4
04 03
01 03
050
Exhaust
* * * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
05 05
05 05
050 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 3
03 05
05 05
050 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * 2016 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks 5
01 04
03 05
030 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5
2017 Good Good NT 2017 Good Accpt. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Body Hardware 3
01 04
01 03
010
Power Equip.
* * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 1
03 04
02 02
020 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr. 1
0102
0204
010 2020 - - -

F
Ford EcoSport Ford Edge

The Ford Fiesta-based EcoSport is a subcompact crossover that has The Edge arrived for 2007 with a 3.5-liter V6 mated to a six-speed
a tall stance and a side-hinged rear hatch door. It's available with automatic, and either front or all-wheel drive. The ride was compliant,
either a 1.0-liter turbocharged three-cylinder or 2.0-liter four-cylinder, and the powertrain was quite strong but lacked refinement. Handling
the latter coming with standard all-wheel drive. Even with the larger wasn't very agile and interior fit and finish was unimpressive. A turbo
of the two engines, the EcoSport is slow and at 24 mpg overall, fuel four-cylinder in FWD models proved lively and returned 21 mpg. Our
economy isn't stellar. The EcoSport drives more like a sporty car than major beef was the distracting MyFord Touch control interface. The
a dull SUV, with its even-keel ability to take corners quickly, and some 2015 redesign is a much better all-around SUV. The ride is comfort-
welcome feedback through the steering wheel. However, the ride able and steady, and handling is confidence- inspiring. It has a roomy,
is stiff and the cabin is loud. Controls are easy to master, including quiet, and classy cabin, and feels solid. The turbo four-cylinders are
Ford's Sync 3 infotainment system that has standard Android Auto more pleasant than the V6. The MyFord Touch system was replaced
and Apple CarPlay compatibility. Blind spot warning with rear cross with the excellent Sync 3 interface in 2016. For 2019 the Edge got
traffic warning is offered on higher trims updated powertrains and additional safety features, and the ST, pow-
ered by a 335-hp twin-turbo V6, replaced the Sport trim.
2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2011, 2015, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
protection air bags stan- protection air bags
dard. BSW optional. standard. BSW, FCW,
AEB optional, standard
in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,600 - $11,100
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $8,500 - $12,700
Reliability 2
0103
0504
0303
0404
040 2013 $9,700 - $14,200
Engine, Major 5
050 * 2014 - Engine, Major 5
0104
0505
0401
0405
050 2014 $11,000 - $16,700
2015 - 2015 $13,100 - $19,400
Engine Minor 05
5 0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor 5
0204
04 03
03 04
0405
050
2016 $14,500 - $22,700
Engine Cooling 05
5 0 * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0205
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2017 $16,400 - $26,500
Trans. Major 05
5 0 * 2018 $13,300 - $17,100 Trans. Major 4
0203
05 05
05 03
0504
050 2018 $18,200 - $29,600
Trans. Minor 05
5 0 * 2019 $14,700 - $17,900 Trans. Minor 5
0102
04 02
05 04
0503
050 2019 $21,300 - $34,100
2020 $16,000 - $19,600 2020 $25,100 - $37,400
Drive System 05
5 0 * Drive System 4
0101
04 05
05 05
0505
050
Fuel System 05
5 0 * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 4
0101
05 04
05 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 05
5 0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0203
04 05
05 04
0405
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 01
5 0 * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 2
0402
04 05
04 03
0505
020 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 05
5 0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 3
0204
04 02
02 05
0405
050 2011 Good NT 3/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 3/5
Brakes 05
1 0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes 1
0101
02 05
03 01
0505
050
2013 Good NT 3/5
Exhaust 05
5 0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 3
0104
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 3/5
Paint/Trim 01
1 0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 4
0305
05 02
03 04
0305
020 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks 01
3 0 * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 5
0504
05 02
04 02
0203
050 Good Accpt.
2017 - - 2017 Good Accpt. 5/5
Body Hardware 01
1 0 * 2018 NT NT 4/5
Body Hardware 4
0204
04 01
03 03
0404
050
Power Equip. 01
3 0 * 2019 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip. 3
0502
02 01
03 02
0304
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 3
020 * 2020 NT NT 4/5 In-Car Electr. 1
0101
0303
0104
0403
040 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Ford Escape Ford Expedition

Don't consider a pre-2008 Escape, because of a tip-up in the gov- The full-sized, seven-passenger Expedition is based on the Ford F-150
ernment rollover test; ESC became standard on all versions by 2009, pickup truck. It's a spacious and comfortable SUV, if somewhat
rectifying the problem. Interior fit and finish was unimpressive and dated looking, interior. Both rows of rear seats are comfortable and
the cabin is noisy. The hybrid got 26 mpg overall. The 2013 redesign spacious for three adults, a rarity in any SUV. The ride is steady and
brought agile and sporty handling and a composed ride, but also the composed, and the Expedition feels relatively nimble for such a heavy
distracting MyFord Touch control interface. The interior is roomy vehicle. The 5,900-pound curb weight results in leisurely acceleration,
enough, but the driver's footwell is very narrow. Look for a version and abysmal fuel economy with the 5.4-liter V8, but towing capacity
with the 2.0-liter turbo engine and the leather seats, which offer more is impressive. 2015 saw the introduction of a 3.5-liter twin-turbo-
support than the mediocre cloth ones. The redesigned 2020 model charged V6 to replace the V8. Even though it is smaller, this engine
brought curvier styling, and standard advanced safety systems. The significantly improves the way the Expedition drives. A redesigned
standard 1.5-liter turbo three-cylinder engine returned 26 mpg; the Expedition debuted for the 2018 model year. It is powered by an
hybrid version got 34 mpg overall. The ride has an underlying firmness, updated version of the 3.5-liter twin-turbo V6 and a new 10-speed
and handling is quite nimble and secure. automatic transmission.
2008, 2013, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2007, 2015, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Rear
in 2020. in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,900 - $7,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,700 - $14,100
Overall 2012 $6,600 - $8,700 Overall 2012 $8,800 - $17,000
Reliability 2
0302
0304
0302
0203
010 2013 $8,200 - $10,800 Reliability 3
0203
0401
0102
0105
0 2013 $10,900 - $19,700
Engine, Major 4
0504
0404
0401
0101
040 2014 $9,300 - $12,100 Engine, Major 4
0404
0101
0105
0105
0 * 2014 $12,200 - $24,000
2015 $10,700 - $13,700 2015 $16,500 - $28,500
Engine Minor 3
0303
04 04
05 01
0303
050
2016 $12,100 - $15,600
Engine Minor 4
0405
04 04
02 05
0105
0 * 2016 $19,800 - $33,200
Engine Cooling 3
0502
02 05
05 02
0203
050 2017 $13,300 - $18,100
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 01
03 05
0205
0 * 2017 $22,600 - $39,600
Trans. Major 3
0301
01 03
02 05
0505
040 2018 $14,800 - $21,000 Trans. Major 3
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
0 * 2018 $34,300 - $52,900
Trans. Minor 2
0201
02 03
02 04
0505
020 2019 $16,500 - $23,200 Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
03 05
0201
0 * 2019 $37,400 - $59,000
2020 $19,900 - $31,900 2020 $43,200 - $67,300
Drive System 3
0302
03 02
05 05
0405
050 Drive System 5
0503
05 01
01 01
0105
0 *
Fuel System 2
0202
04 03
05 04
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 3
0401
02 05
03 03
0505
Electrical 3
0502
05 05
05 02
0305
040 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0105
03 05
01 05
0405
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 2
0102
04 04
05 03
0505
0101
03 01
01 01
0105
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension 3
0403
03 04
04 03
0505
050 2011 Good NT 3/3 Suspension 3
0203
01 05
01 05
0105
0 * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 Good NT 3/3 2012 NT NT 4/5
Brakes 2
0203
04 03
04 05
0505
040
2013 Good Poor 4/5
Brakes 1
0104
04 02
02 03
0305
0 * 2013 NT NT 4/5
Exhaust 1
0104
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
03 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2014 NT NT 4/5
Paint/Trim 1
0104
02 04
04 04
0503
050 2015 Good Poor 4/5 Paint/Trim 1
0101
05 01
01 05
0305
0 * 2015 NT NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0103
01 04
05 01
0401
010 2016 Good Poor 4/5 Noises & Leaks 4
0504
04 01
01 02
0304
0 * 2016 NT NT 5/5
2017 Good Accpt. 5/5 2017 NT NT 5/5
Body Hardware 1
0102
01 04
03 05
0505
040
Body Hardware 5
0101
05 01
01 03
0305
0 * 2018 NT NT 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0401
02 01
05 04
0504
010 2019 Good Accpt. 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0304
03 01
01 03
0105
0 * 2019 NT NT 5/5
In-Car Electr. 2
0301
0304
0204
0404
0401
0302
0101
0203
0 * 2020 NT NT 5/5

F
Ford Explorer Ford F-150

Older Explorers were truck-like SUVs that didn't have a particularly The F-150 is Ford's bread-and-butter full-sized pickup It was fresh-
refined ride, handling, or powertrains. For 2011 the Explorer adopted ened in 2009, and gained standard electronic stability control and a
a front-wheel-drive, car-based platform, resulting in a steady, absor- six-speed automatic transmission. Handling was secure and braking
bent ride and versatile, well-finished interior. Handling is secure but performance vastly improved. 2011 brought new engines (two V6s and
not agile. The roomy interior included a third seat that's even hospita- two V8s), some steering improvement, and minor interior upgrades. A
ble enough for adults. Unfortunately the driving position is a bit com- redesigned F-150 arrived for 2015, with an aluminum body that saved
promised due to an intrusive left foot rest. The optional MyFord Touch up to 700 pounds for better fuel economy. Updates included the
control interface is distracting to use, but more recent versions have transition from the oft-criticized MyFord Touch touch-screen infotain-
the Sync 3 system, which is much better. The standard engine is a ment system to Ford's new Sync 3 system, providing a big improve-
punchy 290-hp V6; turbocharged four-and six-cylinder engines are ment in usability and response time. The 2017 model offered a new
optional. Look for Explorers with the available forward collision warn- 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 engine and 10-speed automatic transmission.
ing and blind spot warning. 2020 brought a redesigned Explorer with Changes for 2019 included standard forward collision warning and
new engines, a hybrid version, and a rear-drive platform, but it has automatic emergency braking.
been problem-plagued and best avoided.
2011, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front; Rear 2009, 2015, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. FCW, AEB
AEB optional, standard optional, standard in
in 2020. 2019. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,700 - $12,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,800 - $27,000
Overall 2012 $9,800 - $13,100 Overall 2012 $10,400 - $28,500
Reliability 1
0202
0202
0101
0304
010 2013 $11,500 - $16,200 Reliability 2
0302
0302
0201
0103
010 2013 $12,100 - $32,900
Engine, Major 2
0404
0205
0403
0405
040 2014 $12,800 - $18,100 Engine, Major 3
0303
0202
0201
0104
050 2014 $13,500 - $36,700
2015 $15,200 - $21,700 2015 $17,100 - $33,000
Engine Minor 5
0403
05 03
01 04
0405
020 Engine Minor 4
0402
03 02
02 01
0104
050
2016 $17,500 - $28,000 2016 $19,200 - $38,000
Engine Cooling 3
0403
05 05
04 04
0505
050 2017 $20,800 - $33,800
Engine Cooling 5
0302
03 05
05 03
0505
050 2017 $21,900 - $53,400
Trans. Major 3
0404
04 01
05 03
0505
010 2018 $22,200 - $36,100 Trans. Major 1
0202
04 05
04 04
0305
030 2018 $22,800 - $60,100
Trans. Minor 1
0403
02 02
05 03
0405
010 2019 $23,100 - $38,500 Trans. Minor 1
0101
03 04
03 02
0103
020 2019 $23,700 - $67,400
2020 $28,900 - $47,400 2020 $28,800 - $69,600
Drive System 1
0202
05 02
03 05
0505
010 Drive System 1
0301
02 01
01 01
0204
050
Fuel System 4
0301
05 02
04 05
0504
050 Fuel System 3
0304
04 03
03 05
0405
050
Electrical 4
0404
05 04
03 04
0405
050 Model
Electrical 4
0302
03 04
03 03
0405
050 Model
Climate Syst. 2
0202
01 04
01 02
0404
0301
04 05
04 04
0504
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 1
0201
01 01
01 04
0305
0404
04 03
03 04
0305
050 2011 Good NT 3/5
Brakes 2
0202
03 01
03 03
0405
050
2012 Good NT 4/5 Brakes 1
0201
02 02
02 03
0505
050
2012 Good NT 3/5
2013 Good NT 5/5 2013 Good NT 3/5
Exhaust 1
0201
01 05
02 04
0504
050 Exhaust 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2014 Good Marg. 5/5 2014 Good NT 3/5
Paint/Trim 3
0101
01 01
01 01
0204
010 2015 Good Marg. 5/5 Paint/Trim 1
0202
04 04
04 03
0404
050 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 1
0101
03 01
01 01
0404
030 2016 Good Marg. 5/5 Noises & Leaks 3
0402
03 03
01 02
0303
030 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 2
0101 0101
05
2017 Good Marg. 5/5 Body Hardware
2017 Good Good 5/5
0101 04
020 1
0303
04 01
01 03
0105
050
Power Equip. 3
0304
04 02
05 02
0201
010 2019 Good Marg. 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0303
04 01
02 03
0204
010 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0102
0104
0302
0202
0302
0403
0103
0304
010 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Ford Fiesta Ford Flex

Stay away from the Fiesta because of its problematic PowerShift The Flex combines minivan-like versatility with an almost car-like ride
dual-clutch automatic transmission. This subcompact comes in sedan and handling. The vast cabin seats seven adults comfortably. It has
and four-door hatchback bodystyles, and it drives nicely, with agile very spacious second-row seats, and rear-seat sunroofs let in lots of
handling and a supple, controlled ride. Wind, road, and engine noise light. The standard 3.5-liter V6 mated to a six-speed automatic trans-
are well suppressed. Interior fit and finish and equipment level are mission isn't the most refined powertrain, but it pulls well and gets 17
impressive for a vehicle in this class, with soft-touch dash materials mpg overall. The optional EcoBoost V6 delivers effortless power and
and optional features like the MyFord Touch multimedia system. the same fuel economy. The ride is comfortable and quiet, and the Flex
However, the rear seat is extremely cramped. In our tests the Fiesta has very good fit and finish. Among our gripes is that the driver's foot
felt slow, but fuel economy is excellent. The sporty ST version is a well is a little cramped on the left, the MyFord Touch control interface
blast to drive with its turbo four-cylinder and manual transmission. is complicated and distracting, and the cockpit feels narrow. Look for
The manual-only turbo three-cylinder SFE version is aimed at maximiz- a 2016 model that has the better Sync 3 infotainment system, which
ing fuel economy. The Fiesta was discontinued in 2019. has a simpler layout and larger on-screen buttons. Ford discontinued
the Flex after the 2019 model year.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2009, 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. standard. BSW, FCW
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,000 - $4,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,200 - $11,000
Overall 2012 $4,500 - $5,400 Overall 2012 $8,300 - $12,100
Reliability 1
0 1
0 2013 $5,000 - $6,100 Reliability 3
0 2
020 2
0 2013 $9,700 - $12,800
Engine, Major 5
0 * *2
0 * * * * * 2014 $5,500 - $10,500 Engine, Major 4
0 *1
050 * * * *3
0 2014 $11,500 - $14,600
2015 $6,100 - $12,200 2015 $12,500 - $19,000
Engine Minor 5
0 * *1
0 * * * * * 2016 $7,300 - $14,100
Engine Minor 4
0 *5
030 * * * *3
0
2016 $14,200 - $21,900
Engine Cooling 5
0 * *5
0 * * * * * 2017 $8,300 - $15,500
Engine Cooling 5
0 *2
040 * * * *5
0 2017 $17,300 - $25,400
Trans. Major 1
0 * *1
0 * * * * * 2018 $10,600 - $17,700 Trans. Major 2
0 *5
050 * * * *5
0 2018 $19,900 - $25,400
Trans. Minor 1
0 * *1
0 * * * * * 2019 $12,100 - $18,600 Trans. Minor 1
0 *5
050 * * * *5
0 2019 $21,700 - $29,900
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System 3
0 * *1
0 * * * * * Drive System 5
0 *3
050 * * * *5
0
Fuel System 1
0 * *5
Fuel System 5
0 *1
010 * * * *5
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0 * *1
0 * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 3
0 *2
040 * * * *5
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 2
0 * *1
0 * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 1
0 *1
010 * * * *5
0 Overlap Side
Suspension 3
0 * *4
0 * * * * * 2011 Good NT 4/5 Suspension 1
0 *1
010 * * * *3
0 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes 3
0 * *1
0 * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 2
0 *4
010 * * * *5
0
2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0 * *5
0 * * * * * 2014 Good Marg. 4/2
Exhaust 5
0 *2
030 * * * *5
0 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim 3
0 * *1
0 * * * * * 2015 Good Marg. 4/2 Paint/Trim 3
0 *5
030 * * * *3
0 2015 Good Accpt. NT
Noises & Leaks 1
0 * *3
0 * * * * * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks 4
0 *1
020 * * * *1
2017 Good Marg. 4/5 2017 Good Accpt. NT
Body Hardware 1
0 * *1
0 * * * * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/4
Body Hardware 5
0 *1
010 * * * *3
0
2018 Good Accpt. NT
Power Equip. 2
0 * *5
0 * * * * * 2019 Good Marg. 4/4
Power Equip. 4
0 *2
010 * * * *1
In-Car Electr. 1
0 * *4
0 * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 2
0 *1
010 * * * *3
0 2020 - - -

F
Ford Focus Ford Fusion

The Focus has always been an agile and solid car, but it has enough The midsized Fusion has a firm and controlled ride, and alert and
significant flaws to give any used car buyer a pause. The redesign in responsive handling. The 3.0-liter V6 delivered some zip but only got
2012 even brought sportier handling and a nicer interior in both four- 20 mpg. A hybrid version was available. A 2013 redesign brought turbo
door sedan and hatchback body styles. It's a solid, substantial car and non-turbo four-cylinder engines and a more solid and upscale
that's fun to drive thanks to its agile handling and supple, controlled feel, with a supple ride, a quiet cabin, and handling rivaling a European
ride. The cabin is quiet, with good-quality materials, although the driv- sports sedan. Rear-seat room is snug and the MyFord Touch info-
ing position is narrow compared with newer competitors. However, tainment system is complicated. The availability of all-wheel drive is
the PowerShift dual-clutch automatic transmission is not smooth and a plus. We would opt for cars with the leather seats since they are
has been a significant source of problems. The MyFord Touch infotain- more supportive than the cloth ones. For 2016, the much better Sync
ment system is frustrating to use; 2016 and newer models got the 3 replaced the MyFord Touch system. The 2019 model year brought
superior Sync 3 system. The Focus was discontinued after the 2018 standard forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking and
model year. blind spot warning. Plug-in hybrid models called "Energi" are also avail-
able. 2020 was the final year for the Fusion.
2000, 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2010, 2013, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
dard. BSW optional. standard. BSW, FCW,
AEB optional, standard
in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,500 - $5,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,900 - $7,800
Overall 2012 $5,300 - $6,600 Overall 2012 $6,800 - $8,500
Reliability 4
0101
0101
0101
040 2013 $5,600 - $12,100 Reliability 3
0303
0403
0403
0205
030 2013 $8,400 - $11,400
Engine, Major 3
0404
0205
0101
030 2014 $6,400 - $13,100 Engine, Major 5
0404
0505
0403
0103
050 2014 $9,400 - $12,600
2015 $7,100 - $13,800 2015 $10,900 - $13,700
Engine Minor 3
0305
01 04
04 03
050 Engine Minor 4
0403
04 03
03 04
0305
050
2016 $8,500 - $26,500 2016 $11,800 - $16,300
Engine Cooling 5
0204
04 03
05 05
030 2017 $10,100 - $30,500
Engine Cooling 5
0401
05 05
05 04
0305
050 2017 $12,800 - $20,100
Trans. Major 5
0101
01 01
01 01
050 2018 $11,100 - $32,200 Trans. Major 4
0502
04 04
03 04
0505
050 2018 $14,400 - $23,600
Trans. Minor 5
0101
01 01
01 01
050 2019 - Trans. Minor 3
0103
04 03
04 05
0505
050 2019 $16,400 - $26,600
2020 - 2020 $17,500 - $22,400
Drive System 5
0101
01 04
03 01
050 Drive System 3
0503
04 05
04 04
0405
030
Fuel System 5
0102
01 01
04 03
020 Fuel System 4
0301
01 03
01 04
0305
050
Electrical 1
0404
01 03
05 05
050 Model
Electrical 5
0401
05 04
04 05
0504
050 Model
Climate Syst. 1
0202
04 03
05 05
0202
03 05
03 04
0203
030 Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0302
02 03
05 01
0204
04 03
03 03
0505
050 2011 Good NT 3/4
Brakes 1
0203
04 05
04 05
050
2012 Good Accpt. 4/5 Brakes 2
0204
02 04
03 05
0505
050
2012 Good NT 3/4
2013 Good Accpt. 4/5 2013 Good Accpt. 5/4
Exhaust 5
0303
05 04
05 05
050 Exhaust 4
0305
05 05
05 05
0405
050
2014 Good Accpt. 4/5 2014 Good Accpt. 5/4
Paint/Trim 4
0302
04 05
05 03
050 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5 Paint/Trim 2
0302
04 04
03 04
0504
050 2015 Good Accpt. 5/4
Noises & Leaks 2
0103
02 04
04 03
050 2016 Good Accpt. 5/5 Noises & Leaks 2
0404
03 05
04 03
0305
050 2016 Good Accpt. 5/4
Body Hardware 3
0303 0405
05
2017 Good Accpt. 5/5 Body Hardware 1
0103 0504
04
2017 Good Good 4/5
0205 0 0502 05
050
2018 Good Accpt. 5/5 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0404
02 03
03 04
030 2019 - - - Power Equip. 5
0401
04 03
03 02
0405
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 2
0101
0202
0504
040 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 3
0401
0403
0201
0403
010 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Ford Mustang Ford Ranger

Ford's iconic Mustang offers a lot of performance at bargain prices. A Ford resurrected the Ranger name for 2019 with a redesigned com-
freshening in 2010 brought more refined handling, upgraded interior pact truck that combines modern elements with some primitive exe-
materials, and standard electronic stability control. Don't consider a cution. The Ranger offers the latest entertainment and safety tech-
pre-2010 example. Another redesign for 2015 added a nicer interior, nologies, but its ride is stiff and choppy. Handling is clumsy, and at
an independent rear suspension, and a turbocharged four-cylinder low speeds, the engine noise is quite pronounced. The 2.3-liter turbo-
along with V6 and V8 engines. The turbo engine delivers enough charged four-cylinder engine is mated to a 10-speed automatic trans-
punch, but sounds raspy. The slick six-speed manual is very satisfying mission. This combination makes the Ranger responsive. The optional
to use, and the automatic works well. Handling is balanced, and the Sync 3 infotainment system is easy to use, but other controls aren't
firm ride is well controlled. The Mustang got a major makeover for as well-designed. It's hard to get in because of the high floor. There
2018, with new exterior styling, more interior electronics, additional are two cab configurations: an extended cab and a crew cab. Some
safety equipment, and new powertrain options, including an available advanced safety systems are standard. The earlier generation of
10-speed automatic transmission. Ranger, which was discontinued in 2011, is a truly compact truck, but
it suffered from lackluster handling and a thirsty and sluggish V6.
2011, 2015, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear 1998, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
AEB optional. standard; BSW optional.
(2019 Ranger)
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,800 - $28,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,300 - $11,800
Overall 2012 $11,100 - $30,900 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 3
0403
0201
0104
0105
0 2013 $12,500 - $37,600 Reliability 4
0 1
040 2013 -
Engine, Major 5
0505
0101
0105
0305
0 * 2014 $13,900 - $40,000 Engine, Major 5
0 5
050 2014 -
2015 $17,100 - $30,900 2015 -
Engine Minor 5
0504
05 03
05 05
0105
0 * 2016 $18,500 - $42,600
Engine Minor 5
0 5
050
2016 -
Engine Cooling 4
0105
01 03
01 05
0505
0 * 2017 $20,600 - $45,700
Engine Cooling 5
0 5
050 2017 -
Trans. Major 5
0201
05 05
05 05
0105
0 * 2018 $22,400 - $50,100 Trans. Major 5
0 4
050 2018 -
Trans. Minor 1
0101
05 05
02 05
0105
0 * 2019 $24,200 - $55,400 Trans. Minor 5
0 2
050 2019 $23,300 - $36,100
2020 $26,700 - $91,400 2020 $24,800 - $37,200
Drive System 4
0404
03 02
05 05
0305
0 * Drive System 3
0 2
050
Fuel System 5
0501
04 03
05 05
0505
Fuel System 5
0 5
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0 5
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0501
05 01
01 01
0505
0 5
010 Overlap Side
Suspension 2
0305
05 01
05 02
0105
0 5
050 2011 Accpt. NT 2/3
-
2012 Good NT 4/4 2012 - -
Brakes 4
0504
05 05
02 05
0505
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes 5
0 5
050
2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0504
05 05
01 05
0105
0 * 2014 Good NT 4/4
Exhaust 1
0 5
050 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 1
0105
02 05
01 01
0505
0 3
050 2015 - - -
2016 5/5 2016 -

Noises & Leaks 5
0504
03 01
03 05
0102
0 * Good Accpt. Noises & Leaks 4
0 5
050 - -
-
2017 Good Accpt. 5/5 2017 - -
Body Hardware 4
0104
01 01
03 02
0104
0 * 2018 Good Accpt. 5/5
Body Hardware 4
0 3
050
2018 - - -
Power Equip. 5
0405
04 02
04 04
0504
0 * 2019 Good Accpt. 5/5
Power Equip. 4
0 1
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0405
0501
0105
0204
0 * 2020 Good Accpt. 5/5 In-Car Electr. 5
0 3
010 2020 Good Good 4/5

F-G
Ford Taurus Ford Transit Connect

The Taurus name has appeared on a variety of Ford sedans over the Early versions were intended primarily for commercial use, this tall
years. In 2010 a redesigned Taurus arrived that put styling ahead van is based on the Focus and packs an impressive amount of room.
of interior room and comfort, as well as driver visibility. It's a large, With its boxy shape and very tall roof, you'd be challenged to find more
quiet, and pleasant sedan that rides and handles competently, with passenger space for the money. With the 2014 redesign, the Transit
good isolation from road imperfections. The base V6 and six-speed Connect got closer to a minivan alternative. It has very steady ride
automatic work well together. Interior fit and finish is good and the and agile handling, but remains a rudimentary vehicle at heart. It has
cabin is quiet, but interior accommodations are cramped and outward an underpowered four-cylinder, low-rent interior, cumbersome folding
visibility is poor. The 2013 freshening brought improved performance seats, and a skimpy feature set. Unlike a minivan, you don't get power
and fuel economy for the 3.5-liter V6, and a 240-hp, 2.0-liter, turbo doors or a rear-seat entertainment system, and some lack Bluetooth
four-cylinder engine was available. On the safety front, blind spot connectivity. The base four-cylinder managed only 21 mpg, and we see
warning and forward-collision warning were available. 2013 brought little indication that the up-level 1.6-liter turbo four would do much
the convoluted MyFord Touch system, which made the controls worse. better. 2019 brought standard forward collision warning and automat-
It was replaced in 2016 with the far-superior Sync 3 system. 2019 ic emergency braking, along with optional blind spot warning.
was the final year for the Taurus.
2010, 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2010, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW, FCW standard. BSW optional;
optional. FCW, AEB standard in
2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,600 - $8,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,100 - $7,100
Overall 2012 $7,400 - $9,900 Overall 2012 $7,200 - $12,000
Reliability 5
0 2
0503
0 2013 $8,200 - $10,900 Reliability 2013 $8,600 - $9,700
Engine, Major 5
0 *2
0505
0 * * * * 2014 $10,000 - $13,600 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $10,900 - $13,600
2015 $11,800 - $17,800 2015 $12,600 - $15,800
Engine Minor 5
0 *2
0503
0 * * * * 2016 $13,700 - $22,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $14,000 - $17,600
Engine Cooling 5
0 *1
0505
0 * * * * 2017 $15,400 - $24,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $15,700 - $19,100
Trans. Major 5
0 *4
0505
0 * * * * 2018 $16,300 - $26,400 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $16,900 - $20,600
Trans. Minor 5
0 *1
0505
0 * * * * 2019 $17,700 - $28,700 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $18,300 - $23,900
2020 - 2020 $20,400 - $26,200
Drive System 3
0 *5
0501
0 * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System 3
0 *1
0303
0 * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 5
0 *1
0505
0 * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
0 *4
0401
0 * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0 *2
0201
0 * * * * 2011 Good NT 4/5 Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0 *3
0405
0 * * * * 2013 Good Accpt. 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 2
0 *5
0505
0 * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT 4/5
Paint/Trim 4
0 *5
0502
0 * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT 4/5
Noises & Leaks 1
0 *1
0405
0 * * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT 4/5
2017 Good Accpt. 5/5 2017 NT NT 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0 *5
0505
0 * * * * 2018 Good Accpt. 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0 *3
0304
0 * * * * 2019 Good Accpt. 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr. 1
0 *4
0304
0 * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Genesis G70 Genesis G80

The Genesis' G70 sport sedan has a standard 252-hp, four-cylinder Part of the launch of Hyundai's upscale brand is the renaming of
turbo engine that is energetic, but its acceleration time is among the existing models. Previously known as the Hyundai Genesis, it is now
slowest in the class. We got 23 mpg in our AWD version, which isn't called the G80. Much less expensive than competing midsized luxury
particularly good. The uplevel 365-hp V6 turbo is quieter and makes sedans, the G80 delivers just about every feature and luxury attri-
the car much quicker. The G70 has agile handling and a taut, controlled bute a buyer could imagine. Offered with a smooth and refined V6 or
ride. However, its braking distances were long on both wet and dry a potent V8, the G80 has responsive handling and a comfortable ride,
pavement. The car is quiet, and the interior is well-put-together. though it can't quite match its German competitors. Our tested AWD
Access is a bit tough because of the low stance, and the cabin is very V6 returned a competitive 20 mpg overall. Controls are refreshingly
cramped, particularly the tight backseat. An easy-to-use infotainment straightforward for a luxury car. Rear-seat passengers are pampered
system screen dominates the center of the dashboard and is compat- with amenities, including seat heaters, and space is plentiful. Most
ible with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. Forward collision warning, versions come with automatic emergency braking and blind spot
automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning are standard. warning..
2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2017, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB standard. AEB standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 2
0504
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 3
0 * 2014 - Engine, Major 5
0505
0 * 2014 -
2015 - 2015 -
Engine Minor 5
0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor 5
0505
0 * 2016 -
Engine Cooling 5
0 * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 * 2017 $25,800 - $31,500
Trans. Major 5
0 * 2018 - Trans. Major 4
0505
0 * 2018 $28,600 - $37,000
Trans. Minor 5
0 * 2019 $28,800 - $38,900 Trans. Minor 5
0504
0 * 2019 $34,000 - $44,000
2020 $32,300 - $42,900 2020 $40,900 - $52,300
Drive System 5
0 * Drive System 5
0505
0 *
Fuel System 5
Fuel System 5
0504
Electrical 3
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
0501
0 * Overlap Side
- -
Suspension 5
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 5
0305
0 * 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes 1
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes 5
0505
0 * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0305
0 * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 1
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 3
0504
0 * 2015 - - -
2016 - 2016 -
Noises & Leaks 3
0 * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 3
0204
0 * - -
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 5
0 * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 5
0505
0 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 3
Power Equip. 5
0505
0 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 3
0 * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr. 5
0505
0 * 2020 Good Good 5/5

G
Genesis G90 GMC Acadia

Hyundai's luxury flagship sedan has been renamed the Genesis G90, The Acadia three-row SUV uses a 3.6-liter V6 engine and a six-speed
which features a 5.0-liter V8 or a 3.3-liter turbocharged V6, the better automatic transmission that make for a refined powertrain, but the
choice of the two. Both are mated to a smooth eight-speed automatic transmission is sometimes reluctant to downshift. Later versions
and are available with either rear- or all-wheel drive, addressing a have improved transmission tuning. Expect about 16 mpg overall. Both
shortcoming of the rear-drive-only Equus predecessor. The spacious front- and all-wheel-drive versions are available The ride is comfort-
cabin is bathed in soft-touch materials and decked out with wood able, the handling is responsive, and the interior is quiet. The third-
and chrome trim, but it comes up short on wow factor. The ride is row seats are roomy enough to accommodate three adults, especially
cushy and cosseting; the cabin is super-quiet. Handling is responsive, when the second row is moved forward. A 2013 freshening brought an
although not sporty. As is typical for this oft-chauffeur-driven class, upgraded interior with an improved infotainment system. The Acadia
the backseat is really the place to be. It has massaging seats, and was redesigned in 2017 to be both smaller and lighter than its pre-
controls in the rear armrest manage audio and climate settings. A decessor, but still retains its three row seating configuration. Four-
complete suite of advanced safety features is standard. cylinder engines are available in addition to the 3.6-liter V6, which
gets much better fuel economy. Forward collision warning, automatic
emergency braking, and blind spot warning are available.
2017, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2007, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. BSW, FCW, dard. BSW, FCW, AEB
AEB standard. optional; BSW standard
in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,500 - $11,500
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $8,800 - $13,300
0101
0202
0101
0204
010 2013 $10,900 - $15,200
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 - Engine, Major 1
0204
0405
0205
0505
050 2014 $12,400 - $17,400
2015 - 2015 $13,400 - $20,200
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor 1
0201
01 02
03 05
0505
050
2016 $15,200 - $23,800
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $30,400 - $33,100
Engine Cooling 1
0301
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $18,600 - $28,400
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $35,100 - $39,100 Trans. Major 3
0301
03 01
04 03
0304
050 2018 $20,100 - $31,400
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 $43,800 - $49,300 Trans. Minor 3
0303
01 01
02 01
0104
050 2019 $21,800 - $33,600
2020 $54,500 - $61,600 2020 $24,500 - $37,100
Drive System
* * * * Drive System 1
0101
01 02
01 01
0205
010
Fuel System
Fuel System 1
0505
05 04
05 02
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0101
03 02
04 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 1
0101
01 01
01 02
0504
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 1
0103
02 04
03 02
0305
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes 5
0101
02 01
04 03
0305
050
2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 1
0503
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 4
0502
05 05
02 05
0505
050 2015 Good NT 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * - - Noises & Leaks 1
0503
05 04
04 01
0103
010 Good NT
Body Hardware
Body Hardware 1
0403
05 05
01 04
0305
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
Power Equip. 1
0401
03 05
02 02
0101
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr. 2
0401
0501
0504
0405
010 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
GMC Canyon GMC Sierra 1500

The compact Canyon has an unsettled ride, and the body quivers GMC's full-size Sierra has powerful, efficient engines, responsive
constantly. Handling is sound but unexceptional, and the 48-foot handling and a decent ride, but the powertrains aren't as refined as
turning circle makes parking maneuvers a chore. The optional four- some competitors'. High-end interiors have attractive fit and finish,
wheel-drive system is part-time only. Until 2009, the Canyon offered and all have simple controls. Fuel economy from the 5.3-liter V8 and
only crude and noisy four- and five-cylinder engines. Then a smooth six-speed automatic is decent, and its crash test scores improved.
and powerful V8 was added. Updates for 2009 also included standard Cabin access is easy and towing and payload capacities generous.
electronic stability control as well as the 300-hp V8. The Canyon was Another redesign for 2014 brought a more spacious cabin. Fuel econ-
dropped after 2012. A redesigned model arrived in late 2014 which omy is an impressive 16 mpg, but the new truck feels sluggish. The
offered a 200-hp four-cylinder or a 305-hp V6, both backed by a stan- 2019 redesign carries over its V8 engine options and adds a 3.0-liter
dard six-speed automatic. Updates for 2016 included Android Auto turbo-diesel and 2.7-liter turbo four-cylinder. The cabin is very quiet,
and Apple CarPlay and the addition of the optional 2.8-liter four-cyl- and handling is sound, but the ride is stiff. Rear-seat room in crew-
inder turbodiesel engine. Top trim models offered forward collision cab versions is immense, but the high step-in requires a climb up. A
warning and lane departure warning. number of safety systems, including forward collision warning and
automatic emergency braking, are available.
2004, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2007, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Rear
dard. FCW optional. standard. BSW, FCW,
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,600 - $13,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,000 - $17,800
Overall 2012 $8,000 - $14,900 Overall 2012 $11,300 - $20,200
Reliability 3
0301
0101
0403
0201
0301
0301
010 2013 $13,200 - $22,800
Engine, Major
* * 4
0503
0505
0402
0401
0403
0403
050 2014 $14,100 - $29,600
2015 $13,500 - $25,400 2015 $15,700 - $32,800
Engine Minor
* * 04
5 03
0405
050
2016 $13,900 - $28,200
Engine Minor 4
0403
04 05
03 03
0402
040
2016 $17,600 - $36,800
Engine Cooling
* * 05
4 05
0505
050 2017 $15,400 - $34,300
Engine Cooling 5
0505
04 05
04 05
0505
040 2017 $19,800 - $42,100
Trans. Major
* * 03
3 01
0101
050 2018 $16,600 - $36,400 Trans. Major 3
0305
03 02
01 01
0403
050 2018 $21,700 - $43,300
Trans. Minor
* * 03
1 01
0101
050 2019 $18,000 - $38,100 Trans. Minor 4
0303
05 01
01 01
0201
050 2019 $27,400 - $54,300
2020 $18,800 - $39,800 2020 $31,400 - $59,600
Drive System
* * 03
2 01
0203
050 Drive System 3
0503
02 04
02 01
0403
050
Fuel System
* * 01
3 03
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 3
0401
04 03
04 03
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * 05
4 05
0504
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0305
04 05
02 04
0504
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * 02
2 04
0504
0405
01 04
01 04
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * 04
2 03
0405
050 2011 Accpt. NT NT Suspension 4
0304
03 03
03 02
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 Accpt. NT NT 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * 05
3 03
0405
050
2013 - - -
Brakes 4
0404
01 01
01 01
0501
010
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * 03
4 05
0505
050 2014 - - -
Exhaust 4
0505
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * 03
5 04
0505
030 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim 1
0101
02 04
02 04
0305
050 2015 Good NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * 04
4 03
0503
030 2016 Good NT 4/5 Noises & Leaks 3
0303
03 03
02 03
0503
050 2016 Good Marg. 5/5
Body Hardware
* * 04
5 04
0504
030
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0101
03 04
04 05
0304
030
2018 Good Marg. 5/5
Power Equip.
* * 04
1 03
0404
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 3
0403
03 04
04 03
0202
020 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * 2
0201
0502
0504
0403
0403
0501
010 2020 Good Good 4/5

G-H
GMC Terrain GMC Yukon

The Terrain is GMC's entry in the small to midsized SUV segment. It This twin of the Chevrolet Tahoe shares a platform with the other
is a sibling of the redesigned 2010 Chevrolet Equinox but with more full-sized GM trucks. It has strong engines, a comfortable ride, and
angular styling. The Terrain features a direct-injection 2.4-liter, four- a high-quality interior. The third-row seats lack thigh support and
cylinder engine that returned 21 mpg overall in our tested Equinox. It don't fold flat into the floor, eating up cargo room. The powertrain we
is also available with a 3.0-liter V6 that is more refined and returned tested, a 5.3-liter V8 and six-speed automatic, was strong enough
18 mpg overall in our testing. We found the V6 model had better but unrefined. Controls are mostly simple, but some are tiny and too
steering feel, and the ride in both was taut and steady. The roomy rear far from the driver. The 2015 redesign brought a sumptuous and quiet
seat is comfortable for adults. With either engine, the transmission interior, power folding second- and third-row seats, and available
is reluctant to downshift at times. A backup camera is standard and advanced safety features. Top-trim Denali versions offer a larger V8
handy to have. The 2018 redesign included available forward collision and plusher interior furnishings. Like the similar Tahoe, the magnetic
warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning. ride control suspension improves the ride. But you have to get a top-
trim Denali with the 6.2-liter V8. The Tahoe LTZ with the suspension is
less expensive and the engine is more fuel efficient. Forward collision
warning and automatic emergency braking are optional.
2010, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2007, 2015, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Rear
standard in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,800 - $8,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,400 - $16,200
Overall 2012 $7,400 - $9,300 Overall 2012 $13,100 - $17,900
Reliability 1
0102
0303
0304
0304
020 2013 $8,600 - $12,400 Reliability 5
0404
0101
0101
0505
050 2013 $14,900 - $20,700
Engine, Major 1
0101
0202
0505
0405
040 2014 $10,100 - $14,400 Engine, Major 5
0205
0301
0305
0505
050 2014 $17,400 - $24,300
2015 $11,400 - $16,800 2015 $25,400 - $32,500
Engine Minor 1
0101
02 05
02 05
0504
040 Engine Minor 5
0504
04 04
05 01
0505
050
2016 $13,000 - $19,600 2016 $28,300 - $37,600
Engine Cooling 1
0404
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $14,700 - $22,800
Engine Cooling 5
0105
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $32,700 - $43,700
Trans. Major 1
0105
03 03
04 04
0405
050 2018 $16,800 - $26,100 Trans. Major 3
0304
03 01
05 01
0305
050 2018 $35,000 - $46,900
Trans. Minor 2
0303
05 04
04 04
0305
050 2019 $19,000 - $29,200 Trans. Minor 2
0505
01 01
04 04
0405
050 2019 $37,500 - $53,800
2020 $21,800 - $33,000 2020 $43,600 - $60,600
Drive System 4
0502
03 04
04 04
0505
050 Drive System 4
0505
03 03
01 01
0405
050
Fuel System 1
0101
04 05
02 05
0405
050 Fuel System 5
0404
03 05
03 05
0405
050
Electrical 1
0301
04 05
03 05
0505
050 Model
Electrical 5
0505
02 05
04 02
0505
050 Model
Climate Syst. 2
0203
03 02
04 04
0505
0402
01 01
01 01
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0404
04 04
04 04
0405
0203
01 01
01 05
0503
050 2011 NT NT 5/5
Brakes 1
0304
03 03
04 03
0505
050
0403
02 01
01 01
0505
050
2012 NT NT 5/5
2013 Good NT 4/5 2013 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust 1
0101
04 03
03 05
0505
050 Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2014 Good Good 4/5 2014 NT NT 5/5
Paint/Trim 1
0103
02 02
03 04
0404
050 2015 Good Good 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
0501
01 03
01 04
0505
050 2015 NT NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0503
02 04
04 04
0303
0401
01 05
01 04
0503
050 2016 NT NT 5/5
Body Hardware 1
0304 0405
04
2017 Good Good 4/5 Body Hardware
2017 NT NT 5/5
0404 05
050 1
0501
01 05
01 05
0505
050
2018 Good Good 5/5 2018 NT NT 5/5
Power Equip. 4
0303
04 04
03 03
0304
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0504
01 01
01 05
0301
050 2019 NT NT 4/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0202
0303
0404
0304
0405
0302
0102
0505
050 2020 NT NT 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
GMC Yukon XL Honda Accord !

The Yukon XL is a clone of the Chevy Suburban. It can seat up to nine The Accord is an excellent used-car choice. The four-cylinder engine
people and haul massive cargo loads or tow a 10,000-pound trailer. is smooth and frugal, the V6 engine is quick and quiet, and a hybrid
The SUV handles commendably and has a well-controlled ride. The model is available. The 2008 redesign brought a larger body and
2007 redesign improved the steering, brakes, and handling, and roomier interior. Ride and handling are very good, and the four-cylinder
included a more responsive six-speed automatic. The interior was also engine is smooth, powerful, and economical. The V6 is very quick, but
significantly upgraded, but the third-row seats lack thigh support and gets just 21 mpg overall. Overall length shrunk a bit with the 2013
don't fold into the floor. The 2015 redesign brought a sumptuous and redesign, but the Accord remained very accommodating and fami-
quiet interior, power folding second- and third-row seats, and available ly-friendly. EX models and above have a convoluted touchscreen info-
advanced safety features. Top-trim Denali versions offer a stronger tainment system that is frustrating to use. The Hybrid returned for
V8 and plusher interior finishes, and the magnetic ride suspension 2015 and got 40 mpg overall in our tests. The Accord was completely
that pays dividends in ride comfort and handling agility. But a similar redesigned for 2018, delivering responsive handling, a comfortable
Suburban with the suspension is less expensive and has a less-thirsty ride, and a much better infotainment system. Forward collision warn-
V8 engine. Forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking and automatic emergency braking are standard.
ing are optional.
2007, 2015, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Rear 2008, 2013, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
AEB optional. optional; standard in
2019. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,700 - $17,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,500 - $9,700
Overall 2012 $12,000 - $19,500 Overall 2012 $9,100 - $10,800
Reliability 1
0103
0501
0103
0505
0 2013 $13,500 - $21,300 Reliability 4
0505
0504
0505
0303
050 2013 $10,500 - $14,800
Engine, Major 1
0502
0403
0402
0505
0 * 2014 $16,600 - $21,800 Engine, Major 3
0404
0404
0405
0405
050 2014 $11,800 - $16,600
2015 $25,300 - $32,800 2015 $13,300 - $18,300
Engine Minor 4
0401
04 04
03 04
0505
0 * 2016 $28,200 - $39,000
Engine Minor 4
0504
04 04
04 04
0404
050
2016 $14,800 - $20,700
Engine Cooling 5
0502
05 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2017 $32,900 - $48,200
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $15,800 - $22,500
Trans. Major 4
0104
05 01
01 04
0405
0 * 2018 $35,500 - $53,800 Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2018 $19,900 - $27,400
Trans. Minor 5
0305
05 01
02 02
0505
0 * 2019 $39,700 - $57,400 Trans. Minor 4
0503
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $21,800 - $29,800
2020 $45,700 - $62,600 2020 $24,400 - $33,100
Drive System 1
0504
04 01
04 04
0505
0 * Drive System 3
0504
04 05
04 05
0405
050
Fuel System 5
0402
05 05
02 04
0503
Fuel System 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0404
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 1
0502
03 05
03 05
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 2
0402
02 04
03 05
0405
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0105
05 01
01 03
0202
0505
05 04
04 04
0304
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0102
03 01
01 04
0505
0 * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension 4
0504
04 04
04 05
0404
050 2011 Good NT 5/5
2012 NT NT 5/5 2012 Good NT 5/5
Brakes 1
0204
05 01
01 01
0505
0 * 2013 NT NT 5/5
Brakes 4
0203
03 04
04 03
0304
050
2013 Good Good 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
0 * 2014 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 4/5
Paint/Trim 1
0101
04 04
01 05
0505
0 * 2015 NT NT 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
0304
03 03
02 05
0404
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 1
0103
05 01
03 01
0105
0 * 2016 NT NT 4/5 Noises & Leaks 3
0405
04 04
05 04
0202
040 2016 Good Good 4/5
2017 NT NT 4/5 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0101
01 03
04 04
0503
0 * 2018 NT NT 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0405
04 05
05 05
0404
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0105
05 01
01 04
0405
0 * 2019 NT NT 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0504
04 02
04 03
0405
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0405
0503
0204
0504
0504
0404
0303
0103
050 2020 Good Good 5/5

H
Honda Civic Honda Crosstour

The Civic has long been known for lively handling, fuel economy, and Derived from the Accord sedan, the Crosstour is a four-door hatch-
reliability. The 2012 redesign was a step backwards, with a cheap back with a raised ride height and either front or all-wheel drive. It
interior, numb handling, and stiff ride, but updates for 2013 helped sig- combines the appearance and versatility of a wagon or hatchback
nificantly. The 1.8-liter four-cylinder is smooth and returned 30 mpg without looking like an SUV. The Crosstour has a roomy interior with
overall with the standard CVT. The Hybrid returned 40 mph overall. a wider cabin than the Accord, and benefits from the added versatil-
Even the sporty Si version got a very good 29 mph overall. The 2016 ity of the rear hatch - but visibility is compromised. The smooth and
redesign brought a refined, more-substantial Civic. Base models used refined 3.5 liter V6 returned 21 mpg overall in our tests. A four-cylin-
the 1.8-liter, but all higher trims have a 1.5-liter turbo. Both engines der engine is available on front-wheel-drive versions. The ride is sup-
are refined and economical, and the CVT works well. Handling is spry ple and composed, but the handling becomes SUV-like as it approach-
and responsive, and the ride isolates against most road bumps. Road es its limits. 2015 was the last year for the Crosstour.
noise is subdued. The interior features nicer materials and has a spa-
cious rear seat. Basic versions have an easy-to-use radio, but uplevel
trims have an unintuitive touchscreen system. Almost every trim
offers forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking.
1987, 1996, 2001, 2006, ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
2012, 2016 protection air bags protection air bags
standard. FCW, AEB op- standard.
tional; standard in 2020.
BSW optional in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,300 - $9,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $6,200 - $10,800 Overall 2012 $8,300 - $12,800
Reliability 4
0505
0505
0203
0303
050 2013 $8,400 - $13,700 Reliability 4
040 2013 $9,800 - $14,500
Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0505
0304
050 2014 $9,600 - $15,400 Engine, Major 5
020 * * 2014 $12,000 - $16,700
2015 $10,800 - $16,300 2015 $13,900 - $19,100
Engine Minor 5
0505
05 04
05 04
0405
050
2016 $13,400 - $17,100
Engine Minor 4
050 * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0504
050 2017 $14,600 - $32,300
Engine Cooling 5
050 * * 2017 -
Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2018 $15,300 - $33,800 Trans. Major 5
050 * * 2018 -
2019 2019
Trans. Minor 4
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 $17,000 - $35,400
2020 $18,500 - $37,600
Trans. Minor 3
050 * * 2020 -
-
Drive System 5
0405
04 05
05 05
0504
050 Drive System 3
020 * *
Fuel System 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 4
Electrical 5
0505
05 04
05 04
0405
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
010 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0304
03 01
05 01
0105
-
Suspension 5
0404
05 03
05 04
0405
040 * * 2011 - -
Brakes 5
0403
03 02
05 04
0404
050
2013 Good Good 4/5
Brakes 1
010 * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 4/5
Exhaust 1
050 * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim 1
0104
03 03
04 02
0305
050 * * 2015 Good NT NT
2016 5/5 2016 -
Noises & Leaks 5
0404
05 04
04 03
0303
050 Good Good Noises & Leaks 4
040 * * - -
-
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 - -
Body Hardware 2
0303
04 05
05 04
0504
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 3
050 * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip. 4
0505
04 03
05 04
0404
020 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 2
040 * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr. 4
0505
0405
0102
0404
040 * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Honda CR-V ! Honda CR-Z

The CR-V has always been a good choice, with a spirited four-cylinder Billed as a cross between the Insight hybrid and the sporty CRX from
engine, good fuel economy, strong reliability, and a roomy interior. the 1980s, the two-seat CR-Z hybrid uses a 1.5-liter four-cylinder gas
Handling is sound but not agile. Road noise has been our main gripe, engine paired with electric power for 122 hp overall. A Sport mode liv-
especially in pre-2012 models. Handling became more agile, with a ens things up a little, but the CR-Z never feels quick. We measured 35
firm yet supple ride. The 2012 redesign brought a little more space, mpg overall in our tests, which is not impressive for a hybrid. Handling
marginally better power and fuel economy, a standard backup camera, is responsive and relatively nimble, but the CR-Z is no sports car and
and more connectivity. It also brought a convoluted infotainment the ride is jumpy. Having just two seats limits its appeal and visibility
system for EX versions. The latest version arrived for the 2017 model to the rear is severely compromised. At least a rear-view camera
year, and featured more rear seat room, a well-finished interior, a is standard on all trim lines. The 2015 model got an optional Honda
turbo engine in EX and above trims, better fuel economy, and up to Performance Development package, which includes a supercharger
date safety features. A hybrid version arrived for the 2020 model for the manual-transmission version as well suspension, brake, and
year, and got 35 mpg overall in our tests. exhaust system modifications. 2016 was the final year for the CR-Z.
2007, 2012, 2015, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. FCW, AEB, standard.
BSW optional; FCW, AEB
standard in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,400 - $11,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,000 - $6,600
Overall 2012 $10,600 - $13,700 Overall 2012 $6,800 - $7,600
Reliability 5
0405
0505
0503
0405
050 2013 $11,000 - $15,100 Reliability 2013 $9,100 - $10,400
Engine, Major 5
0404
0305
0504
0405
050 2014 $12,700 - $16,800 Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 $10,400 - $12,100
2015 $13,800 - $19,500 2015 $11,900 - $13,500
Engine Minor 4
0504
04 04
04 03
0405
050
2016 $15,800 - $21,900
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $13,500 - $15,100
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $18,400 - $25,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major 5
0504
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $20,000 - $27,600 Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor 5
0302
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2019 $22,000 - $30,300 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 -
2020 $22,400 - $31,700 2020 -
Drive System 5
0303
04 05
04 04
0505
050 Drive System
* * * * * *
Fuel System 5
0505
05 05
05 04
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 5
0404
04 04
04 04
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 2
0304
05 05
04 03
0405
Suspension 5
0505
05 05
04 04
0405
* * * * * * 2011 Good NT 3/3
2012 Good Marg. 5/5 2012 Good NT 4/3
Brakes 4
0304
03 04
04 05
0405
050
2013 Good Marg. 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/3
Exhaust 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Marg. 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 Good NT 4/3
Paint/Trim 4
0405
04 05
05 05
0405
* * * * * * 2015 Good NT 4/3
Noises & Leaks 5
0304
04 04
04 03
0404
* * * * * * 2016 Good NT 4/3
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 - - -
Body Hardware 4
0505
05 05
04 05
0405
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip. 4
0404
04 04
05 02
0304
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr. 4
0404
0504
0501
0203
* * * * * * 2020 - - -

H
Honda Fit ! Honda HR-V !

This cleverly designed and reliable little hatchback has easy cabin Based on the Fit subcompact, the HR-V SUV gets a versatile,
access and an amazing amount of interior room. The rear seats can be cargo-friendly rear seat that flips up or folds down flat and low.
folded flat, or the cushion can fold up, creating a deep, flat floor that Considerably smaller and less expensive than the CR-V, the HR-V is
can fit bulky items or a tall plant. While not overly powerful, the Fit also louder and the ride is stiffer. Handling is responsive and secure.
feels responsive, with a smooth and willing engine and agile handling. Power comes from a 141-hp four-cylinder driving either the front or all
The ride is choppy, making the Fit an unpleasant choice for a long com- four wheels. But the HR-V feels underpowered, an impression created
mute. The Fit came well equipped with standard power accessories. by the CVT transmission amplifying engine noise during acceleration.
2009 brought a redesign, but only versions with the navigation sys- The Honda's trump card is its excellent 29 mpg overall, very flexible
tem had stability control. We recommend buying a 2011 or later model, interior, and generous rear seat and cargo room. Available premium
which have standard ESC. A 2015 redesign made the Fit quicker and features include heated leather seats, a sunroof, and keyless entry,
even more fuel-efficient. Updates for 2018 brought the availability and a rear-view camera is standard. We prefer the LX trim over the EX
of automatic emergency braking, forward collision warning, and lane for its simpler audio controls.
departure warning. 2020 was the final model year for the Fit.
2009, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. FCW, AEB standard. FCW, AEB
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,700 - $7,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $7,400 - $8,500 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 5
0504
0 3
0305
0405
0 2013 $8,400 - $10,000 Reliability 4
0305
0505
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 5
0505
0 1
0505
0505
0505
0505
0 2014 -
2015 $10,400 - $12,900 2015 -
Engine Minor 5
0503
0 03
4 05
0405
0 * 2016 $12,200 - $14,600
Engine Minor 5
0505
0505
0
2016 $13,300 - $16,800
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 05
5 05
0505
0 * 2017 $13,800 - $16,700
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0505
0 2017 $15,700 - $19,000
Trans. Major 5
0504
0 04
4 05
0505
0 * 2018 $14,300 - $18,300 Trans. Major 5
0205
0505
0 2018 $16,200 - $20,500
Trans. Minor 2
0405
0 05
5 05
0505
0 * 2019 $15,800 - $19,600 Trans. Minor 5
0205
0505
0 2019 $18,600 - $23,400
2020 $17,400 - $20,400 2020 $20,100 - $25,200
Drive System 5
0405
0 05
4 05
0505
0 * Drive System 5
0505
0505
0
Fuel System 5
0505
0 01
3 04
0205
Fuel System 4
0405
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0401
0 04
1 05
0405
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0505
0505
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0301
0 03
2 02
0205
0502
0505
0 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0505
0 04
5 03
0503
0104
0505
0 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/4 2012 - -
Brakes 5
0403
0 04
4 05
0505
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes 4
0105
0505
0
2013 - - -
Exhaust 4
0505
0 04
4 05
0505
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0505
0501
0 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 5
0404
0 01
2 04
0505
0403
0505
0 2015 - - -
2016 Accpt. 5/5 2016 4/5

Noises & Leaks 5
0505
0 02
4 05
0505
0 * Good Noises & Leaks 2
0204
0205
0 Good Accpt.
2017 Good NT 5/5 2017 Good Accpt. 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0404
0 05
4 03
0205
0 * 2018 Good NT 5/5
Body Hardware 1
0405
0505
0
Power Equip. 3
0404
0 01
1 05
0201
0 * 2019 Good NT 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0505
0305
In-Car Electr. 5
0405
0 2
0405
0405
0 * 2020 Good NT 5/5 In-Car Electr. 4
0504
0305

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Honda Insight Honda Odyssey

The 2010 Insight was positioned as an alternative to the Toyota Prius, The redesigned 2011 Odyssey did very well in our road tests, with
but its gas mileage of 39 overall fell short of the segment leader. In supportive seating, a comfortable ride, and a refined 249-hp V6 and
addition, interior fit and finish was low rent, the car was slow and five-speed automatic powertrain that returned 19 mpg overall. Top-
noisy, the back seat cramped and required ducking to get into, and trim versions got a six-speed automatic. This version had responsive
the ride was stiff. Handling in base versions of early model years with- handling, and a steady, supple ride. The cabin was relatively quiet,
out ESC is disconcerting, and the car was discontinued after 2014. but some road noise persisted. There was room for eight occupants
An all-new, far better Insight based on the Civic arrived for 2019. Its in the roomy, versatile interior. The third-row seat was easy to fold
54 mpg overall in our tests is 2 mpg better than the Prius. The ride is down into its own well, for a flat load floor. The 2018 redesign brought
comfortable, its handling is secure but mundane, and the rear seat is an updated V6, new nine- and ten-speed transmissions, and more up
relatively roomy. But its low stance makes it tough to get in and out. to date safety features. It's a refined, quiet, fuel-efficient van, with
The driver's seat is short on lower back support, and the controls a comfortable ride and sound handling. The infotainment system is
are somewhat tricky. When the gas engine awakens as more power easier to use than in the previous generation, but the interface can
is needed, the cabin gets loud. Standard advanced safety systems be distracting. Advanced safety features are standard on all trims
include forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking. except the base model.
2010, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2011, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard in 2019. AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,900 - $6,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,700 - $11,800
Overall 2012 $6,300 - $7,700 Overall 2012 $8,700 - $13,300
Reliability 5
0 2013 $7,000 - $8,800 Reliability 2
0203
0303
0403
0203
030 2013 $9,800 - $15,000
Engine, Major
* * * * 5
0 * 2014 $8,700 - $10,800 Engine, Major 1
0101
0305
0404
0405
050 2014 $11,200 - $17,300
2015 - 2015 $13,100 - $18,900
Engine Minor
* * * * 5
0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor 2
0104
04 04
04 05
0405
050
2016 $16,600 - $24,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * 5
0 * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0304
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $18,400 - $27,900
Trans. Major
* * * * 5
0503
05 04
03 04
0505
050 2018 $22,300 - $32,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * 5
0 * 2019 $18,500 - $21,800 Trans. Minor 2
0503
03 03
01 01
0202
030 2019 $25,900 - $37,100
2020 $20,500 - $23,700 2020 $28,800 - $41,000
Drive System
* * * * 5
0 * Drive System 3
0104
03 04
04 05
0204
050
Fuel System
* * * * 5
Fuel System 3
0305
05 04
05 05
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * 5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0101
04 04
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0405
040 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * 5
0101
04 04
02 05
0405
030 2011 Good NT 5/5
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
* * * * 4
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 3
0201
01 03
02 01
0405
050
2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * 5
0 * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 3
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * 5
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 3
0101
01 04
02 04
0305
040 2015 Good Good 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * 1
0 * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 3
0203
02 03
03 04
0404
050 Good Good
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 3
0 * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 1
0102
01 03
04 01
0304
040
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 4
0 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 3
0405
04 03
02 01
0101
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 3
0 * 2020 Good Good 5/5 In-Car Electr. 5
0304
0404
0404
0101
010 2020 Good Good 5/5

H
Honda Passport Honda Pilot

The Passport name returned in 2019, this time as as a stubbier The Pilot manages to combine the best virtues of a wagon, SUV, and
version of the Pilot SUV. They share a platform, including the same minivan, which make it among the better three-row midsized SUVs.
smooth, refined 3.5-liter V6 engine and nine-speed automatic trans- It delivers adequate performance and respectable fuel economy, a
mission. In our tests the Passport achieved 21 mpg overall. Unlike comfortable ride, secure handling, and seating for eight. The standard
the Pilot, we found the Passport's ride to be rather stiff, but without split third-row seat folds neatly into the floor. Access is easy, and fit
a marked improvement in handling agility. The infotainment system and finish is impeccable. We got 18 mpg overall in the 2012 model we
is rather slow to respond and the push-button gear selector is tricky tested. However, the interior isn't as well finished as those in some
to use without looking down. The interior is roomy and full of handy competitors. Look for a model with the available rear-view camera.
storage places. Forward collision warning and automatic emergency Pronounced road noise was our only qualm. The 2016 version brought
braking are standard, but blind spot warning comes only on more-ex- more connectivity, a roomier interior, and more up to date safety
pensive trims. equipment, including standard forward collision warning and automat-
ic emergency braking.
2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2009, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Front
standard, BSW optional. AEB optional; FCW, AEB
standard from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,600 - $12,600
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $10,000 - $14,900
Reliability 2
0403
0404
0102
0502
010 2013 $11,200 - $17,000
Engine, Major 5
0304
0504
0105
0505
050 2014 $12,500 - $19,000
2015 - 2015 $14,200 - $21,600
Engine Minor 5
0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor 4
0403
03 01
04 05
0505
050
2016 $18,200 - $27,100
Engine Cooling 5
0 * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0503
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $21,700 - $31,800
Trans. Major 4
0504
05 01
05 04
0505
050 2018 $24,100 - $35,300
Trans. Minor 2
0 * 2019 $26,500 - $36,200 Trans. Minor 4
0505
05 01
02 01
0304
040 2019 $26,200 - $39,200
2020 $29,700 - $40,000 2020 $29,200 - $44,000
Drive System 2
0 * Drive System 2
0301
03 04
01 04
0504
050
Fuel System 5
Fuel System 4
0505
04 01
04 01
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 3
0304
04 02
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0505
05 04
05 02
0302
040 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 3
0303
02 04
03 04
0504
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 5
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes 2
0102
01 03
04 03
0504
040
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
03 05
0505
050 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Paint/Trim 5
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 3
0301
01 02
01 04
0402
030 2015 Good Poor 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0 * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 3
0403
05 03
01 04
0301
010 Good Good
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0 * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 5
0404
05 03
04 05
0405
040
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 3
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0504
04 01
04 01
0403
010 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0504
0405
0102
0501
010 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Honda Ridgeline ! Hyundai Accent

The first-generation Ridgeline has a supple and steady ride, and its For most of its life the Accent has been a decent but uninspired small
handling is quite agile. The tailgate can open either vertically or hori- car with secure, but not agile, handling. Power came from a 1.6-liter
zontally, and beneath the bed is a clever, weatherproof, lockable trunk. four-cylinder that returned 28 mpg overall. The 2012 redesign was
The standard 3.5-liter V6 engine is quiet, smooth, and responsive a big improvement, bringing responsive handling, more comfortable
but road noise is pronounced. The roomy crew cab is nicely detailed front seats, and fuel economy of 31 mpg overall with the automatic
and easy to access. The five-foot-long cargo bed is made from a and 32 mpg overall with the manual. The front cabin is roomy, but rear
composite plastic material and has no wheel arch intrusion. While remains cramped. Noise levels are elevated, but not offensive. All of
not designed for serious off-roading, it proved capable in most off- the controls are straightforward. Handling is fairly responsive, but the
road conditions. Towing capacity is 5,000 pounds. A 2017 redesign ride is jittery. The redesigned 2019 version returned 33 mpg overall in
made the Ridgeline more conventional, and brought a level of ride our tests, but the engine produced sluggish acceleration. The interior
and handling that's more refined than in conventional pickup trucks. features easy-to-use controls, but the seats are short on support.
But it kept the slick tailgate and in-bed trunk. For 2020 the Ridgeline Advanced safety features come only on the top Limited trim.
received a nine-speed automatic transmission, Android Auto and
Apple CarPlay compatibility, and standard advanced safety systems.
standard. BSW, FCW, dard. FCW, AEB optional
AEB optional; FCW, AEB from 2018.
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,800 - $14,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,500 - $4,700
Overall 2012 $13,500 - $16,300 Overall 2012 $5,700 - $5,900
Reliability 4
0505
050 3
0304
040 2013 $14,700 - $18,200 Reliability 4
040 2013 $6,200 - $6,500
Engine, Major 4
0505
050 4
0405
050 2014 $16,400 - $21,400 Engine, Major
*5
040 * * * * * * * 2014 $6,700 - $7,500
2015 - 2015 $7,800 - $8,200
Engine Minor 5
0505
050 5
0505
050
2016 -
Engine Minor
*2
040 * * * * * * * 2016 $8,700 - $10,000
Engine Cooling 5
0505
050 5
0505
050 2017 $22,600 - $33,100
Engine Cooling
*3
050 * * * * * * * 2017 $10,200 - $12,100
Trans. Major 5
0504
050 3
0205
050 2018 $24,800 - $35,900 Trans. Major
*5
050 * * * * * * * 2018 $13,000 - $14,700
Trans. Minor 5
0504
040 2
0305
050 2019 $27,200 - $39,100 Trans. Minor
*5
050 * * * * * * * 2019 $14,700 - $16,700
2020 $32,300 - $41,400 2020 $16,500 - $18,300
Drive System 4
0502
050 4
0505
050 Drive System
*5
050 * * * * * * *
Fuel System 5
0505
040 1
0105
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*1
Electrical 5
0505
050 5
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
050 * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0505
050 4
0304
*5
050 * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension 3
0303
040 5
0505
*1
030 * * * * * * * 2011 Accpt. NT NT
Brakes 2
0202
030 5
0305
050
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
*2
010 * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 4
0505
050 5
0505
050 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*5
020 * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 1
0405
050 5
0304
050 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
*1
010 * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 - 2016 4/4
Noises & Leaks 4
0503
050 5
0403
030 - - Noises & Leaks
*3
050 * * * * * * * Good Poor
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 Good Poor 4/4
Body Hardware 2
0403
040 5
0402
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
*5
010 * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 3
0204
050 4
0203
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
*3
030 * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
In-Car Electr. 3
0505
050 4
0403
*5
050 * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 4/5

H
Hyundai Azera Hyundai Elantra

The Azera large sedan has a smooth V6 with quick acceleration but The Elantra is relatively roomy and fuel efficient but not the most
only fair fuel economy at 19 mpg overall. The roomy interior is well refined among compact sedans. The 2011 redesign transformed
finished and quiet. Controls are straightforward. Pre-2012 versions the car. It brought a very good 29 mpg overall along with nimble
suffered from a bouncy ride and reluctant handling. But as a used handling and a fairly comfortable, well-controlled ride. The car was
car the quiet, well-equipped Azera is a bargain. Standard equipment well-equipped for the price, the interior was much larger, and controls
includes electronic stability control. Side-crash results improved to were well laid out. Hatchback models with different designations are
good starting with the 2012 redesign. This version of the Azera is available for some model years, but were noisier, had a tighter back
even more appealingly finished. Its spacious and quiet cabin has com- seat, and a stiffer ride. The 2017 redesign delivered a relatively roomy
fortable seats and generous room for five. The powertrain is smooth, interior, intuitive control, and an excellent 33 mpg overall from the
powerful and fuel-efficient. While handling is improved, it still lacks 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine. Handling is secure, and the ride is most-
agility and ride quality falls short of the expectations created by its ly unobjectionable. Available safety features include forward collision
looks and the class in which it is trying to play. Hyundai dropped the warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning.
Azera after the 2017 model year.
standard. FCW optional; standard. BSW, FCW,
BSW standard. AEB optional; FCW, AEB
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,100 - $7,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,600 - $6,900
Overall 2012 $8,600 - $8,600 Overall 2012 $6,200 - $7,300
Reliability 5
0 2013 $9,900 - $9,900 Reliability 3
0403
0403
0102
0404
050 2013 $7,000 - $8,200
Engine, Major
* *5
0 * * * * 2014 $11,500 - $13,500 Engine, Major 2
0403
0101
0102
0505
050 2014 $7,800 - $9,000
2015 $13,200 - $15,400 2015 $9,000 - $10,400
Engine Minor
* *5
0 * * * * 2016 $15,100 - $17,800
Engine Minor 4
0404
03 03
02 01
0505
050
2016 $10,400 - $12,100
Engine Cooling
* *5
0 * * * * 2017 $17,200 - $19,800
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 04
02 05
0505
050 2017 $12,200 - $15,300
Trans. Major
* *4
0 * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 4
0305
05 03
05 05
0505
050 2018 $12,700 - $16,800
Trans. Minor
* *3
0 * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 3
0205
05 03
04 05
0505
050 2019 $13,500 - $18,200
2020 - 2020 $15,900 - $19,400
Drive System
* *5
0 * * * * Drive System 5
0503
04 04
05 05
0405
050
Fuel System
* *5
Fuel System 5
0405
03 03
04 04
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* *5
0 * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0302
04 03
01 01
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* *4
0 * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 4
0504
04 04
02 05
0302
030 Overlap Side
Suspension
* *1
0 * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 1
0302
05 03
03 03
0503
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good Accpt. 4/5
Brakes
* *5
0 * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 2
0302
03 01
05 05
0505
050
Exhaust
* *5
0 * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* *5
0 * * * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim 1
0203
01 01
02 01
0205
050 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* *5
0 * * * * 2016 Good NT NT Noises & Leaks 1
0303
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5
2017 Good NT NT 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* *5
0 * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 1
0405
03 03
04 03
0405
050
2018 Good Good 4/4
Power Equip.
* *5
0 * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 3
0202
05 01
02 01
0202
050 2019 Good Good 4/4
In-Car Electr.
* *1
0 * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 3
0102
0505
0504
0303
040 2020 Good Good 4/4

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Hyundai Equus Hyundai Genesis

Hyundai's flagship has a comfortable ride, but motions can be a bit Hyundai's upscale sedan is impressive, especially for the price. The
busy and handling is less than agile. The 4.6-liter V8 was originally refined V6 delivers quick acceleration and gets 21 mpg overall. A V8 is
mated to a six-speed, making for a smooth, refined powertrain. optional, but doesn't significantly improve performance. The Genesis
Inside, the interior is spacious and well finished, but some controls has responsive and secure handling, but its weak link is the some-
are complex. Available driver-assistance features include adaptive what nervous ride. The interior is very quiet and well finished and the
cruise control and a lane departure warning system. In 2012 a four- spacious cabin has an unusually hospitable rear seat for a midsized
seat version arrived, along with a standard eight-speed automatic and car. Controls are simple, but the optional navigation system adds a
5.0-liter V8. Updates to the suspension system, interior and exterior rather fussy rotary controller. In 2012 the Genesis received a new
styling details and safety features for the 2014 model year freshened eight-speed automatic, which helped the V6 get 22 mpg overall in our
the appeal of the big Hyundai, but it still falls short of the best of the tests. The 2015 redesign brought the option of all-wheel drive for the
best. On the other hand, it does present a lot of what its competitors V6, along with an updated and more-luxurious interior and advanced
provide at a considerably lower price. The Equus was replaced by the safety systems. Power output for the V6 was increased and a 429-hp
Genesis G90 in 2017. V8 was optional. Ride quality is much improved over previous versions.
For 2017, the model was renamed Genesis G80.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear 2009, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. BSW standard; standard. BSW, FCW,
FCW optional. AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,200 - $9,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,400 - $8,800
Overall 2012 $10,100 - $10,600 Overall 2012 $9,500 - $11,500
0303
0 3
050 2013 $10,700 - $13,100
Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 $13,700 - $14,200 Engine, Major 4
0304
0 *5
050 2014 $12,700 - $15,000
2015 $17,300 - $18,300 2015 $17,100 - $18,800
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $21,300 - $23,200
Engine Minor 5
0305
0 *5
040
2016 $19,600 - $21,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 *5
050 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 5
0102
0 *2
050 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 5
0302
0 *4
050 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * Drive System 4
0403
0 *3
010
Fuel System
Fuel System 3
0503
0 *5
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 2
0105
0 *5
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 5
0504
0 *4
050 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 5
0405
0 *5
050 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0503
0 *4
050
2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
0 *5
050 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim 4
0101
0 *1
010 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2016 Good NT NT Noises & Leaks 5
0505
0 *4
030 2016 Good Good 5/5
2017 - - - 2017 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 5
0301
0 *1
050
2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 2
0101
0 *1
030 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 4
0101
0 *2
010 2020 - - -

H
Hyundai Ioniq Hyundai Kona !

The Ioniq is a direct challenger to the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius. The Hyundai Kona is playful and inexpensive, making it one of the
Evoking the Prius silhouette and hatchback configuration, the Ioniq more appealing subcompact SUVs. The base 2.0-liter engine is ade-
hybrid matches it as a fuel sipper with 52 mpg overall. Power comes quate around town, but it can feel sluggish under hard acceleration.
from a 1.6-liter four-cylinder engine which, combined with the electric We recorded 26 mpg overall with this engine in our AWD model, typical
drive, puts out a combined 139 hp. The six-speed dual-clutch trans- for the class. The uplevel 1.6-liter turbo is stronger, but its power
mission isn't the smoothest and there's some delay off the line. Like delivery is not as smooth or predictable. Nimble handling makes the
other hybrids it can drive on electric power at low speeds. Handling Kona feel very responsive in corners. The ride, however, is stiff and
lacks agility and the ride is a bit unsettled but unobjectionable. the cabin gets loud because of road and engine noise. A power driver
The SEL comes with a power seat for an affordable price. A suite of seat with lumbar support adjustment comes in an option package,
advanced safety features is available, including automatic emergency rare in the segment. The controls are very easy to use. Forward-
braking, blind spot warning, and rear cross-traffic warning. Android collision warning and automatic emergency braking are available.
Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility is standard. There are also plug- Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility is standard.
in and fully electric versions.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 2
0303
0505
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0 2014 -
2015 - 2015 -
Engine Minor 5
0204
0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor 05
4 05
0
2016 -
Engine Cooling 5
0504
0 * 2017 $14,400 - $17,700
Engine Cooling 05
5 05
0 2017 -
Trans. Major 2
0505
0 * 2018 $16,400 - $20,500 Trans. Major 05
5 05
0 2018 $16,000 - $21,300
Trans. Minor 5
0505
0 * 2019 $18,000 - $22,300 Trans. Minor 05
5 05
0 2019 $17,200 - $28,700
2020 $19,300 - $23,900 2020 $18,500 - $30,500
Drive System 1
0504
0 * Drive System 05
5 05
0
Fuel System 1
0105
Fuel System 05
5 05
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0205
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 05
4 05
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0204
4 05
0 Overlap Side
- -
Suspension 5
0505
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 03
5 05
0 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes 1
0505
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes 05
5 05
0
2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0505
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 05
5 05
0 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 5
0205
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 04
5 05
0 2015 - - -
2016 - 2016 -
Noises & Leaks 1
0504
0 * 2017
- - Noises & Leaks 03
4 05
0
2017
- -
-
Good Good NT - -
Body Hardware 5
0204
Body Hardware 04
5 05
0
2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 5
0501
Power Equip. 02
4 05
In-Car Electr. 5
0505
0 * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr. 5
0505

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Hyundai Santa Fe Hyundai Santa Fe Sport

The pre-2013 Santa Fe offered 2.7- and 3.3-liter V6 engines and had Hyundai's five-passenger midsized SUV is roomy and comfortable,
standard ESC. With the 2013 redesign the three-row version kept the with a good ride and quiet interior. Power comes from a responsive
Santa Fe name and was equipped with a 3.3-liter V6 that got 20 mpg 190-hp, 2.4-liter four-cylinder mated to a smooth and responsive six-
overall in our tests. Handling is sound and the ride is comfortable and speed automatic. We got a very good 23 mpg overall with this drive-
settled. The cabin is well-finished, but the tiny third-row seat is diffi- train. A 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder is also available. Handling
cult to access. With the 2019 redesign the Santa Fe reverted to two is sound and secure, but not exceptional, and the vague steering
rows, and became a compelling choice. It's available with a 2.4-liter, doesn't help. The well-finished cabin is packed with a lot of standard
four-cylinder or a 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder. The turbo returned just features. Rear visibility leaves a lot to be desired. In later years, it
21 mpg overall in our tests and suffers from an uneven power delivery. received a number of updates, including a more powerful 2.0-liter
We think the 2.4-liter is a better choice. Handling is composed but the turbo four-cylinder engine, and safety features such as automatic
ride skews firm. The controls are clear and easy to master, particu- emergency braking and lane departure warning. 2018 was the final
larly the infotainment system. There is plenty of room, and the seats year for the Santa Fe Sport.
are comfortable and supportive. Standard safety systems include
forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking.
2007, 2013, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
AEB optional, standard AEB optional.
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,600 - $8,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $7,400 - $9,400 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 3
0203
0303
0305
0505
030 2013 $10,100 - $12,400 Reliability 2
0303
0303
020 2013 $10,900 - $11,900
Engine, Major 4
0101
0404
0505
0505
050 2014 $11,500 - $14,200 Engine, Major 1
0101
0103
030 2014 $11,600 - $13,500
2015 $13,300 - $17,200 2015 $12,500 - $15,700
Engine Minor 2
0405
04 04
04 03
0505
050 Engine Minor 2
03 02
03 01
030
2016 $15,000 - $20,200 2016 $13,700 - $17,500
Engine Cooling 2
0105
05 04
04 05
0505
050 2017 $17,400 - $25,000
Engine Cooling 3
05 04
05 05
050 2017 $16,100 - $22,400
Trans. Major 5
0405
05 05
01 05
0404
050 2018 $19,600 - $28,400 Trans. Major 3
05 04
05 05
020 2018 $17,700 - $24,400
Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 04
04 05
0204
050 2019 $20,400 - $30,500 Trans. Minor 3
04 05
01 05
030 2019 -
2020 $21,800 - $35,100 2020 -
Drive System 3
0105
01 03
02 05
0505
040 Drive System 3
04 05
03 04
030
Fuel System 4
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 Fuel System 4
04 03
03 02
040
Electrical 3
0105
03 05
04 05
0505
050 Model
Electrical 3
04 04
04 04
020 Model
Climate Syst. 4
0501
01 01
02 05
0405
03 01
05 05
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 1
0103
01 04
05 05
0505
05 02
04 04
040 2011 - - -
2012 Good NT 4/2 2012 - - -
Brakes 2
0304
05 01
03 04
0505
050 Brakes 2
03 05
04 03
050
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Exhaust 5
04 03
05 05
050
Paint/Trim 3
0405
04 04
04 05
0505
050 2015 Good Marg. NT Paint/Trim 3
01 05
05 04
040 2015 Good NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks 3
0503
02 03
05 04
0305
040 2016 Good Marg. NT Noises & Leaks 4
03 04
05 05
040 2016 Good Marg. 5/5
Body Hardware 4
0504 0405
02
2017 Good Good NT
Body Hardware
2017 Good Good 5/5
0502 05
050 4
04 04
04 05
050
Power Equip. 3
0103
02 05
02 03
0504
030 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
04 04
04 05
030 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr. 3
0301
0204
0104
0405
0304
0503
040 2020 - - -

H-I
Hyundai Sonata Hyundai Tucson

The Sonata's 2011 redesign was a major leap forward. The base This small SUV used a standard 2.0-liter, four-cylinder. The optional
four-cylinder returned 27 mpg overall, while the turbo four-cylinder 2.7-liter V6 had slow acceleration and unimpressive fuel economy. The
got 25 mpg and delivered plenty of performance. Road noise is evi- ride was comfortable, but suspension noise was pronounced and the
dent, however, and the swoopy styling made for challenging rear Tucson was not very agile. Cabin access is easy and the rear is roomy.
visibility and rear-seat access. The ride was firm, yet comfortable We found the 2010 Tucson secure and responsive, well-trimmed, and
and handling was nimble. A redesign arrived for 2015 with a 2.4-liter quite spacious inside, but the ride is stiff and road noise pronounced.
four-cylinder and six-speed automatic that got 28 mpg overall. The A 2016 redesign made the Tucson better. The base 2.0-liter engine
2018 model year brought a face lift along with changes to the sus- is slow and can feel strained. Skip the more-powerful 1.6-liter turbo
pension and steering. The 2020 redesign brought a strong 2.5-liter engine, which has vibrations at low speeds. Ride comfort, handling
four-cylinder engine and eight-speed automatic that returned 31 mpg agility, and noise suppression are commendable. A new 181-hp, 2.4-
overall, while the hybrid gets an excellent 44 mpg. Handling is respon- liter four-cylinder engine mated to a six-speed automatic arrived in
sive, but the ride is rather stiff. The standard 8-inch touch screen is 2018, but returned only 22 mpg overall.
easy to use, but the larger screen on high-end versions eliminates the
radio's tuning knob. Advanced safety systems are standard.
2011, 2015, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2010, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
AEB optional; standard AEB optional; FCW, AEB
from 2020. standard from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,000 - $7,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,600 - $8,500
Overall 2012 $6,900 - $8,300 Overall 2012 $6,700 - $9,400
Reliability 1
0203
0203
0201
0104
030 2013 $7,500 - $9,900 Reliability 3
0403
0 1
0101
0504
050 2013 $7,800 - $10,900
Engine, Major 1
0101
0102
0101
0204
040 2014 $9,500 - $12,100 Engine, Major 5
0505
0 *1
0104
0504
050 2014 $9,900 - $13,000
2015 $10,600 - $14,300 2015 $10,700 - $13,900
Engine Minor 1
0204
01 01
02 01
0205
050
2016 $12,300 - $18,600
Engine Minor 5
0504
0 *2
0105
0504
050
2016 $13,500 - $18,300
Engine Cooling 2
0303
05 03
05 03
0404
050 2017 $13,700 - $20,900
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 *5
0205
0505
050 2017 $14,800 - $20,000
Trans. Major 3
0104
05 05
05 05
0405
050 2018 $15,800 - $23,400 Trans. Major 1
0101
0 *5
0101
0405
050 2018 $16,200 - $22,400
2019 2019
Trans. Minor 3
0404
04 04
03 05
0205
050 $17,600 - $26,800
2020 $20,700 - $29,300
Trans. Minor 1
0101
0 *5
0101
0205
050 $17,800 - $26,200
2020 $18,600 - $27,900
Drive System 4
0304
03 03
04 01
0305
050 Drive System 5
0101
0 *1
0101
0405
050
Fuel System 3
0403
02 04
05 05
0305
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 1
0505
0 *1
0505
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 1
0203
02 01
03 01
0205
040 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
0 *1
0204
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
0405
03 04
04 03
0505
0405
0 *1
0103
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 1
0102
03 05
04 02
0505
050 2011 Good Marg. 4/5 Suspension 4
0403
0 *5
0505
0504
050 2011 Good Poor NT
2012 Good Marg. 4/5 2012 Good Poor 4/5
Brakes 2
0204
04 04
02 04
0504
050
2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Brakes 1
0302
0 *1
0204
0504
050
2013 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
0 *5
0504
0505
050 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Paint/Trim 2
0403
03 03
01 04
0205
0501
0 *2
0502
0405
040 2015 Good Poor 4/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0304
03 05
03 03
0505
0403
0 *1
0505
0304
050 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 2
0402
03 04
01 05
0305
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 3
0501
0 *5
0302
0505
040
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0303
02 04
04 02
0405
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 4
0502
0 *1
0103
0405
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0102
0403
0405
0405
0102
0 *5
0305
0504
050 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Hyundai Veloster Infiniti EX, QX50

The sporty Veloster hatchback has three doors, with the right- The EX is essentially a raised wagon version of the Infiniti G sedan,
side rear door improving access to the tight rear seat. The 1.6-liter with which it shares a very nice powertrain. Like the G, the EX handled
four-cylinder engine delivers adequate power. A dual-clutch, six-speed with agility, but it's quieter and has a slightly more comfortable ride.
automated manual and a six-speed manual transmission are avail- The rear seat is very snug, the cargo area is small, and rear visibility is
able. Handling is responsive and secure. While the ride is quite stiff, limited. In 2014 the names was changed to QX50, and in 2019 the SUV
it isn't punishing. Despite the split rear window, visibility to the rear was redesigned. Its 2.0-liter turbo engine and continuously variable
is decent. A much quicker turbo version became available in 2013, transmission are supposed to deliver V6 power and four-cylinder fuel
with a strong 201-hp four-cylinder and a seven-speed automatic. The economy. But while acceleration is competitive, we got just 22 mpg
2019 redesign kept the same tree-door formula. The base 2.0-liter overall in our all-wheel-drive test car. Interior fit and finish is impres-
engine isn't exciting but the 1.6-liter turbo and slick manual shifter sive and the cabin is quiet and roomy. Handling is lackluster and the
returned 29 mpg overall in our tests. Handling is nimble, but the ride is ride is mostly calm, but some impacts are stiffer than expected. The
very stiff and the cabin is loud, however. The controls are easy to use, convoluted controls are very confusing and distracting. Standard
including the touch-screen infotainment system. Advanced safety safety features include forward collision warning, blind spot warning,
systems are standard except on the high-performance N trim line. and lane keeping assist.
2012, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2008, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional. AEB optional; FCW, AEB
standard from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,300 - $10,400
Overall 2012 $7,000 - $7,000 Overall 2012 $10,500 - $11,900
0 2
0 2013 $11,700 - $13,100
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * 2014 $9,400 - $10,800 Engine, Major
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * 2014 -
2015 $11,200 - $12,500 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * 2016 $13,300 - $15,000
Engine Minor
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * 2017 $14,100 - $17,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * * *5
0 *4
0 * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * 2019 $15,800 - $23,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * *5
0 *4
0 * 2019 -
2020 $18,100 - $26,600 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * *1
0 *5
0 *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* * * * * *5
0 *2
Electrical
* * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * 2011 - - Suspension
* * * * * *4
0 *4
0 * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * *4
0 *5
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * 2015 Good Marg. 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * *5
0 *5
0 * 2015 Good NT NT
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * *5
0 *1
0 * 2016 Good NT NT
2017 Good Marg. 4/5 2017 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * *5
0 *1
0 * 2018 Good NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * *5
0 *1
0 * 2019 Good NT 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * *3
0 *1
0 * 2020 Good NT 5/5

I
Infiniti FX, QX70 Infiniti G, Q40 !

The FX is a midsized SUV that drives more like a sports sedan. FX35 The G has a well-controlled ride, a quiet cabin, and a strong 3.5-liter
(later FX37) has a strong, smooth V6, coupled with an excellent five- V6 with an exceptionally smooth automatic. Routine handling was
speed automatic, provides instant throttle response and impressive agile, but emergency handling could be tricky. The all-wheel-drive
performance. The FX45 (later FX50) features a gutsy V8. The trade-off G35X is a very nice but fuel-thirsty car. A 2007 update significantly
is a stiff ride that transmits every bump. The cabin feels snug, partly improved the interior and controls. A larger 3.7-liter V6 was added to
because of the high door sills and low roof. Rear visibility is poor, and the coupe for 2008, and the sedan a year later, when a seven-speed
the wide turning circle makes parking cumbersome. A 2009 redesign transmission was also made standard. We didn't think much of the
brought more powerful engines, a seven-speed automatic, and more convertible version that arrived in 2009. A less-costly G25, with a
high-tech safety gadgets. Responsive handling and an eager power- 2.5-liter V6 introduced in 2011, sacrifices a little acceleration but
train remained high points, but the snug cabin and impeded outward gets much better fuel economy. Our pick would be a 2007 or later
visibility carried over as well. Infiniti changed the FX name to QX70 model with all-wheel drive for buyers having to contend with snow.
from 2014 onward, and 2017 was the final year for the FX line. These enjoyable sedans lasted until the 2015 model year, when it was
replaced by the Q50.
2009, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2007, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,800 - $15,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,700 - $9,300
Overall 2012 $13,400 - $17,400 Overall 2012 $9,300 - $10,100
0405
0 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $15,800 - $21,100 Engine, Major 3
0305
0 * * 2014 $13,400 - $14,200
2015 $18,200 - $19,400 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $21,400 - $22,700
Engine Minor 5
0204
0 * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $26,600 - $27,900
Engine Cooling 5
0405
0 * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 5
0505
0 * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 2
0501
0 * * 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * * Drive System 5
0505
0 * *
Fuel System
Fuel System 5
0505
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0305
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 3
0305
0 * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 4
0502
0 * * 2011 Good Accpt. NT
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good Accpt. NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0404
0 * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0101
0 * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim 1
0405
0 * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2017
Good NT NT Noises & Leaks 1
0101
0 * * 2017
- -
-
Good NT NT - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 1
0305
0 * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 3
0304
0 * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 5
0505
0 * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Infiniti JX, QX60 Infiniti M, Q70

An SUV large enough for three rows of seating without the bulk of a The Infiniti M is a very capable rear- and all-wheel-drive sedan with
full-size model, the JX offers a spacious, quiet, luxurious, and well-fin- a comfortable interior and a choice of V6 or V8 power, positioned
ished interior with room for seven. It has a comfortable ride but han- to take on the BMW 5 Series and Mercedes-Benz E-Class at a lower
dling lacks agility. Power comes from a 265-hp, 3.5-liter V6 paired with price. Ride and handling were good, and the M was capable whether
a continuously variable transmission. This powertrain delivers smooth cruising on the highway or hustling along twisty country roads. The
and adequate acceleration and returned 19 mpg overall on premium interior is plush and well constructed. Quick, quiet, and roomy, the
fuel, but towing capacity is a low 3,500 pounds. Infiniti changed the 2011 redesign also scored well. A not-so-impressive hybrid version
JX name to QX60 from 2014 onward. A family-friendly feature allows was also introduced. Infiniti changed the M name to Q70 from 2014
access to the third row even with a child seat installed in the second onward. It's a roomy, fairly agile, and powerful car, although it is
row. But the second-row seat cushion is very low, compromising thigh short on the ultimate refinement. The big sedan received a styling
support and forcing passengers to sit with their knees high in the air. face lift for 2015, which also marked the introduction of the roomier,
It was freshened for the 2017 model year, with the V6 gaining 30 more long-wheelbase Q70L. Infiniti discontinued the Q70 after the 2019
hp and towing capacity raised to 5,000 pounds. model year.
2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2003, 2006, 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional; standard AEB optional.
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,500 - $11,400
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $10,900 - $13,600
Reliability 3
010 3
0 2013 >$13,400 - $14,200 Reliability 5
050 5
0 2013 $12,400 - $16,200
Engine, Major 5
010 * * * *5
0 * 2014 $13,800 - $15,600 Engine, Major 4
050 * *50 * * * * 2014 $14,600 - $19,400
2015 $17,600 - $19,200 2015 $18,300 - $24,100
Engine Minor 5
040 * * * *5
0 * 2016 $21,100 - $23,800
Engine Minor 3
050 * *50 * * * * 2016 $21,800 - $28,500
Engine Cooling 5
010 * * * *5
0 * 2017 $24,900 - $26,000
Engine Cooling 2
050 * *50 * * * * 2017 $24,700 - $33,000
Trans. Major 3
010 * * * *5
0 * 2018 $27,500 - $28,600 Trans. Major 5
050 * *50 * * * * 2018 $25,900 - $35,800
Trans. Minor 2
010 * * * *2
0 * 2019 $28,400 - $33,200 Trans. Minor 5
050 * *50 * * * * 2019 $30,400 - $40,900
2020 $31,200 - $37,900 2020 -
Drive System 5
010 * * * *3
0 * Drive System 5
050 * * * * * * *
Fuel System 3
050 * * * *5
Fuel System 3
050 * *50 * * * * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
050 * * * *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
050 * *50 * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
030 * * * *5
040 * *50 * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 4
030 * * * *5
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 3
040 * *50 * * * * 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 3
030 * * * *3
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 2
040 * *20 * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
020 * * * *2
0 * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
050 * *10 * * * * 2014 Good Good 4/5
Paint/Trim 1
050 * * * *5
0 * 2015 Good Good 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
010 * *50 * * * * 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 5
010 * * * *5
0 * 2016 Good Good 4/5 Noises & Leaks 4
020 * *40 * * * * 2016 Good Good 4/5
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 Good Good 4/NT
Body Hardware 2
050 * * * *2
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
010 * *50 * * * * 2018 Good Good 4/NT
Power Equip. 1
040 * * * *2
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
040 * *50 * * * * 2019 Good Good 4/NT
In-Car Electr. 1
050 * * * *3
050 * *50 * * * * 2020 - - -

I-J
Infiniti Q50 ! Infiniti QX56, QX80

While the Q50 sedan is quick, an underwhelming driving experience Infiniti's version of the big Nissan Armada SUV moved to a new plat-
limits its sporty credentials. On the luxury front, fit and finish, ride form with its 2011 redesign. We liked the supple ride but found the
comfort, and noise isolation aren't impressive. Handling is lackluster, SUV to be ungainly, with cumbersome handling in everyday driving,
mostly due to the dull steering. Ride comfort is unsettled and suffers though it was secure in emergency maneuvers. The seven-speed
from the run-flat tires. The punchy powertrain isn't a model of refine- automatic and 400-hp, 5.6-liter V8 provide smooth and strong per-
ment and fuel economy is not impressive. For the class, the cabin is formance, but it chugs premium fuel and returned just 15 mpg overall.
quite roomy and the rear seat is hospitable, but the front seat has a The tall step-up to the cabin makes climbing in or out an ungracious
short cushion. Even more frustrating is the agonizingly slow-respond- affair. Cargo volume is plentiful, and the small, power-folding third-row
ing touchscreen interface for the infotainment system. The Q50's seat comes in handy to carry two kids. The Nissan Armada is essen-
trunk is narrow and shallow, which limits the amount of luggage that tially the same vehicle but costs less. Forward collision warning and
can be carried. Changes for 2019 included standard forward collision automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detection are stan-
warning and automatic emergency braking. dard, and 2020 added standard blind spot warning and a rear-seat
reminder system so parents don't leave children behind when exiting
the vehicle.
2014 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 4
040 5
0504
0 2013 - Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * *5
050 *5
0505
0 * 2014 $14,100 - $16,800 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $23,000 - $24,500
2015 $16,100 - $19,200 2015 $28,000 - $29,600
Engine Minor
* * *5
030 *5
0505
0 * 2016 $18,300 - $27,300
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $32,400 - $36,700
Engine Cooling
* * *5
050 *5
0505
0 * 2017 $21,300 - $31,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $36,600 - $42,700
Trans. Major
* * *5
050 *5
0505
0 * 2018 $23,300 - $35,400 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $40,700 - $43,100
Trans. Minor
* * *5
050 *5
0505
0 * 2019 $25,100 - $39,300 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $44,700 - $61,700
2020 $29,000 - $43,600 2020 $50,000 - $67,100
Drive System
* * *3
020 *5
0505
0 * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
* * *5
050 *2
0405
Fuel System
Electrical
* * *5
050 *5
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *1
020 *1
0505
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
- -
Suspension
* * *2
050 *5
0501
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes
* * *1
010 *1
0505
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * *5
050 *5
0505
0 * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * *1
050 *5
0401
0 * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 NT/5 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * *5
050 *5
0105
0 * 2017
Good NT Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT
Good NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * *2
050 *5
0503
0 * 2018 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT/5
Power Equip.
* * *5
040 *5
0505
0 * 2019 Good NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT 3/5
In-Car Electr.
* * *4
030 *2
0201
0 * 2020 Good NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT 3/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Jaguar F-Pace Jaguar F-Type

Jaguar's compact SUV shares its rear-wheel-drive platform with the Jaguar's F-Type resurrected the brand's sports-car heritage. Three
XE and XF. The F-Pace is quick, thanks to its 380-hp supercharged supercharged engines are offered: two V6s ranging from 340 to 380
3.0-liter V6, but the omnipresent engine drone quickly becomes tiring. horsepower and a 495-hp V8. The eight-speed automatic works well
A 2.0-liter turbo is now the base engine. A smooth eight-speed auto- but the shifter is fussy. For the convertible, Jaguar chose a soft-top
matic and all-wheel drive are standard. The taut and nimble F-Pace is design in the interest of folding speed, lighter weight, and trunk
one of the best-handling SUVs, contributing to the lively driving experi- space. The F-Type is agile in the corners and steers with precision,
ence. However, the ride is stiff and choppy. The seats are comfortable, making it a delight to drive. The ride is very firm, but not overly punish-
but interior quality doesn't match that of most competitors. The info- ing given the breed. But don't expect tranquility in the mold of the old
tainment system is behind the times, utilizing a slow and fussy touch XK, which was a more luxury-oriented car. The coupe bodystyle can
screen. The A/C system isn't always up to the task. Updates for 2019 be had in an R version, which features a 550-hp V8. A turbocharged
included standard lane keeping assistance, and automatic emergen- four-cylinder engine was added in 2018.
cy braking. All 2020 models came equipped with Android Auto and
Apple CarPlay compatibility.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2014, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 2013 - Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 - Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $27,800 - $35,000
2015 - 2015 $29,900 - $40,000
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $32,800 - $49,800
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $26,100 - $40,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $34,100 - $75,600
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $27,700 - $41,600 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $38,500 - $83,700
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 $31,900 - $66,000 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $46,300 - $95,700
2020 $37,900 - $73,500 2020 $54,900 - $108,000
Drive System
* * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
- -
Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 - 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * 2017
- - Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

J
Jaguar XE Jaguar XF
The XE is an athletic compact luxury sports sedan. Base models get Jaguar's mid-level XF arrived for 2009 to replace the S-Type. It
a 2.0-liter four-cylinder turbo. A more potent 340-hp, 3.0-liter super- brought first-rate handling and a comfortable, compliant ride. The
charged V6 is the uplevel offering, and a diesel engine is also available. cabin is relatively snug, but beautifully finished, with a near-bespoke
All engine are coupled to a smooth eight-speed automatic. Rear- and quality. However, the low-slung styling takes a toll on cabin access,
all-wheel-drive versions are available. We found that the XE is agile visibility, and headroom, and the controls are needlessly complicated,
and fun to drive, with a comfortable ride. But the interior ambience particularly the fussy, slow-reacting touchscreen. The 2016 redesign
is not as opulent as one might expect from a Jaguar. The rear seat is brought exceptionally comfortable ride that's supple and controlled.
extremely tight and the infotainment system is not up to snuff. The Handling, steering and braking are also first class, making the XF a
refreshed 2020 model brought standard forward collision warning and delight to drive. Unfortunately, the interior is more run-of-the-mill
automatic emergency braking, and a new gear selector and infotain- than luxurious, and we found the air conditioning to be weak. Updates
ment system. for 2018 included a new 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine,
and an all-wheel-drive wagon version called Sportbrake. New features
for 2019 included Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2009, 2013, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,900 - $12,600
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $9,200 - $16,800
Reliability 2013 - Reliability 2013 $9,500 - $30,600
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 - Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $12,500 - $34,400
2015 - 2015 $15,500 - $40,900
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $17,900 - $28,200
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $19,400 - $31,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $19,600 - $33,300
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $21,900 - $38,300 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $23,800 - $44,200
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 $24,300 - $44,400 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $31,500 - $52,500
2020 $30,300 - $35,300 2020 $35,700 - $52,700
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 - - 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 - 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * 2017
- - Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

1
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Jaguar XJ Jaguar XK
For a large luxury car the XJ has always had a rather tight cabin, albeit The stylish XK coupe and convertible deftly blend traditional wood-
one replete with plush leather and wood trim. The front seats are and-leather luxury with satisfying athleticism. For 2007, the XK was
nicely shaped, but cramped. Long-wheelbase models comfortably redesigned with an all-aluminum body. The aluminum structure in the
hold three in the rear seat. Handling was fairly nimble, and the ride convertible is free of typical convertible body-flex problems. Handling
comfortable. The 2011 redesign transformed the car, giving it graceful is quite nimble considering the comfortable ride, and the V8 engines
and nimble handling, and a comfortable, supple ride. It is truly a fun- are smooth and muscular. The supple, controlled ride is graceful,
to-drive sports sedan, and offered a range of powerful V8s. We liked befitting the brand. The cabin is furnished with plenty of wood and
the power and the plush appointments inside the quiet interior, but we aromatic leather. Two kids can fit in the small rear seats. Although
were unimpressed with the complex, slow-acting touch-screen con- most competitors used a folding hardtop, the Jaguar sticks to a cloth
trol interface. Head room is a little skimpy and the trunk is small for one, which provides good noise insulation and lets the car retain a
such a large sedan. A new XJR performance version, along with safety decent trunk. Rear visibility is a challenge, however. The touch screen
features such as automatic emergency braking and lane keeping infotainment system is very slow. 2015 was the last year for the XK.
assistance, were added to the 2018 model. The big cat made its final
appearance for 2019.
1987, 1995, 2004, 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 1997, 2007 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear
standard. FCW, AEB op- standard.
tional; BSW standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,500 - $15,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $13,400 - $19,900
Overall 2012 $13,000 - $20,700 Overall 2012 $16,000 - $37,700
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $16,700 - $31,700 Engine, Major
* * * * * 2014 $18,900 - $93,100
2015 $21,800 - $39,100 2015 $26,700 - $56,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 $25,800 - $52,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $33,000 - $60,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $42,500 - $82,500 Trans. Major
* * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $54,200 - $97,000 Trans. Minor
* * * * * 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
* * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * 2017
* * * * * 2017
- -
-
NT NT NT - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * 2020 - - -

J
Jeep Cherokee Jeep Compass

The Cherokee is too underdeveloped and unrefined. If you have your We would skip the Compass entirely. Originally, it was a small, cramped
heart set on one, get the 3.2-liter V6 in Limited trim. The 2.4-liter SUV. The larger of its two engine choices, a 2.4-liter, four-cylinder, is
four-cylinder is slow and gets lousy fuel economy for the class at just sluggish and noisy. A 2.0-liter engine was also available. Front-wheel
22 mpg overall. The newer turbo version that arrived in 2019 suffers drive is standard and all-wheel drive is optional. The ride is accept-
from a significant delay, particularly from a rolling start, which is able, but handling lacks agility. Interior quality suffers from cheap
frustrating. The nine-speed automatic is not all that responsive or plastics and sharp, unfinished edges and wide rear roof pillars impede
refined. Handling is competent, but short on agility and the ride is the view aft. The redesigned 2017 Compass is significantly better, but
jittery. Still, it's a quiet SUV, with a roomy, comfortable back seat and still trails its peers. Power comes from an unrefined 2.4-liter four-cyl-
an easy-to-use infotainment system. Limited trims can be found with inder engine. Most versions have the nine-speed automatic, which is
many high-end features. The Trailhawk is capable off-road, and the V6 neither smooth nor responsive. Handling isn't agile, although the Jeep
can tow an impressive 4,500 pounds. Available safety features include is secure when pushed. The ride is rather stiff and jittery. The rear
forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind seat is too low and flat. Available safety features include forward col-
spot warning. lision warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning.
014 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Front 2007, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Front
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,700 - $7,100
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $6,000 - $8,000
Reliability 1
0101
0203
0103
030 2013 $6,800 - $9,200
Engine, Major 1
0104
0204
0405
0 2014 $10,200 - $15,100 Engine, Major
* * * * * * *2
050 * 2014 $7,900 - $10,700
2015 $11,600 - $17,200 2015 $9,400 - $12,900
Engine Minor 1
0102
0202
0303
0
2016 $13,300 - $21,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2016 $11,300 - $12,900
Engine Cooling 2
0302
0505
0505
0 2017 $15,600 - $22,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2017 $13,000 - $20,200
Trans. Major 1
0104
0505
0305
0 2018 $17,100 - $24,500 Trans. Major
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2018 $15,800 - $20,600
Trans. Minor 1
0101
0405
0105
0 2019 $18,600 - $26,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2019 $17,600 - $21,400
2020 $20,500 - $29,400 2020 $19,500 - $23,700
Drive System 1
0102
0202
0205
0 Drive System
* * * * * * *1
020 *
Fuel System 1
0103
0204
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * * * * *1
Electrical 1
0402
0405
0405
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * *1
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
0402
0404
0505
* * * * * * *5
010 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 3
0204
0405
0503
0 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * * *2
020 * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 - - 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes 3
0401
0304
0503
0
2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * * *5
010 * 2013 NT NT 3/4
Exhaust 3
0505
0505
0505
0 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2014 NT NT 3/5
Paint/Trim 4
0504
0404
0505
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2015 NT NT 3/NT
Noises & Leaks 5
0302
0104
0303
* * * * * * *3
050 * 2016 NT NT 3/NT
2017 Good Marg. 4/5 2017 Good Good NT
Body Hardware 4
0504
0404
0305
0
2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 2
0501
0205
0103
Power Equip.
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0301
0305
0302
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
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0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Jeep Grand Cherokee Jeep Renegade

Up until the 2011 model year, the Grand Cherokee was a rather Built in Italy, the subcompact Renegade looks enticingly cute but is
unpleasant SUV. But the 2011 redesign was a transformation, bringing bogged down by a nine-speed automatic that's neither smooth nor
a fully independent suspension, modern cabin electronics, capable responsive. Fuel economy with the 2.4-liter was 24 mpg overall. A
handling, a steady ride, attractive fit and finish, and comfortable 1.3-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine is also available. Handling
seats. The refined 3.6-liter V6 returned 18 mpg overall. The 5.7-liter is uninspiring, and the ride is unremarkable. Vibrations while the
V8 is strong, but returned just 14 mpg overall, while the diesel got 24 engine is idling and an overly touchy brake pedal also mar the driving
mpg overall. The Uconnect infotainment system is one of the best in experience. Depending on options, the Renegade offers traditional
the industry. The 2014 freshening included better controls, improved Jeep features such as some off-road ability in the Trailhawk version
fit and finish, and a new eight-speed automatic transmission. We'd get and open-air driving via its optional removable sunroofs. Chrysler's
the 3.6-liter V6. If towing is an issue, get the 3.0-liter V6 turbodiesel, easy-to-use Uconnect infotainment system is on of the best in the
with its added fuel efficiency and torque. S. A minor freshening for business. Forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking,
2016 included a much more intuitive gear selector. Blind spot warning and blind spot warning are optional.
became standard in 2019, but forward collision warning and automat-
ic emergency braking are optional.
2011, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
dard. BSW, FCW, AEB standard. BSW, FCW,
optional; BSW standard AEB optional.
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,300 - $11,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $10,800 - $23,000 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 1
0101
0203
0303
0303
020 2013 $12,700 - $25,400 Reliability 1
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 4
0101
0201
0505
0404
050 2014 $14,100 - $29,800 Engine, Major
* * *5
0 * * 2014 -
2015 $16,900 - $35,100 2015 $11,300 - $15,700
Engine Minor 1
0101
01 05
02 05
0405
050
2016 $19,600 - $39,700
Engine Minor
* * *1
0 * * 2016 $12,600 - $17,200
Engine Cooling 1
0101
02 04
04 04
0505
050 2017 $23,300 - $45,100
Engine Cooling
* * *3
0 * * 2017 $14,100 - $18,700
Trans. Major 3
0301
05 01
03 03
0505
040 2018 $25,700 - $68,500 Trans. Major
* * *5
0 * * 2018 $15,900 - $20,400
Trans. Minor 4
0301
03 03
03 05
0505
030 2019 $27,800 - $75,200 Trans. Minor
* * *5
0 * * 2019 $17,200 - $22,600
2020 $30,600 - $79,100 2020 $18,700 - $24,500
Drive System 3
0201
03 01
02 03
0405
050 Drive System
* * *5
0 * *
Fuel System 1
0101
01 03
01 01
0405
040
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * *3
Electrical 2
0102
01 05
05 05
0405
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * *5
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0102
02 05
02 05
0305
* * *1
0 * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 1
0101
02 04
03 02
0305
* * *5
0 * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/5 2012 - -
Brakes 2
0205
05 04
03 04
0403
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * *5
0 * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 3
0301
01 04
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Marg. 5/5
Exhaust
* * *5
0 * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 1
0502
02 01
01 03
0505
* * *1
0 * * 2015 Good Accpt. NT
Noises & Leaks 2
0104
02 03
04 04
0401
* * *3
0 * * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5
2017 Good Marg. 5/5 2017 Good Accpt. 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0504
04 03
04 03
0405
050
2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * *1
0 * * 2018 Good Accpt. 4/5
Power Equip. 2
0101
02 02
05 04
0205
050 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip.
* * *1
0 * * 2019 Good NT 4/NT
In-Car Electr. 4
0103
0102
0303
0204
030 2020 Good Marg. 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* * *5
0 * * 2020 Good Good 4/4

J-K
Jeep Wrangler Kia Cadenza

The Wrangler is an off-road champ, but on road it's noisy and delivers The Cadenza is a competent and credible large sedan with a luxurious
a choppy ride. For 2007 a redesigned and more civilized Wrangler and quiet interior, a roomy backseat, sound and secure handling, and a
arrived. Ride and handling improved some, but low cornering limits and comfortable ride. The 3.3-liter V6 engine and standard six-speed auto-
vague steering remained. Its 3.8-liter V6 lacked punch and returned matic combine to make a slick powertrain that delivers a decent 22
just 15 mpg overall. A much better 3.6-liter V6 and a five-speed mpg overall. Controls are refreshingly easy to use. The 2017 redesign
automatic arrived for 2012, and returned 17 mpg overall. Off-road is based on the Kia Optima. It remains roomy and quiet, with easy-
capability remains impressive, particularly in Rubicon trim. But cabin to-use controls. The ride is pleasant enough, though not particularly
access is a challenge and the interior is crude. The redesigned 2018 plush. Handling is secure, but the Cadenza is better suited to long-dis-
model was a big improvement. The V6 engine provided strong accel- tance cruising. The 3.3-liter V6 is powerful, and the eight-speed
eration, and the eight-speed automatic transmission shifted smooth- automatic shifts smoothly. This combination returned 24 mpg overall
ly. Handling still lacked precision, and the ride was stiff and jiggly. in our tests. Forward forward warning, automatic emergency braking
Initially, just blind spot warning and rear cross-traffic warning were with pedestrian detection, and blind spot warning are available.
offered; forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking
weren't available until 2019.
2007, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD 2014, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
protection air bags stan- protection air bags stan-
dard. BSW optional from dard. BSW, FCW, AEB
2018; FCW, AEB optional optional; BSW standard
from 2019. from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $14,400 - $20,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $15,900 - $22,700 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 2
0101
0101
0202
0101
040 2013 $17,500 - $25,600 Reliability 5
0 3
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 1
0201
0101
0301
0505
050 2014 $18,100 - $27,900 Engine, Major 5
0 * *5
0 * * * 2014 $11,500 - $11,700
2015 $20,100 - $30,300 2015 $13,900 - $14,800
Engine Minor 4
0101
01 03
02 02
0204
050
2016 $22,800 - $33,100
Engine Minor 5
0 * *1
0 * * * 2016 $15,400 - $17,700
Engine Cooling 5
0101
02 04
01 01
0404
050 2017 $24,800 - $35,800
Engine Cooling 5
0 * *1
0 * * * 2017 $19,100 - $20,900
Trans. Major 3
0301
04 04
05 05
0105
050 2018 $25,800 - $44,400 Trans. Major 5
0 * *5
0 * * * 2018 $21,100 - $23,500
Trans. Minor 1
0301
02 05
05 04
0503
050 2019 $31,600 - $46,400 Trans. Minor 5
0 * *5
0 * * * 2019 $23,700 - $26,300
2020 $32,800 - $47,000 2020 -
Drive System 1
0101
04 01
02 03
0504
050 Drive System 5
0 * *5
0 * * *
Fuel System 1
0103
05 05
04 04
0503
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 5
0 * *3
Electrical 5
0103
02 04
01 03
0404
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0 * *5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0401
01 05
03 04
0104
0 * *5
-
Suspension 3
0105
03 05
01 03
0101
0 * *1
0 * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes 1
0101
04 02
01 05
0503
050
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 5
0 * *1
0 * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 2
0503
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0 * *5
0 * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim 5
0101
04 03
05 04
0305
050 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim 2
0 * *5
0 * * * 2015 Good NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks 1
0201
01 01
01 01
0101
050 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks 3
0 * *5
0 * * * Good NT NT
2017 Good Good 3/NT 2017 Good Good NT
Body Hardware 5
0201
04 01
02 04
0204
050
2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 5
0 * *5
Power Equip. 3
0204
01 03
01 05
0103
040 2019 Good Marg. 4/NT
Power Equip. 1
0 * *2
In-Car Electr. 5
0505
0502
0105
0102
010 2020 Good Marg. 4/NT In-Car Electr. 5
0 * *3

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Kia Forte Kia K900

The 2010 compact Forte is roomier and more refined than the Kia's flagship is offered with a smooth and punchy 420-hp V8 with an
Spectra it replaced. It also got good gas mileage of 28 mpg from the 8-speed automatic. The K900 is more comfortable wafting along in
156-hp 2.0-liter engine; a 2.4-liter four-cylinder was optional. Fuel a straight line than carving corners. The base infotainment system
economy improvements were made for 2015 models, and changes uses a 9.2-inch screen, and top trims get a 12-inch display. A central
for 2016 included an optional rearview camera, along with standard controller manages the menus and selections, but it takes some
keyless entry and heated mirrors. The 2019 redesign didn't do much getting used to. The cabin is very roomy. A V6 was introduced in
to improve the car. It suffers from an overly stiff ride and is very 2016. The redesigned, second-generation K900 is still positioned as
loud. The engine pulls adequately and its 34 mpg overall is excellent. a value-driven luxury car. Power comes from a 3.3-liter twin-turbo V6
Handling is responsive, thanks to the Forte's willingness to tackle cor- paired with an eight-speed automatic, and all-wheel drive is standard.
ners. The drab interior is Spartan but it's nice to have automatic cli- The well-appointed interior offers large screens, plus a 9.7-inch head-
mate control. The seats are rather uncomfortable in the midtrim LXS. up display. The comprehensive suite of safety systems has some
The infotainment system is simple and easy to use. Forward collision interesting features, such as a live video feed of adjacent lanes acti-
warning and automatic emergency braking are standard. vated by the turn signal, driver attention monitor, and an exit assist
that watches for potential hazards when opening a door.
2010, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2015, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional; FCW, AEB AEB optional, standard
standard from 2019. from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,100 - $6,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $5,600 - $6,900 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 2
0204
0103
010 2013 $6,100 - $7,600 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * *1
0403
0505
050 * 2014 $7,100 - $8,700 Engine, Major
* * * * * 2014 -
2015 $8,200 - $9,900 2015 $16,800 - $17,700
Engine Minor
* * *3
0401
0105
050 * 2016 $9,800 - $12,500
Engine Minor
* * * * * 2016 $20,500 - $23,500
Engine Cooling
* * *5
0503
0505
050 * 2017 $11,700 - $14,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * 2017 $23,000 - $27,500
Trans. Major
* * *5
0505
0105
010 * 2018 $12,000 - $16,100 Trans. Major
* * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * *5
0503
0105
050 * 2019 $12,800 - $15,400 Trans. Minor
* * * * * 2019 $40,100 - $40,100
2020 $14,700 - $18,400 2020 $45,400 - $45,400
Drive System
* * *1
0505
0105
020 * Drive System
* * * * *
Fuel System
* * *5
0105
0505
Fuel System
Electrical
* * *5
0101
0505
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *4
0505
0501
-
Suspension
* * *4
0105
0501
050 * 2011 Good NT 4/4 Suspension
* * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/4 2012 - -
Brakes
* * *1
0104
0405
050 * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes
* * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * *5
0105
0505
050 * 2014 Good Poor 3/5
Exhaust
* * * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * *5
0505
0105
050 * 2015 Good Marg. 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
* * *3
0504
0101
050 * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * *5
0105
0505
050 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * *2
0105
0101
050 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * *2
0404
0404
* * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

K
Kia Niro Kia Optima

Kia's five-passenger Niro marries good fuel economy with cargo versa- The midsized Optima shares a platform with the Hyundai Sonata. IT
tility. This front-wheel-drive hybrid uses a 1.6-liter four-cylinder engine got a major redesign for 2011 that made the Optima much better.
which, in conjunction with the electric drive unit, puts out a combined Handling is nimble handling but that comes at the expense of a rather
139 hp. This combo is mated to a six-speed dual-clutch transmission. stiff ride. The up-level turbo four-cylinder returned a respectable 24
Because the lithium-ion battery is located under the rear seat, that mpg in our tests. A 2.4-liter four-cylinder and an unrefined hybrid were
creates a flat cargo floor when the rear seats are folded. We got 43 also offered. The coupe-like styling detracts from rear visibility and
mpg overall, which is good but not as good as the Hyundai Ioniq or rear-seat access. The edesigned 2016 Optima drives nicely, with a
Toyota Prius. The handling lacks agility and the ride is a bit choppy. firm yet absorbent ride and responsive, secure handling. The 2.4-liter
Make sure to get one with the optional power driver seat, which pro- four-cylinder is pleasant, and got 28 mpg overall in our tests. New to
vides better support than the standard seats do. A suite of advanced the line is a 1.6-liter four-cylinder. The EX trim features comfortable
safety features is available, including forward collision warning, auto- leather seats, automatic climate control, and a roomy rear seat. Low-
matic emergency braking, and blind spot warning. positioned dash vents are our only gripe. A hybrid is also available.
Advanced safety systems became standard in 2019.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2011, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
AEB optional. AEB optional; standard
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,900 - $8,400
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $6,300 - $9,500
Reliability 4
0304
0303
0403
0504
030 2013 $7,900 - $12,000
Engine, Major 5
0205
*1
0101
0203
0504
050 * 2014 $9,000 - $14,100
2015 - 2015 $10,800 - $16,300
Engine Minor 5
0205
0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor
*1
0503
0303
0404
050 * 2016 $12,600 - $20,000
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 * 2017 $15,000 - $18,700
Engine Cooling
*1
0503
0505
0505
050 * 2017 $14,100 - $21,600
Trans. Major 1
0504
0 * 2018 $16,300 - $21,000 Trans. Major
*2
0405
0505
0505
020 * 2018 $15,500 - $20,400
Trans. Minor 3
0505
0 * 2019 $17,500 - $27,700 Trans. Minor
*1
0505
0503
0405
040 * 2019 $17,300 - $23,900
2020 $19,500 - $29,600 2020 $19,000 - $26,900
Drive System 3
0402
0 * Drive System
*1
0105
0305
0505
040 *
Fuel System 5
0205
Fuel System
*5
0405
0503
0504
Electrical 5
0405
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
0301
0103
0505
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0404
*3
0404
0505
0505
010 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0105
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
*2
0203
0503
0203
030 * 2011 Good Accpt. 5/5
2012 - - 2012 Good Accpt. 5/5
Brakes 5
0505
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes
*2
0404
0301
0505
050 * 2013 Good Accpt. 5/5
Exhaust 5
0405
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
*5
0505
0505
0505
050 * 2014 Good Accpt. 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0404
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
*3
0501
0302
0202
040 * 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks 4
0505
0 * - - Noises & Leaks
*3
0405
0501
0303
050 * Good Good
Body Hardware 5
0504
Body Hardware
*4
0405
0503
0304
050 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 5
0405
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*2
0504
0402
0504
040 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0204
*1
0404
0303
0304
050 * 2020 Good Good 5/5

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Kia Rio Kia Sedona

This cousin to the Hyundai Accent used to epitomize the stiff-riding, The Sedona came with a powerful 3.8-liter V6, and its sliding-door
noisy subcompact sedan. The 2012 redesign was a leap forward, mak- side windows retract, an unusual feature for a minivan at that time.
ing the Rio feel solid compared with some other subcompacts, bring- Handling and fuel economy remained so-so. A significantly updated
ing more power and space, better handling, and a six-speed automatic Sedona arrived in 2015, with a refined V6, room for seven or eight
that improved gas mileage. The 2018 redesign brought increased passengers, and an inviting, upscale interior. Its handling is rather
front and rear passenger space. It's a loud car, with a stiff ride and lei- ungainly, though ultimately secure. The very comfortable second-row
surely acceleration from its 1.6-liter engine. We got 33 mpg overall in seats neither fold flat nor are removable, cutting into cargo capacity.
our tests, but many larger cars also achieve that mileage. Passengers What's more, our Sedona suffered from a cacophony of squeaks and
feel every bump, and the car moves in choppy motions over uneven rattles. The EX is the best overall value. Available safety features
roads, but handling is safe and competent. The interior is basic, the include forward collision warning, blind spot warning, and cross traffic
front seats are short on support, and the rear seat is tight, but the warning systems.
easy-to-use controls are a high point. Changes for 2020 include a new
1.6-liter four-cylinder engine matched with a CVT. Forward collision
warning and automatic emergency braking are optional.
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,600 - $5,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,500 - $6,100
Overall 2012 $5,500 - $6,600 Overall 2012 $6,200 - $7,100
0305
0 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $6,600 - $7,800 Engine, Major
* * *2
0105
0 * * * 2014 $7,000 - $9,500
2015 $7,400 - $8,800 2015 $8,900 - $15,700
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $8,700 - $10,000
Engine Minor
* * *5
0505
0 * * * 2016 $12,700 - $19,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $10,200 - $11,700
Engine Cooling
* * *5
0505
0 * * * 2017 $16,100 - $23,500
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $11,400 - $13,100 Trans. Major
* * *5
0305
0 * * * 2018 $17,900 - $26,300
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $13,900 - $14,700 Trans. Minor
* * *5
0505
0 * * * 2019 $20,000 - $29,500
2020 $15,800 - $16,600 2020 $22,700 - $30,200
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * *5
0505
0 * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* * *3
0305
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * *5
0305
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *5
0405
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Accpt. NT NT Suspension
* * *3
0501
0 * * * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * *2
0403
0 * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust
* * *5
0505
0 * * * 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Marg. 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * *1
0501
0 * * * 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 Good Marg. 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * *4
0105
0 * * * 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Body Hardware
* * *1
0505
0 * * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* * *1
0103
0 * * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr.
* * *4
0505
0 * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5

K-L
Kia Sorento Kia Soul

With its 2011 redesign the Sorento gained responsive handling, com- The tall Soul has very easy access, abundant headroom, and a surpris-
fortable seats, and lots of features for the money. Both the four-and ingly spacious rear seat. The 2.0-liter engine brings average accel-
six-cylinder engine returned 20-mpg overall in our tests. The optional eration and 25 mpg overall. Expect a noisy interior and a stiff ride.
third-row seat extends seating to seven. The ride is a little stiff but Handling is fairly nimble and secure. Controls are simple but interior
overall the Sorento is a very functional SUV. Redesigned for 2016, fit and finish is basic. Big windows allow very good front and side visi-
the Sorento grew larger, but still splits the difference between small bility, but rear visibility is hurt by thick roof pillars create. A six-speed
and midsized SUVs. A 2.4-liter four-cylinder, 2.0-liter turbo four, and automatic debuted for 2012, and boosted gas mileage to 26 mpg. For
smooth and quiet 3.3-liter V6 were available, paired with a six-speed 2014 an updated Soul arrived. It was much quieter and more refined,
automatic. The cabin is quiet, and the ride is comfortable and com- but the ride remained stiff. The redesigned 2020 Soul is based on a
posed. Handling is responsive and secure. Supportive seats and sim- more substantial platform and gets a CVT that contributes to better
ple controls help make the Sorento easy to live with. Available safety fuel economy. Handling is quite nimble, but the ride remains stiff and
gear includes forward collision warning, automatic emergency brak- engine noise is pronounced. Easy access, good visibility, and straight-
ing, and blind spot warning as well as a surround-view monitor. forward controls continue to be strengths. Advanced safety systems
are available on most trims.
2011, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2010, 2014, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,500 - $8,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,300 - $7,100
Overall 2012 $7,300 - $10,000 Overall 2012 $6,300 - $7,200
Reliability 3
0101
0203
0304
0403
010 2013 $8,500 - $11,800 Reliability 3
0305
0304
0505
0505
010 2013 $7,200 - $8,800
Engine, Major 3
0101
0102
0305
0305
050 2014 $10,700 - $16,100 Engine, Major 4
0204
0402
0503
0505
050 2014 $8,000 - $11,000
2015 $12,000 - $19,000 2015 $8,500 - $12,800
Engine Minor 3
0101
04 03
02 04
0504
030 Engine Minor 4
0404
01 05
02 05
0504
050
2016 $14,500 - $25,300 2016 $9,000 - $15,300
Engine Cooling 5
0505
04 04
03 05
0505
050 2017 $15,900 - $26,800
Engine Cooling 5
0405
04 05
04 05
0505
050 2017 $10,500 - $17,300
Trans. Major 3
0405
04 04
04 05
0504
050 2018 $17,300 - $30,600 Trans. Major 1
0405
04 05
05 05
0504
020 2018 $12,100 - $18,300
Trans. Minor 2
0402
05 04
04 05
0505
050 2019 $18,800 - $33,500 Trans. Minor 4
0205
04 05
05 05
0405
050 2019 $14,800 - $19,600
2020 $20,300 - $32,800 2020 $16,900 - $23,400
Drive System 5
0301
04 02
04 05
0404
010 Drive System 4
0405
03 05
05 05
0505
050
Fuel System 4
0101
05 05
04 05
0505
050 Fuel System 3
0205
02 05
02 04
0404
050
Electrical 4
0301
05 04
01 05
0505
050 Model
Electrical 5
0104
01 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
Climate Syst. 4
0104
01 04
03 04
0504
0504
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 1
0101
04 02
04 02
0405
0303
04 03
05 05
0505
030 2011 Good Poor 4/5
Brakes 4
0302
01 02
02 02
0505
050
0204
02 03
05 03
0505
030
2012 Good Poor 4/5
2013 Good NT 4/5 2013 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 5
0504
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Exhaust 5
0504
02 05
02 05
0505
050
2014 Good Poor 5/5 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0303
03 03
04 04
0404
0203
03 05
05 05
0405
040 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0101
03 05
03 04
0404
0505
04 05
03 04
0305
050 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 4
0101 0104
05
2017 Good Good 5/5
0105 05
050 2
0205
04 05
05 05
0405
030
Power Equip. 3
0201
01 02
01 02
0302
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0104
01 02
05 05
0405
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0101
0101
0204
0504
0202
0405
0504
0505
040 2020 Good Good 4/5

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Kia Sportage Land Rover LR2, Discovery Sport

The Sportage's 2011 redesign brought nimble handling and a more The compact LR2 provided decent off-road ability, even with its
efficient powertrain that got 22 mpg overall in our tests. The stronger unibody construction. It uses a 3.2-liter, in-line six-cylinder and six-
turbo four-cylinder got 21 mpg overall. A stiff ride, pronounced road speed automatic transmission. The ride is firm but steady and the
noise, and leisurely acceleration from the base engine detract from car benefits from good steering, bit in our tests it disconcertingly
the driving experience. While the styling is appealing, it compromises lifted two wheels off the ground at its handling limits, reducing driver
cargo space and hurts the rear view out. Cabin appointments are confidence. In 2015 the Discovery Sport arrived. It's roomy and has
basic, but fit together well. A redesign arrived for 2017 with a pleas- seating for five, though some may have the tiny, optional third-row.
ant four-cylinder engine and smooth six-speed automatic. The ride Power delivery from the turbo four-cylinder is either too little or too
was a touch firm, and handling was responsive. We found the rear much, and the transmission is neither smooth nor responsive. The SUV
seat roomy and the controls easy to use. The freshened 2020 model proved capable off-road, commendably ascending our rock hill even
brought standard forward collision warning and automatic emergency without low-range gearing. But the on-road ride is stiff, and handling
braking with pedestrian detection, but blind spot warning remained is far from nimble. A freshening spiffed up the previously austere
optional. cabin. The infotainment system looks glossy and high-tech, but it's
unintuitive and slow to respond.
2011, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2008, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD
optional; standard from AEB optional; standard
2020. BSW optional. from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,900 - $10,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,600 - $9,400
Overall 2012 $7,800 - $10,600 Overall 2012 $10,300 - $11,400
Reliability 4
0 3
0405
0205
0 2013 $8,800 - $12,700 Reliability 2013 $12,200 - $14,100
Engine, Major 4
0 * * * *5
0405
0305
0 2014 $9,700 - $14,100 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $15,000 - $17,300
2015 $11,100 - $15,800 2015 $17,700 - $20,400
Engine Minor 1
0 * * * *5
0405
0505
0
2016 $12,400 - $17,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $20,700 - $24,000
Engine Cooling 5
0 * * * *5
0505
0505
0 2017 $14,400 - $20,200
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $24,600 - $29,900
Trans. Major 5
0 * * * *5
0405
0505
0 2018 $15,200 - $21,800 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $25,000 - $36,400
Trans. Minor 5
0 * * * *5
0305
0505
0 2019 $17,400 - $24,600 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $29,800 - $42,900
2020 $19,000 - $26,600 2020 $35,600 - $50,900
Drive System 4
0 * * * *5
0405
0305
0 Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System 1
0 * * * *5
0505
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 5
0 * * * *5
0505
0305
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0 * * * *1
0305
0305
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension 5
0 * * * *1
0503
0305
0 2011 Good Poor NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes 3
0 * * * *5
0505
0505
0
2013 Good Poor 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0 * * * *5
0505
0505
0 2014 Good Poor 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 5
0 * * * *2
0504
0105
0 2015 Good Poor 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks 2
0 * * * *5
0405
0104
0 2016 Good Poor 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 5
0 * * * *2
0405
0205
0
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 3
0 * * * *5
0305
0505
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr. 1
0 * * * *3
0404
0505
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

L
Land Rover LR4, Discovery Land Rover Range Rover

The Land Rover LR4 arrived for 2010 with a large, powerful V8 engine The luxurious Range Rover pioneered the luxury-SUV concept, always
that returned better fuel economy than one fitted to its LR3 prede- featuring luxury-car amenities but complicated, inscrutable controls.
cessor. The roomy passenger compartment is quiet, comfortable, A 5.0-liter V8 was standard with a supercharged version optional.
and luxurious, and the controls were improved. Cargo capacity is Off-road capabilities are first-rate. An impressive redesign in 2013
admirable. Ride quality is supple and handling is secure. As expect- brought an eight-speed automatic along with powerful supercharged
ed, off-road capabilities are prodigious. In 2014 the V8 engine was V6 and V8 engines. We averaged 17 mpg with the base V6. While
replaced with a 3.0-liter supercharged V6. The Discovery arrived for not exactly stellar, this is better than most of the class. Handling is
2017, blending on-road civility with off-road and towing prowess. In responsive and secure, but not sporty. However, ride quality is unsur-
our tests the powerful V6 and eight-speed automatic returned 17 mpg passed, as the suspension system swallows up nearly every bump.
overall. A turbodiesel V6 was also available. The second row is roomy, Terrain-coping mechanisms and adjustable ride height give it stand-
but too low for optimal comfort, and it's hard to get into the tight out off-road abilities, and the ride height can be lowered for easier
third-row seat. The big SUV lumbers in corners, even with the optional cabin access. Interior furnishings and seats are first-rate, but the
air suspension. Controls can be confusing, but the front seats are very dual touch-screen infotainment system responds slowly to inputs.
comfortable and the quiet cabin is nicely furnished.
2010, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD 1993, 1995, 2003, 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD
optional; standard from optional; standard from
2019. BSW optional. 2019. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,700 - $11,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,400 - $13,700
Overall 2012 $13,100 - $13,500 Overall 2012 $13,900 - $21,900
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $20,200 - $20,700 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $30,900 - $61,900
2015 $24,500 - $25,300 2015 $34,100 - $74,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $29,900 - $32,300
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $40,600 - $93,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $31,300 - $44,600
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $50,900 - $117,700
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $34,700 - $51,200 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $66,100 - $151,700
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $38,200 - $58,300 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $77,500 - $171,800
2020 $44,400 - $67,200 2020 $90,300 - $190,100
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

1
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Land Rover Range Rover Evoque Land Rover Range Rover Sport
Overall, the Evoque is more about style than functionality. Interior The Sport five-passenger midsized SUV has a luxurious interior fes-
room and visibility are sacrificed for the striking silhouette. Its 2.0- tooned with leather and wood trim. A 4.4-liter V8 is standard, while
liter turbo four-cylinder and six-speed automatic returned 21 mpg a supercharged 4.2-liter V8 is optional. The Sport lacks the sporty
overall in our tests. Acceleration and fuel economy are commendable, handling of some competitors and the ride is rather stiff. A 2014
but the ride is choppy and noise levels are elevated. Handling is agile redesign moved the Sport to the same platform as the bigger Range
but can become disconcerting at the limits. The cabin is snug and Rover. The Sport delivers an engaging driving experience, with taut,
the controls can be frustrating to use. The 2020 redesign didn't do agile handling, but the ride is stiff and choppy. Yet it still has good
much to address the Evoque's deficiencies. There's a pronounced off-road capability. An aluminum unibody makes this version lighter
initial delay when accelerating from a rolling stop, and then the power than its predecessor, which improves performance and fuel economy.
comes on too abruptly. The ride is overly stiff; fuel economy is among Supercharging was introduced for the V8 engine and a supercharged
the worst in its class; and outward visibility is hampered. The dual- V6 engine option was added. Rear-seat room is generous and the inte-
screen infotainment system is convoluted and rather slow to respond rior is luxurious. But the controls are convoluted and the infotainment
to commands. On the plus side, handling is quite nimble; the front system is often slow to respond to inputs.
seats are comfortable; and fit and finish is impressive.
2012, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2006, 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD
optional; standard from optional; standard from
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,100 - $13,100
Overall 2012 $12,600 - $16,000 Overall 2012 $13,900 - $20,500
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $14,600 - $19,800 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $26,900 - $37,200
2015 $17,400 - $23,500 2015 $30,400 - $44,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 $22,100 - $29,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $34,400 - $62,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $27,500 - $40,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $40,000 - $75,000
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $28,700 - $44,500 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $53,300 - $94,900
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $32,300 - $47,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $61,700 - $107,900
2020 $42,000 - $54,100 2020 $68,700 - $119,500
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 - - Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * 2017
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

L
Lexus CT 200h ! Lexus ES !

The CT 200h was designed to be a small, sporty, luxury car with excel- The ES was redesigned for 2007, and gained a smooth, powerful
lent fuel economy. Though not a bad vehicle, it doesn't live up to all 3.5-liter V6 and six-speed automatic, and the cabin was roomy and
those promises or to the Lexus standard. Powered by the same 134- comfortable. The redesigned 2013 ES still provides a roomy and quiet
hp, four-cylinder hybrid powertrain as the Prius, the CT gets 40mpg. interior, and fuel economy was good But ride was less plush, interi-
While commendable, that is four mpg less than the roomier Toyota or refinement was lacking, and the controls became complicated.
while delivering similar leisurely acceleration. Handling is responsive Further, despite the attempt to infuse more sportiness into the ES,
enough, but the ride is stiff and choppy. The cabin is cramped and it's not agile, nor is it fun to drive. The V6 got a good 25 mph overall,
admits too much engine and road noise. Tight rear seats, limited and the hybrid returned a superior 36 mpg overall. For 2019 Lexus
cargo capacity, and an impeded rear view don't help. The interior has redesigned the ES with improved handling and interior quality. The V6
some nice touches but falls short of being luxurious. The CT was dis- and eight-speed automatic got 25 mpg overall, while the hybrid ver-
continued after the 2017 model year. sion easily gets more then 40 mph. The ES absorbs bumps very well
and yet the body stays composed. The cabin is quiet and luxurious
and the front seats are very comfortable. But the touchpad controller
for the infotainment system is fussy and distracting to use.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2007, 2013, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
optional. optional; standard from
2018. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,300 - $9,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,300 - $11,300
Overall 2012 $10,900 - $11,500 Overall 2012 $12,900 - $12,900
Reliability 5
0505
0 2013 $13,000 - $13,700 Reliability 5
0505
0505
0505
0504
040 2013 $14,900 - $15,800
Engine, Major 5
0505
0 * * * * 2014 $14,400 - $14,400 Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0505
0504
050 2014 $16,100 - $17,500
2015 $16,700 - $16,700 2015 $18,200 - $21,200
Engine Minor 5
0504
0 * * * * 2016 $18,000 - $18,000
Engine Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2016 $21,200 - $22,700
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 * * * * 2017 $20,400 - $20,400
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $25,800 - $26,100
Trans. Major 5
0505
0 * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $29,500 - $31,000
Trans. Minor 5
0505
0 * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $35,700 - $38,500
2020 - 2020 $41,400 - $45,300
Drive System 5
0405
0 * * * * Drive System 5
0305
05 05
05 05
0505
050
Fuel System 5
0505
Fuel System 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0402
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0205
0 * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0504
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0505
0 * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 5
0504
0 * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0503
050 2011 Good Poor NT
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good Poor 4/2
Brakes 3
0505
0 * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0405
04 05
05 05
0505
050
2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust 1
0505
0 * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 5/5
Paint/Trim 4
0504
0 * * * * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim 5
0205
02 02
05 05
0405
050 2015 Good NT 5/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0405
0 * * * * 2016 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks 4
0405
04 04
05 05
0503
040 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0504
0 * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 4
0505
03 05
03 05
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0505
0 * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 4
0504
04 05
05 05
0503
040 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0505
0 * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 5
0405
0503
0504
0503
040 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Lexus GS ! Lexus GX !
The 2006 GS had a stiff ride and handling that is far from sporty or The GX shares a platform with the Toyota 4Runner, a body-on-frame
engaging. Expect a relatively snug cabin with tight headroom. The V6 design with a live rear axle. It has three rows of seats and can
isn't as strong as some competitors; a V8 is optional. A hybrid arrived accommodate eight. The smooth and quiet V8 powertrain is strong
for 2007, and it was quick but stiff riding and noisy, with only a mod- but not fuel efficient. The ride is comfortable and quiet but uneven
est fuel economy benefit. Consider only versions from 2013 or newer pavement can cause a side-to-side movement. Cornering is less than
which made the GS a compelling sedan. Handling is sporty, the ride is agile. Interior fit and finish is impressive. Full-time 4WD, a hill-descent
supple and controlled, and the cabin is roomy, comfortable, and nicely feature, and a system that prevents roll-back on steep ascents help
furnished. A mouse-like controller is used to operate the cumbersome make it competent off-road. As of the 2010 redesign, the sole engine
infotainment system. We'd stick with the regular GS 350 and get AWD is a 4.6-liter V8. The ride is quiet and comfortable and off-road capa-
if you get snow. The 2014 refresh brought an eight-speed automatic bility is commendable. Handling feels ponderous in corners even at
to rear-wheel-drive models; all-wheel-drive versions retained the six moderate speeds. Updates for 2020 included standard forward col-
speed. In 2017 forward collision warning and automatic emergency lision warning, automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detec-
braking were made standard. 2020 was the final year for the GS. tion, and blind spot warning.
2006, 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2003, 2010 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD
standard from 2017. BSW AEB optional, standard
standard from 2018. from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,400 - $13,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $18,600 - $18,800
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $19,600 - $20,200
Reliability 5
0505
0505
050 2013 $15,000 - $19,100 Reliability 4
0505
0505
0 2013 $21,800 - $22,800
Engine, Major
* *5
0505
0505
050 * * 2014 $19,800 - $21,200 Engine, Major
* * * *2
0505
0505
0 * 2014 $25,600 - $26,800
2015 $23,600 - $24,800 2015 $27,900 - $29,400
Engine Minor
* *4
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2016 $21,100 - $44,400
Engine Minor
* * * *1
0505
0505
0 * 2016 $30,900 - $32,500
Engine Cooling
* *5
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2017 $24,900 - $52,000
Engine Cooling
* * * *2
0505
0505
0 * 2017 $34,800 - $37,100
Trans. Major
* *5
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2018 $29,600 - $61,600 Trans. Major
* * * *5
0505
0505
0 * 2018 $39,300 - $43,700
Trans. Minor
* *5
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2019 $32,400 - $72,000 Trans. Minor
* * * *5
0505
0505
0 * 2019 $45,900 - $52,400
2020 $42,300 - $84,800 2020 $54,500 - $61,200
Drive System
* *5
05 05
05 05
* * * *5
0505
0505
0 *
Fuel System
* *5
01 05
05 05
Fuel System
* * * *5
0505
0505
Electrical
* *4
04 05
04 05
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * *2
0505
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* *5
05 03
02 01
* * * *5
0505
0505
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* *5
05 05
05 05
* * * *5
0505
0305
0 * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* *4
03 01
02 03
050 * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * *3
0501
0502
0 * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* *3
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * *5
0505
0505
0 * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* *5
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim
* * * *2
0505
0305
0 * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* *5
05 04
03 05
050 * * 2017
Good NT NT Noises & Leaks
* * * *3
0405
0502
0 * 2017
NT NT NT
Good NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* *5
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2018 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * *5
0505
0305
0 * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* *4
04 05
05 05
050 * * 2019 Good NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * *5
0505
0405
0 * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* *3
0505
0504
050 * * 2020 Good NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * *3
0405
0505
0 * 2020 NT NT NT

L
Lexus IS Lexus LS !
With its 2006 redesign the IS offered two different V6 engines and Lexus' flagship is a sedate freeway cruiser that emphasizes quietness
available AWD. It's plush and quiet, with secure but not particularly and road isolation. All seating positions are extremely comfortable.
agile handling. While the front cabin is snug, the rear is cramped. A Handling is sound but don't confuse this with a luxury sports sedan.
high-performance V8 model and a hard-top convertible were available. Unlike most of its competitors, the controls are mostly user-friendly.
A 2014 redesign again fell flat. While handsome, it isn't very sporty, Engines grew in displacement and an eight-speed automatic became
fun to drive, or luxurious. Handling is nothing special. Body roll is fairly standard. Hybrid, all-wheel drive, and long-wheelbase versions are
well contained, but the car isn't particularly agile. Worse, it still has available. 2013 brought a freshening with a more cumbersome info-
a tight interior and mediocre fuel economy. F Sport models do have tainment system. The 2018 redesign piled on complicated controls
some sporty touches, but driving engagement falls. A, 2.5-liter six-cyl- and worsened the ride. Available with rear or all-wheel drive, the
inder and six-speed automatic was smooth, but low on power and got 3.5-liter V6 turbo engine is coupled to a 10-speed automatic. Despite
just 21 mpg. 2016 brought a base turbo four-cylinder and a 3.5-liter V6 good acceleration times, the car feels hesitant at low speeds. The
with AWD. Changes for 2017 include updated styling, a new cup holder wide car is too bulky to feel nimble. The optional air suspension lets
design, and revised steering-wheel buttons. Forward collision warning bumps punch through more often than they should. The cabin is nicely
and automatic emergency braking were standard in 2018. trimmed and luxurious but the controls are extremely convoluted.
2006, 2014, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2007, 2013, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard from 2018. AEB optional, standard
BSW optional. from 2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,300 - $25,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $14,600 - $17,100
Overall 2012 $12,700 - $28,500 Overall 2012 $17,100 - $21,100
Reliability 3
0 5
050 2013 $14,700 - $31,700 Reliability 4
0505
0504
0505
010 2013 $22,900 - $27,200
Engine, Major
*2
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2014 $18,400 - $36,400 Engine, Major 5
0505
0405
0505
010 * * 2014 $26,000 - $33,500
2015 $20,900 - $27,200 2015 $29,600 - $40,200
Engine Minor
*2
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2016 $22,400 - $27,100
Engine Minor 3
0505
05 05
05 05
010 * * 2016 $33,300 - $47,400
Engine Cooling
*1
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2017 $25,900 - $31,200
Engine Cooling 3
0505
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2017 $39,200 - $43,600
Trans. Major
*5
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2018 $35,100 - $35,700 Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2018 $55,000 - $59,000
Trans. Minor
*5
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2019 $39,900 - $40,500 Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
030 * * 2019 $62,500 - $68,200
2020 $44,900 - $45,400 2020 $70,100 - $88,600
Drive System
*5
0 *3
050 * * * * * Drive System 5
0405
05 05
05 05
050 * *
Fuel System
*5
0 *5
Fuel System 5
0405
05 05
05 01
Electrical
*1
0 *5
050 * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
04 05
05 05
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*5
0 *5
050 * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 4
0405
05 05
04 05
Suspension
*4
0 *3
050 * * * * * 2011 Good Poor NT Suspension 1
0305
05 01
01 05
050 * * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 Good Poor NT 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes
*3
0 *3
040 * * * * * 2013 Good Poor 4/5
Brakes 4
0505
05 05
04 05
010 * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*5
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0305
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
*5
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2015 Good NT 4/5 Paint/Trim 1
0405
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2015 Good NT NT
Noises & Leaks
*5
0 *4
040 * * * * * 2016 Good NT 4/5 Noises & Leaks 5
0502
05 05
01 03
010 * * 2016 Good NT NT
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
*2
0 *5
050 * * * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0505
05 05
05 05
050 * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*3
0 *1
040 * * * * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 2
0505
05 05
02 05
030 * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
*5
0 *4
040 * * * * * 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr. 5
0403
0503
0504
010 * * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Lexus LX Lexus NX !
Lexus uses a rebadged, upscale Toyota Land Cruiser for its top-trim The NX luxury compact SUV is based on the Toyota RAV4 and uses a
LX. It is one of the few SUVs that is both capable off-road and civi- 2.0-liter, turbo four-cylinder engine mated to a six-speed automatic.
lized on pavement. It has a slick powertrain, a comfortable ride, and This combination works well and delivers 24 mpg overall. The NX 300h
a quiet, nicely appointed cabin. Added features over the Land Cruiser hybrid uses a 194-hp engine with a CVT, and its 29 mpg overall makes
include a height-adjustable air suspension and a power-adjustable it one of the most fuel efficient SUVs we've ever tested. The NX
steering wheel. Five adults can fit quite comfortably, but the power delivers a sportier, less cushy driving experience than the larger RX.
folding third-row seat folds up to the side of the interior, taking up The interior is adorned with nice stitching but some cheap touches
cargo room. Our tested Land Cruiser only got 14 mpg overall. It was are evident, and the cabin is snug. Elbow room is a bit tight, and the
impressive off road: the crawl mode manages throttle and braking styling compromises rear visibility and crimps cargo space. The fussy
over tough terrain. Updates for 2016 included a standard eight-speed touchpad that's used to interact with the infotainment screen is
automatic and blind spot warning, and 2017 models got standard requires a distracting level of focus to manipulate. Changes for 2018
automatic emergency braking. A five-passenger version arrived for included standard forward collision warning and automatic emergen-
2018. cy braking.
2008 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
dard. BSW, FCW, AEB standard. FCW, AEB
standard from 2017. optional, standard from
2018. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $26,500 - $26,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
0503
0505
050 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $37,400 - $37,400 Engine, Major 1
0502
0504
050 2014 -
2015 $42,800 - $42,800 2015 $21,100 - $23,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $58,600 - $58,600
Engine Minor 05
3 01
0505
050
2016 $22,800 - $26,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $65,100 - $65,100
Engine Cooling 05
1 02
0505
050 2017 $25,200 - $29,200
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $68,400 - $72,100 Trans. Major 05
5 05
0505
050 2018 $28,400 - $32,400
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $76,400 - $80,000 Trans. Minor 05
5 05
0505
050 2019 $31,800 - $36,000
2020 $86,200 - $89,700 2020 $35,400 - $41,200
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System 05
5 03
0405
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 05
1 03
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 05
5 03
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 05
5 05
0405
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension 05
5 03
0504
050 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 04
5 05
0505
050
2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 05
5 05
0505
050 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim 03
5 03
0505
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT Noises & Leaks 05
4 03
0504
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
2017 NT NT NT 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 05
5 05
0505
040
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 05
3 05
0505
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr. 3
0304
0401
040 2020 Good Good 4/5

L
Lexus RC Lexus RX !
The RC is an aggressively styled sports coupe with seating for four. While it isn't as sporty to drive as some competitors, the RX offers
Essentially a coupe version of the IS sedan, it uses a standard 3.5- a cabin that's just as quiet and plush but with Lexus's proven track
liter V6 engine hooked up to an eight-speed automatic. An all-wheel- record of peerless reliability. The 2010 redesign brought even better
drive version is available with a six-speed automatic. Top-trim RC F fuel economy for both the V6 and hybrid versions, a more luxurious
versions, fitted with a 467-hp, 5.0-liter V8, target the BMW M4. That interior, and additional safety and connectivity features. Handling
prodigious output is routed to the rear wheels with a torque-vectoring became more lackluster, though it is ultimately secure. A comfortable
differential, which sends power to the wheel that has the most grip. ride and easy cabin access makes the RX easy to live with. Inside is
The RC F is super-quick, with a loud exhaust bark. The various driving a well-finished, quiet and comfortable interior with room for five. The
modes sharpen throttle and steering response, but the car's weight infotainment system uses a convoluted mouse-like controller. For the
ultimately compromises agility. The 2018 model brought standard 2016 redesign, the V6 engine was paired with an eight-speed auto-
automatic emergency braking, and lane departure warning with lane matic. Updates for 2017 included standard forward collision warning
keeping assistance. and automatic emergency braking. A 2020 freshening included sus-
pension tweaks and a touchpad for the infotainment system, which
also became Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatible.
2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2010, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
optional, standard from optional, standard from
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,900 - $13,900
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $14,700 - $15,500
0505
0505
0505
0404
040 2013 $17,000 - $18,400
Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 - Engine, Major 5
0505
0504
0505
0505
050 2014 $18,500 - $20,200
2015 $27,900 - $36,600 2015 $20,700 - $23,000
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $27,000 - $41,900
Engine Minor 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0504
050
2016 $27,500 - $34,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 $30,200 - $47,200
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2017 $30,800 - $38,400
Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 $35,900 - $54,100 Trans. Major 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $34,500 - $42,900
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 $40,800 - $61,900 Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 03
05 04
0505
050 2019 $39,100 - $48,700
2020 $46,300 - $88,200 2020 $45,300 - $55,500
Drive System
* * * * * * Drive System 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0405
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0104
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
040 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 5
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes 5
0505
05 03
05 04
0505
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim 5
0405
05 04
05 05
0504
050 2015 Good NT 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2016 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks 4
0504
05 03
04 04
0502
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Body Hardware 5
0505
05 02
05 05
0405
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 5
0403
04 05
05 04
0405
040 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 Good Good NT In-Car Electr. 4
0404
0505
0404
0404
040 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
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Lincoln Continental Lincoln MKC

Lincoln's high-tech flagship sedan is based on the accomplished MKZ. The MKC includes luxury and high-tech features, but this Ford Escape-
The base engine is a lackluster 3.7-liter V6. The 2.7-liter twin-turbo V6, based vehicle falls short of the class leaders. Power is strong, par-
however, packs a lot of punch. The top-level trims get a 400-hp, 3.0- ticularly from the 2.3-liter turbo four-cylinder, but it returned just
liter twin-turbo V6. Front-wheel drive is standard, with all-wheel drive 19-mpg overall in our tests. Combined with the small gas tank, that
optional. The ride is very comfortable, and the cabin is super-quiet. results in a short cruising range. A fussy push-button shifter controls
Handling is responsive, but the car is intended to be a relaxed cruiser. the six-speed automatic. None of the adaptive suspension modes
The cabin is nicely finished and very roomy, particularly in the back. make for a truly comfortable ride. Handling is secure, but agility trails
The standard front seats look unusual and compromise support. We're most rivals. A quiet cabin, plush trim, easy access, and decent rear-
no fans of the push-button gear selector and the electronic buttons seat room enhance livability, but rear visibility is limited. For the 2016
that are used instead of an interior door handle. In terms of pricing, model year, Sync 3 replaced the much-maligned MyLincoln Touch.
the Continental competes with luxury midsized sedans. Updates for Lincoln discontinued the MKC after the 2019 model year.
2019 included standard forward collision warning, automatic emer-
gency braking, and blind spot warning. 2020 was the Continental's
final year.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 1
0 1
0503
0 2013 -
Engine, Major 5
0 * * * 2014 - Engine, Major 5
0 *1
0201
0 2014 -
2015 - 2015 $14,600 - $19,200
Engine Minor 5
0 * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor 1
0 *5
0505
0
2016 $15,700 - $22,900
Engine Cooling 5
0 * * * 2017 $20,700 - $34,300
Engine Cooling 5
0 *5
0505
0 2017 $18,000 - $26,800
Trans. Major 5
0 * * * 2018 $24,500 - $34,100 Trans. Major 3
0 *5
0505
0 2018 $20,500 - $31,100
Trans. Minor 5
0 * * * 2019 $28,800 - $49,500 Trans. Minor 1
0 *4
0505
0 2019 $24,700 - $35,800
2020 $40,200 - $58,700 2020 -
Drive System 5
0 * * * Drive System 3
0 *1
0505
0
Fuel System 5
Fuel System 3
0 *5
0504
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 3
0 *1
0505
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0 * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 5
0 *4
0105
0 Overlap Side
- -
Suspension 5
0 * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 4
0 *3
0504
0 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes 4
0 * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes 5
0 *5
0505
0
2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0 * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0 *5
0505
0 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 1
0 * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 5
0 *1
0505
0 2015 Good NT 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks 4
0 * * * - - Noises & Leaks 3
0 *1
0504
0 Good NT
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 Good NT 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0 * * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 3
0 *1
0505
0
2018 Good NT 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0 * * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 5
0 *3
0504
0 2019 Good NT 4/5
In-Car Electr. 1
0 * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5 In-Car Electr. 1
0 *1
0503
0 2020 - - -

L
Lincoln MKS Lincoln MKT

The Lincoln MKS, a Ford Taurus-based sedan, debuted in 2009 with This big three-row SUV is based on the Ford Flex and has a very roomy,
a 3.7-liter V6 that provides good power but isn't particularly refined. plush, and quiet interior along with many luxury amenities. However,
In lieu of a V8, a turbocharged V6 is available, as is all-wheel-drive. the view out and the driving position are compromised by its styling.
The ride is comfortable but not always settled. Handling is secure The third-row seats are best suited for kids. Base models are pow-
but lacks agility, and none of the three-mode suspension settings are ered by a lackluster 3.7-liter V6. The up-level engine is a turbocharged
ideal. The interior is roomy, but the driving position and foot well are V6, making the MKT quick while returning 18 mpg overall. The ride is
narrow. Despite some nice interior materials, some details come up comfortable, but handling lacks agility . A wide turning circle hampers
short. A short opening limits the usefulness of the otherwise huge maneuverability. 2019 was the final year for the MKT, though it lived
trunk, and a high rear deck restricts rear visibility. More recent mod- on for livery work.
els gained the MyLincoln Touch infotainment system, which is convo-
luted and frustrating to use. The outdated and outclassed MKS was
replaced by the stylish, all-new Continental in 2017.
AEB optional. optional; BSW standard
in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,200 - $9,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,700 - $8,100
Overall 2012 $9,900 - $10,200 Overall 2012 $7,600 - $9,000
Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 $12,700 - $13,200 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $10,800 - $13,300
2015 $14,200 - $15,500 2015 $13,300 - $15,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $16,600 - $18,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 $15,400 - $18,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $17,400 - $20,300
Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $20,400 - $25,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $27,000 - $28,400
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 Good Poor 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 Good Poor 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2016 Good Poor 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * 2016 Good NT NT
2017 - - - 2017 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 Good NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 Good NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 - - -

1
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Lincoln MKX, Nautilus Lincoln MKZ

Lincoln's midsized MKX was redesigned for 2011. It has an absor- The MKZ is based on the capable Ford Fusion. Its 2010 freshening
bent ride, a strong engine, and a plush, neatly finished cabin. But the saw improvements to the turning circle, improved interior materials,
touch-sensitive controls are distracting and tedious to use. The 2016 and a quieter cabin. The ride became more supple and controlled, and
redesign made the MKX one of the best in its class. The standard handling more responsive. A hybrid arrived in 2011. The 2013 rede-
3.7-liter V6 was unremarkable, but the optional 2.7-liter turbo V6 is sign brought a much better car, with an improved ride, handling that
smooth and strong. The only knock is its rather unimpressive 18 mpg rivaled some European sports sedans, and a far more luxurious inte-
overall. Handling is athletic, making the MKX fun to drive and the ride rior. Engine choices were a turbo four-cylinder as well as a V6 and a
is steady and composed. Tall drivers will likely find the push-button hybrid. But the MyLincoln Touch infotainment system is cumbersome
shifter a long reach away. The very quiet cabin has abundant wood and to use, the push-button gear shifter and touch-sensitive controls
leather surfaces, and the Sync 3 infotainment system is excellent. were frustrating, and the sleek styling compromised cabin access and
For 2019 the freshened MKX was renamed Nautilus. We found that rear-seat room. A 2017 freshening included new engines, easier to use
the optional 2.7-liter turbo V6 delivers effortless power, and the SUV controls, and more premium interior appointments. Updates for 2019
has a comfortable ride, a quiet cabin, and agile handling. The cabin is included standard forward collision warning, automatic emergency
swanky, and the infotainment system is relatively easy to use. braking, and blind spot warning. 2020 was the final year for the MKZ.
2011, 2016, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2010, 2013, 2017 ABS and ESC standard. AWD; Front
protection air bags Side and head protec-
standard. BSW, FCW, tion air bags standard.
AEB optional; standard
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,500 - $10,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,200 - $7,900
Overall 2012 $10,800 - $12,000 Overall 2012 $8,400 - $9,100
Reliability 5
0 3
0303
010 2013 $12,200 - $13,400 Reliability 4
0305
0301
0403
0504
0 2013 $11,300 - $12,500
Engine, Major
* *4
0 * *5
0505
050 * 2014 $13,600 - $14,800 Engine, Major 4
0505
0502
0503
0505
0 * 2014 $12,500 - $13,900
2015 $15,300 - $16,800 2015 $14,000 - $20,600
Engine Minor
* *5
0 * *5
0501
040 * 2016 $16,200 - $25,400
Engine Minor 5
0505
02 05
04 03
0505
0 * 2016 $17,500 - $22,800
Engine Cooling
* *5
0 * *5
0505
050 * 2017 $18,600 - $29,800
Engine Cooling 5
0505
02 05
01 05
0505
0 * 2017 $18,700 - $28,700
Trans. Major
* *5
0 * *3
0104
010 * 2018 $21,800 - $34,400 Trans. Major 5
0205
05 05
01 01
0505
0 * 2018 $20,000 - $34,600
Trans. Minor
* *5
0 * *5
0104
010 * 2019 $28,600 - $44,375 Trans. Minor 3
0105
05 05
02 01
0505
0 * 2019 $23,500 - $31,700
2020 $37,500 - $48,500 2020 $26,300 - $32,800
Drive System
* *5
0 * *2
0204
0105
05 04
02 05
0504
0 *
Fuel System
* *1
0 * *4
0505
Fuel System 5
0501
05 05
05 04
0501
Electrical
* *2
0 * *5
0502
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 3
0505
05 05
01 05
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* *4
0 * *5
0205
0104
02 05
01 04
0505
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* *5
0 * *4
0105
020 * 2011 Good NT 3/5 Suspension 5
0104
01 01
01 05
0405
0 * 2011 Good NT 3/4
2012 Good NT 3/5 2012 Good NT 3/4
Brakes
* *2
0 * *5
0505
040 * 2013 Good NT 3/5
Brakes 5
0305
03 05
04 05
0504
0 * 2013 Good Accpt. 5/4
Exhaust
* *5
0 * *5
0505
030 * 2014 Good NT 3/5
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2014 Good Accpt. 5/4
Paint/Trim
* *5
0 * *4
0505
050 * 2015 Good NT 3/5 Paint/Trim 4
0504
03 04
01 03
0505
0 * 2015 Good Accpt. 5/4
Noises & Leaks
* *5
0 * *1
0403
0305
03 05
02 02
0405
0 * 2016 Good Accpt. 5/4
Body Hardware
* *5
0 * *1
0204
040 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 2
0103
05 04
01 04
0505
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* *3
0 * *2
0105
010 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0304
01 01
04 05
0401
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* *2
0 * *1
0504
0403
0504
0502
0302
0 * 2020 Good Good 4/5

L-M
Lincoln Navigator Maserati Ghibli

The Navigator is more-luxurious version of the Ford Expedition. The The Ghibli is Maserati's more-attainable luxury sedan. It uses a
2007 freshening brought a six-speed automatic, and the Navigator L Ferrari-developed 345-hp, turbo V6 mated to an eight-speed auto-
is 15 inches longer, bringing significantly more room. In 2015 a turbo matic, driving the rear wheels. The SQ 4 all-wheel-drive version has a
six-cylinder engine replaced the V8, but fuel economy only went up to 404-hp turbo V6. The platform is based on the Chrysler 300, but the
15 mpg overall. In 2018 the Navigator was redesigned. The cabin is Ghibli's interior, driving dynamics, and exhaust note are all Italian.
quiet, elegant-looking, and full of high-tech features. There is a bit of Handling is agile, the brakes are strong, and the engine emits a
rocking feeling at low speeds, but the ride improves and is more com- thrilling bark. But the stiff ride can grow fatiguing, the rear seat is
fortable on the highway. Handling, however, is cumbersome, even for cramped, and the Ghibli is louder than most sporty luxury sedans.
a large SUV. The twin-turbo V6 and 10-speed automatic easily moves Climbing in or out of this low-slung sports sedan can be a challenge.
the Navigator down the road and is capable of towing 8,300 pounds. The interior is outfitted with high-quality leather and suede, and most
The front cabin is roomy, but the standard seats are uncomfortable, controls are easy to use, except for the unintuitive gear selector.
and the push-button gear selector is fussy to use. Rear passengers Chrysler's Uconnect touch screen is a plus, but it's hard not to notice
are pampered and the third-row seat is hospitable. 2020 brought some cheap-looking switches that are sourced from the Chrysler
standard forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking. parts bins. The top-line V6 recently gained 20 hp.
2007, 2015, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD; Rear 2014 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
AEB optional; standard optional; BSW standard
from 2020. from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,300 - $13,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $13,600 - $15,500 Overall 2012 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $18,800 - $20,900 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $21,200 - $23,000
2015 $23,200 - $26,900 2015 $23,200 - $25,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $27,900 - $36,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $26,900 - $30,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $35,800 - $42,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $31,800 - $37,600
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $53,500 - $73,700 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $37,800 - $45,400
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $54,800 - $83,000 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $44,900 - $55,300
2020 $68,200 - $89,500 2020 $53,300 - $63,700
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT 4/5 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 NT NT 5/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2016 Good NT NT
2017 NT NT 5/5 2017 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 Good NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 Good NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT 5/5 In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 Good NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mazda 2 Mazda 3 !
This subcompact hatchback is about the size of the Honda Fit or The Mazda3 has responsive handling, a firm ride, and good interior
Toyota Yaris. Only the five-door version of the Mazda2 was avail- quality is very good. Skip pre-2010 versions, which didn't do well in
able. Power comes from a 100-hp, 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine. A side crash tests. For 2012 a new 2.0-liter engine and six-speed auto-
slick-shifting five-speed manual transmission is standard, and a four- matic boosted fuel economy to an impressive 32 mpg. The 2014 rede-
speed automatic is optional, but it saps some power. Handling is quite sign kept the super-sharp handling, sprightly yet efficient engines,
nimble, and the ride is tolerable, but the cabin is noisy. Rear-seat room and smooth transmissions. Ride comfort takes a back seat to sporty
is relatively good given the size of the car. It is related to the Ford handling and interior noise levels are a bit high, though a later update
Fiesta, but it trades some refinement and comfort in order to sell at a added noise insulation. The four-door hatchback has a good sized
lower price. 2014 was the last year for the Mazda2 in the U.S. However, trunk, while the hatchback offers more flexibility. Mazda's 2019 rede-
the redesigned Mazda2 was available in Canada, and was sold in the sign kept the 2.5-liter four-cylinder and six-speed transmissions. All-
U.S. as the Scion iA and then the Toyota Yaris iA. wheel drive was added. Handling is nimble but less sporty than past
versions, and the ride is firm, but absorbs impacts well. The cabin is
relatively quiet and nicely finished. The infotainment system became
a bit more challenging to use.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2010, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. standard. FCW, AEB
optional; standard from
2018. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,300 - $5,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,500 - $8,900
Overall 2012 $5,700 - $5,800 Overall 2012 $6,400 - $9,800
0505
0505
0505
0503
050 2013 $7,100 - $11,600
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $6,700 - $6,800 Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $8,100 - $12,500
2015 - 2015 $9,400 - $13,700
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0405
050
2016 $11,800 - $15,600
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $13,700 - $17,200
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 4
0102
05 04
04 05
0505
050 2018 $13,600 - $19,200
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 1
0302
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $16,600 - $22,700
2020 - 2020 $17,600 - $24,800
Drive System
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 4
0303
04 05
05 05
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0404
05 05
05 04
0503
050 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 1
0404
05 05
04 05
0305
050 2011 Good NT 5/2
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 2
0404
04 03
02 03
0105
050
2013 Good NT 5/3
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good Marg. NT
Exhaust 2
0403
05 05
05 05
0405
050 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 4
0504
02 05
03 03
0201
050 2015 Good Good 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 5
0405
04 05
04 05
0404
010 Good Good
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 4
0505
05 04
03 04
0302
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 2
0405
04 05
04 05
0503
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 4
0505
0101
0203
0303
050 2020 Good Good 5/5

M
Mazda 5 Mazda 6 !
The Mazda5 has the utility of a minivan yet is as agile, maneuver- While the Mazda 6's ride was compliant and the brakes excellent, the
able and economical as a small car. Based on the Mazda3, it delivers four-cylinder engine lacked refinement, the V6 was thirsty, and the
responsive handling and a comfortable ride. Our major beef is its car scored Poor in the IIHS side-crash test without side air bags.
pronounced road noise. Fuel economy was a decent 23 mpg overall. A new Mazda6 arrived for 2014. We got an excellent 32 mpg overall
The 2.3-liter, four-cylinder provides adequate performance but feels from the smooth four-cylinder and six-speed automatic. Acceleration
weak when hauling full loads or climbing hills. Visibility and access doesn't suffer for fuel economy, with the Mazda6 returning slightly
are excellent. It has flexible seating for four passengers and their above average performance. The car is also agile and capable in cor-
luggage, or can accommodate six people but little luggage. The two ners, with a taut but firm ride. However, the cabin is loud, particularly
rearmost seats are cramped. 2008 brought a five-speed automatic on the highway; updates for 2016 helped some. The well-finished
which improved fuel economy slightly. The 2012 freshening brought a cabin has supportive seats, although the rear seats are relatively
2.5-liter engine that improved performance slightly. 2015 was the last tight for this class. The infotainment system's console-mounted knob
year for the Mazda 5. takes some time to master. The major refresh for 2018 improved ride
comfort and noise isolation, and included standard forward collision
warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning.
from 2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,300 - $9,600
Overall 2012 $6,100 - $7,900 Overall 2012 $6,600 - $10,500
Reliability 3
020 5
0 2013 $6,900 - $8,700 Reliability 5
0504
0505
040 2013 $7,300 - $11,500
Engine, Major 5
030 *5
0 2014 $8,000 - $9,900 Engine, Major
* * *5
0505
0505
050 * 2014 $9,300 - $11,500
2015 $9,900 - $12,200 2015 $11,200 - $13,700
Engine Minor 5
050 *3
0
2016 -
Engine Minor
* * *5
0504
0403
050 * 2016 $13,300 - $16,900
Engine Cooling 5
050 *5
0 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * *5
0505
0505
050 * 2017 $14,700 - $20,000
Trans. Major 2
010 *5
0 2018 - Trans. Major
* * *5
0405
0505
050 * 2018 $15,200 - $25,100
Trans. Minor 2
050 *5
0 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * *5
0504
0505
050 * 2019 $18,700 - $28,000
2020 - 2020 $19,200 - $30,400
Drive System 1
010 *5
0 Drive System
* * *5
0505
0205
030 *
Fuel System 1
010 *5
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * *4
0505
0405
Electrical 5
050 *5
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * *5
0505
0405
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
050 *5
* * *3
0505
0505
050 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 1
010 *3
0 2011 - - Suspension
* * *5
0505
0404
050 * 2011 Good Accpt. NT
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good Accpt. 3/4
Brakes 3
030 *1
0
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * *4
0302
0503
030 * 2013 Good Accpt. 3/4
Exhaust 1
030 *5
0 2014 Good Poor NT
Exhaust
* * *5
0505
0505
050 * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim 4
020 *1
0 2015 Good Poor NT Paint/Trim
* * *5
0502
0503
010 * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks 4
040 *5
0 - -
-
Noises & Leaks
* * *4
0405
0404
030 * Good Good
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 4
010 *5
0
2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * *5
0404
0505
050 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 3
030 *5
0 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * *2
0404
0505
050 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 4
030 *4
0 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * *4
0403
0101
020 * 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mazda CX-3 Mazda CX-5 !

Mazda's entry in the mini-utility segment delivers agile, fun-to-drive The CX-5 is competitive in the small SUV class. Handling is taut and
handling; a solid and substantial feel; and good fuel economy. The ride agile, with quick, well weighted steering that makes the CX-5 fun in
is stiff, particularly on versions with the 18-inch wheels and tires. corners. But we found the ride to be choppy and the cabin is loud.
Noise levels are high. The CX-3 is available with front- or all-wheel Both the 2.0-liter and the more powerful 2.5-liter engines returned
drive, and the sole powertrain is a 2.0-liter four-cylinder and a six- an impressive 25 mpg overall in our tests. Look for a model with the
speed automatic. It's a smooth, willing mill but isn't overly powerful. 2.5-liter engine, which is much more responsive than the 2.0-liter. The
The infotainment system includes a 7-inch center display screen and six-speed automatic is smooth. The interior is roomy and versatile,
a rotary knob to control phone and audio functions, but it takes time and the controls are simple to use. Recent models have a rotary knob
to get familiar with its operation. The rear seat is very tight, and cargo and a screen on the dash, but it takes some time to get used to it. The
space is modest. Updates for 2018 included standard forward colli- system can be retrofitted to work with Apple CarPlay. It's easy to find
sion warning with automatic emergency braking. upscale features on the Grand Touring version. 2018 models get stan-
dard forward collision warning and low-speed automatic emergency
braking.
2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2013, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
optional; standard 2018. AEB optional; standard
BSW standard 2019. from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 2
010 5
0505
0405
0505
050 2013 $9,000 - $11,400
Engine, Major 5
050 *5
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $10,100 - $13,000
2015 - 2015 $11,500 - $15,000
Engine Minor 5
030 *5
0 * 2016 $13,100 - $16,700
Engine Minor 4
05 05
05 04
0505
050
2016 $14,000 - $17,600
Engine Cooling 5
050 *5
0 * 2017 $14,400 - $18,200
Engine Cooling 5
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $16,800 - $21,200
Trans. Major 5
050 *5
0 * 2018 $15,900 - $19,800 Trans. Major 4
02 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $18,200 - $23,100
Trans. Minor 5
050 *5
0 * 2019 $17,300 - $21,600 Trans. Minor 5
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $20,000 - $30,800
2020 $18,700 - $19,700 2020 $22,600 - $32,600
Drive System 5
050 *5
0 * Drive System 4
04 05
05 05
0405
050
Fuel System 5
050 *5
Fuel System 3
05 05
05 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
050 *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 2
05 05
05 04
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
010 *3
05 05
04 05
0504
050 Overlap Side
- -
Suspension 5
020 *5
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 4
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes 5
050 *2
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes 1
03 01
02 01
0405
050
2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust 5
050 *5
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim 3
030 *5
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 4
04 04
05 04
0303
050 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 1
040 *5
05 03
05 04
0505
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 2
050 *5
0 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 5
04 04
04 04
0505
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 4
010 *5
0 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 4
04 01
04 03
0504
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 3
030 *4
0305
0302
0403
040 2020 Good Good 5/5

M
Mazda CX-9 Mazda MX-5 Miata !

The CX-9 is a bit of a hidden gem. It's quiet, agile, and has an attrac- The Miata is a fun-to-drive weekend toy, with a smooth-shifting man-
tive interior. The third-row seat is small but relatively easy to access. ual transmission. Zesty performance, super-nimble handling, and pre-
Handling is taut and agile, and the ride is firm and steady, yet comfort- cise steering always made this car as enjoyable. After 2006 the Miata
able. It uses a smooth, refined 3.7-liter V6. But the CX-9 performed received a smidgen more interior space and trunk room, but you could
poorly when tested in the IIHS small-overlap crash test. The 2016 still easily raise and lower the top manually from the driver's seat. A
redesign brought a responsive 2.5-liter turbo four-cylinder mated to power retractable hard top is also available. The ride is tolerable, and
a smooth six-speed automatic. We got an impressive 22 mpg overall. the constant road and engine noise can get tiring. Super-agile han-
The SUV's nimble handling makes it feel like a smaller vehicle. The ride dling remains its long suit. Be prepared to travel light given the tight
is very comfortable, and the cabin is commendably quiet. The interior quarters and have some dexterity to get in and out of the low cabin.
is well-finished, particularly on high-end trims, and features comfort- The 2016 redesign took the Miata back to its roots somewhat. Light
able seats, but the cockpit is snug and power-seat adjustments are weight lets the small 2.0-liter engine quickly scoot the roadster along.
limited. Mazda's dial-controlled infotainment system takes time to Handling is sublime, but the ride is still stiff and the seats lack sup-
master. Updates for 2018 included standard forward collision warning, port. Changes for 2020 included standard forward collision warning,
automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning. automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning.
2007, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2006, 2016 ABS and side air bags Rear
protection air bags standard. ESC available,
standard. BSW, FCW, standard from 2012.
from 2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,900 - $10,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,200 - $14,300
Overall 2012 $7,900 - $11,000 Overall 2012 $10,900 - $15,600
Reliability 3
0301
050 4
0505
0305
0 2013 $9,000 - $11,500 Reliability 5
050 5
0505
0 5
0 2013 $12,000 - $16,000
Engine, Major 4
0501
030 *5
0505
0405
0 2014 $10,400 - $13,500 Engine, Major 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2014 $13,100 - $16,700
2015 $12,000 - $16,800 2015 $14,200 - $19,500
Engine Minor 5
0503
040 *5
0505
0505
0
2016 $17,200 - $24,500
Engine Minor 5
050 * *5
0205
0 *5
0 * 2016 $16,400 - $19,700
Engine Cooling 5
0502
020 *5
0505
0405
0 2017 $20,400 - $28,200
Engine Cooling 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2017 $17,500 - $23,600
Trans. Major 2
0501
050 *5
0505
0505
0 2018 $22,200 - $30,400 Trans. Major 5
050 * *5
0205
0 *5
0 * 2018 $18,600 - $25,400
Trans. Minor 1
0502
050 *5
0505
0505
0 2019 $25,000 - $33,400 Trans. Minor 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2019 $20,200 - $27,900
2020 $27,800 - $36,500 2020 $21,700 - $30,200
Drive System 1
0103
030 *5
0503
0205
0 Drive System 5
050 * *4
0505
0 *5
0 *
Fuel System 5
0502
050 *5
0505
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 5
050 * *4
0503
0 *5
Electrical 5
0501
050 *5
0505
0405
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 3
0104
030 *3
0505
0503
050 * *5
0105
0 *5
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0304
050 *2
0505
0505
050 * *4
0505
0 *5
0 * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0104
050 *3
0103
0505
0
2013 Good NT 3/5
Brakes 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
050 *5
0505
0505
0 2014 Good Poor 3/5
Exhaust 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 1
0105
050 *1
0503
0205
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks 4
0103
050 *4
0505
0505
0
2017
NT NT NT Noises & Leaks 5
050 * *4
0505
0 *5
0 * 2017
NT NT NT
Good Good NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware 4
0105
050 *2
0303
0505
0
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
020 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 1
0401
050 *3
0505
0403
Power Equip. 5
050 * *5
0505
0 *5
0 * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr. 2
0504
040 *1
0304
0205
030 * *5
0204
0 *3
0 * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mercedes-Benz C-Class Mercedes-Benz CLA

Just about every C-Class we've tested has been smooth, quick, quiet, The sleek CLA250 is Mercedes' entry-level, compact, four-door coupe.
and comfortable. You can usually count on a supple, quiet ride, as well It has a nicely-finished cabin and gets a respectable 28 mpg over-
as firm but very comfortable front seats. The 2008 redesign made all. But the 2.0-liter four-cylinder and seven-speed automatic lack
rear seat a bit bigger but the cabin remained snug. The 3.0-liter V6 refinement. It's quick, but power delivery is uneven. While fairly agile,
provides strong performance and decent fuel economy of 21 mpg the car rides stiffly. The cabin is noisy and cramped, especially in the
overall in our tests. The C remained fun to drive, but the ride can be rear, and the view out is seriously impaired. All-wheel drive is optional.
choppy with the sport suspension and the steering was overly light. The redesigned 2020 model is better. It has a 2.0-liter four-cylinder
We liked the 2012 C250 with the smooth turbo four-cylinder. The turbo engine and a dual-clutch seven-speed automatic. Acceleration
Luxury version had a steady ride and agile handling. Some controls are feels a bit hesitant in around-town driving, but there's decent power.
not that logical. The redesigned 2015 C-Class is a major upgrade with Handling is quite nimble, but the ride is stiff. The interior is nicely fin-
a luxurious ride, nimble handling and impressively furnished interior, ished and the front seats are supportive, the rear seat isn't as bad as
but controls are complicated. Buying used, we'd look for one with a the first generation, though it's hard to access. We found the infotain-
rear camera, blind-spot assist and heated seats. Another desirable ment system quite tricky to use. Forward collision warning, automatic
feature is the panoramic sunroof. emergency braking, and blind spot warning are standard.
2008, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2014, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard. AEB standard standard. AEB standard
from 2016. FCW, BSW from 2016. FCW, BSW
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,000 - $21,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $9,600 - $25,200 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 4
0303
0301
0305
030 2013 $10,900 - $27,200 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
*3
0304
0204
0205
050 * 2014 $12,200 - $30,200 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $15,900 - $23,300
2015 $16,500 - $40,700 2015 $17,800 - $27,800
Engine Minor
*4
0404
0301
0405
050 * 2016 $20,700 - $44,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $19,600 - $33,000
Engine Cooling
*5
0505
0304
0505
050 * 2017 $25,300 - $59,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $22,400 - $38,100
Trans. Major
*5
0105
0501
0505
050 * 2018 $27,900 - $66,900 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $25,500 - $42,200
Trans. Minor
*5
0102
0505
0505
050 * 2019 $32,400 - $75,300 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $28,900 - $48,100
2020 $38,500 - $84,500 2020 $32,600 - $53,700
Drive System
*5
0301
0101
0504
050 * Drive System
* * * * * * *
Fuel System
*1
0503
0502
0405
Fuel System
Electrical
*3
0104
0405
0305
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*2
0504
0501
0303
-
Suspension
*4
0501
0105
0105
040 * 2011 Good Poor 3/5 Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good Poor NT 2012 - -
Brakes
*5
0203
0401
0105
050 * 2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
*4
0505
0505
0505
050 * 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
*5
0501
0304
0104
* * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
*3
0105
0501
0104
* * * * * * * 2016 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
*5
0505
0404
0203
010 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
*2
0305
0105
0504
040 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
*5
0404
0401
0401
* * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

M
Mercedes-Benz CLS Mercedes-Benz E-Class

The CLS sedan combines swoopy, coupe-like styling with four doors. The E-Class has been among the best cars CR has tested, traditionally
But the low roof, small windows, and reduced interior space compro- combining a first-class cabin with agile handling and a smooth ride.
mise access, visibility, and rear-seat room. The 5.0-liter V8 offers The E350's punchy 3.5-liter V6 and seven-speed automatic returned
smooth and abundant power, but in our tests the seven-speed auto- 21 mpg overall. Though it is refined and quiet, we didn't find the 2010
matic hesitated before downshifts and wasn't always smooth. A redesign as impressive as its predecessor. Handling is capable, but
6.3-liter AMG version is available. The quick steering offers good feed- the steering isn't as communicative as it used to be. Subsequent
back, and handling is capable but not really sporty. The ride is mostly updates, including a revised suspension, moved the car back to
steady, but some side-to-side motions are annoying. Noise levels are benchmark status. A frugal 2.1-liter four-cylinder diesel returns 30
hushed. Fit and finish is excellent, but the controls are complicated. mpg overall in our tests. Interior accommodations are plush, with
For 2012 the car was extensively freshened, with a 4.6-liter twin-turbo comfortable and supportive seats, excellent fit and finish, and a large
V8. It remains a highly-capable sporty sedan, with excellent interior trunk. The Luxury trim is the one to go for, because the Sport has an
fit and finish. overly-firm ride. A convertible, wagon, and coupe are offered.
2012, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2010, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. AEB standard standard. FCW, AEB
from 2016. FCW, BSW standard from 2017. BSW
standard from 2019. optional, standard 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,500 - $22,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,300 - $21,200
Overall 2012 $16,700 - $26,000 Overall 2012 $12,200 - $27,100
0303
0304
0501
0301
040 2013 $13,500 - $29,700
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $22,000 - $36,200 Engine, Major 2
0201
0301
0504
0503
050 2014 $16,600 - $45,300
2015 $21,300 - $43,900 2015 $18,700 - $47,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $26,100 - $54,600
Engine Minor 2
0201
02 04
05 01
0405
050
2016 $21,400 - $50,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $32,400 - $66,000
Engine Cooling 4
0504
05 05
05 04
0505
050 2017 $28,400 - $48,000
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $49,500 - $76,000 Trans. Major 5
0505
03 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $34,200 - $80,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $57,200 - $69,900 Trans. Minor 5
0504
03 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $39,600 - $90,300
2020 $67,900 - $79,900 2020 $46,500 - $96,800
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System 5
0401
05 05
05 02
0504
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 2
0105
01 03
04 01
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 2
0505
04 05
05 04
0503
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0503
04 04
02 01
0304
010 Overlap Side
Suspension
0204
03 04
05 01
0505
050 2011 Good NT NT
2012 NT NT NT 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0302
03 05
01 03
0105
050
2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
04 03
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 4/5
Paint/Trim
0404
04 05
04 02
0101
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks
0104
04 05
04 01
0203
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 5
0503
03 05
04 05
0101
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 5
0303
02 04
04 01
0201
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
0403
0405
0501
0104
040 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mercedes-Benz GLA Mercedes-Benz GL-Class, GLS

Essentially a raised wagon version of the CLA sedan, the GLA per- This seven-passenger luxury SUV uses a smooth 4.6-liter V8 that
formed better in our tests than its sibling. It got 26-mpg overall from delivers strong performance and 15 mpg overall; diesel models return
the 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder. But the seven-speed dual-clutch 19-20 mpg overall. Handling is relatively responsive, with good steer-
automatic is unrefined and, combined with the engine's turbo lag, ing feel. The GL proved secure and forgiving in our tests, the ride is
makes the GLA feel lethargic despite its quick acceleration times. comfortable, and the interior is very quiet. Fit and finish is excellent,
Handling is fairly agile, but the ride is stiff, and the cabin is loud. but some controls are overly complicated. The redesigned 2013 ver-
Visibility, particularly to the rear, is poor. Standard safety features sion had a comfortable ride, but clumsy handling at its limits. Interior
include a radar-based collision-prevention system. Forward collision accommodations are top notch. A new GLS arrived for 2020 with a
warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning are 3.0-liter six-cylinder turbo that provides smooth and effortless power.
optional. A front-drive version and a high-performance 375-hp GLA45 The ride is composed and handling is responsive for such a luxury
are available. Changes for 2018 include minor styling updates and an coach. All of the seats are first-rate, and the third-row remains rela-
optional suspension package that slightly increases ground clear- tively roomy. However, the infotainment system is overly distracting
ance. because many common tasks require a few steps. Forward collision
warning and automatic emergency braking are standard.
2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2007, 2013 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; AWD
optional. optional, standard 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,000 - $14,900
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $13,400 - $16,700
0 2013 $19,200 - $32,500
Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 - Engine, Major
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2014 $21,000 - $36,300
2015 $17,100 - $27,200 2015 $23,200 - $40,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $19,600 - $31,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * *2
0 * * * 2016 $28,200 - $46,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 $21,800 - $34,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2017 $35,600 - $62,700
Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 $23,900 - $38,300 Trans. Major
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2018 $44,700 - $72,900
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 $26,300 - $43,200 Trans. Minor
* * * * * *2
0 * * * 2019 $49,600 - $86,500
2020 $29,700 - $31,700 2020 $75,600 - $94,800
Drive System
* * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * *5
0 * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* * * * * *5
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * *5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * *2
-
Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * *2
0 * * * 2011 NT NT NT
2012 - - 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * *2
0 * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2017
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * *1
0 * * * 2020 NT NT NT

M
Mercedes-Benz GLK, GLC Mercedes-Benz M-Class, GLE

Based on the C-Class sedan, the GLK has a smooth 3.5-liter V6 that The M-Class has a roomy interior, a good ride and handling balance,
delivers quick acceleration and 18 mpg overall. Ride comfort is solid powerful V6 and V8 engines, and a well-constructed interior. The
and tranquil when cruising, but the low-speed ride is a bit unsettled. 2012 redesign was a significant improvement. The SUV became quick
The GLK handles fairly nimbly, but doesn't shine at its limits. The high, and very refined, quiet, and well finished. Handling is responsive but
upright seating position affords a commanding view out. The front steering is a little vague. Towing capacity is impressive. A turbodiesel
seats are firm and well-shaped. Leg room in the rear is stingy at best V6 was also available, as was a high-performance AMG version. Some
and the wide doorsills impede access. The controls aren't exactly log- controls have improved, but others are still complicated. The 2020
ical. A 2013 freshening considerably improved the car, with a new V6 GLE is very quiet and impeccably finished inside, and has excellent
engine that increased fuel economy to 21 mpg overall and more lux- seats. Its powerful 3.0-liter turbo six-cylinder returned 20 mpg
urious interior materials. A four-cylinder diesel engine was available. overall in our tests. The standard engine is a 2.0-liter turbo four-cyl-
A 2016 redesign came with a name change to GLC. It uses a 2.0-liter inder. Handling is rather dull, though the ride is comfortable. The
turbo four-cylinder that delivers ample power, and a smooth-shifting infotainment system has multiple ways to make adjustments, but it's
nine-speed automatic. A freshened 2020 model brought more horse- extremely distracting to use, even with the voice commands. Forward
power, an updated infotainment system, and added safety features. collision warning and automatic emergency braking are standard.
2010, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2006, 2012, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
optional, standard 2020. optional, standard 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,300 - $11,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,800 - $18,400
Overall 2012 $11,300 - $12,200 Overall 2012 $14,200 - $23,400
Reliability 5
0302
0303
0301
050 2013 $13,100 - $14,000 Reliability 3
0303
0305
0504 1
0 2013 $15,700 - $26,000
Engine, Major
* *4
0501
0105
0503
050 2014 $14,700 - $16,100 Engine, Major
*5
0501
0205
0504
0 *5
0 2014 $17,500 - $30,100
2015 $16,900 - $18,200 2015 $19,200 - $34,800
Engine Minor
* *5
05 05
03 04
0503
050
2016 >$24,300 - $25,800
Engine Minor
*2
0203
0505
0302
0 *1
0
2016 $24,200 - $61,200
Engine Cooling
* *5
05 05
04 04
0503
050 2017 $27,300 - $45,600
Engine Cooling
*1
0505
0505
0505
0 *4
0 2017 $29,000 - $71,500
Trans. Major
* *5
03 05
05 05
0405
050 2018 $29,700 - $49,000 Trans. Major
*5
0505
0305
0505
0 *5
0 2018 $34,200 - $81,500
Trans. Minor
* *5
05 05
01 05
0305
050 2019 $31,900 - $68,700 Trans. Minor
*5
0501
0304
0305
0 *4
0 2019 $42,000 - $93,400
2020 $38,000 - $74,700 2020 $52,200 - $74,100
Drive System
* *5
04 05
05 05
0502
050 Drive System
*1
0505
0403
0505
0 *2
0
Fuel System
* *1
01 03
01 02
0405
020
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*1
0101
0105
0404
0 *2
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* *5
05 04
02 05
0503
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*2
0504
0305
0502
0 *1
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* *5
05 05
02 04
0205
*4
0104
0303
0501
0 *3
0 Overlap Side
Suspension
* *3
04 04
01 04
0504
*2
0104
0501
0505
0 *5
0 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* *3
02 01
01 01
0105
050
2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
*5
0304
0404
0305
0 *4
0
2013 Good NT 5/5
Exhaust
* *3
01 05
04 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*1
0105
0505
0505
0 *5
Paint/Trim
* *3
03 05
05 04
0505
050 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim
*1
0302
0205
0505
0 *4
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* *5
03 02
04 05
0401
030
2017
*5
0405
0305
0305
0 *3
0
2017
Good Good NT
Good Good NT Good Good NT
Body Hardware
* *5
05 05
05 05
0405
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
*5
0102
0205
0405
0 *4
0
2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* *4
03 01
05 03
0204
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
*2
0104
0205
0304
0 *1
0 2019 Good Good NT
In-Car Electr.
* *5
0503
0402
0104
*5
0304
0404
0404
0 *1
0 2020 Good Good NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mercedes-Benz S-Class Mercedes-Benz SL

The S-Class has always been stately and luxurious, with a plush inte- This premium two-seat roadster, with a folding hardtop, manages to
rior and extremely comfortable, cushy ride. Sharp steering and nimble combine both sporty handling and a decent ride. The 2007 redesign
handling bely its large size. Even base V8 offers strong acceleration. made the car sportier to drive despite its size and weight. But the
A 2007 redesign included a powerful 5.5-liter V8 and a control system seven-speed automatic was slow to downshift. Fit and finish and
that is a bit easier to use, though still complicated. The 2014 redesign seat comfort is excellent. The V8 engine is strong and responsive.
offered a host of advanced technologies, while upping the luxury ante Handling is agile, with direct steering. Fit and finish and seat comfort
on many levels. A coupe version was new for 2015. A plug-in hybrid are excellent. But the controls are overly complicated. 2012 brought
joined the lineup for 2016. Updates for 2018 include changes to a whole new car that is wider and longer, with a host of high-tech
the model names and their respective powertrains. The S450 is the safety features. Turbo V8 and V12 engines are offered, as is an adjust-
new entry-level model, powered by a 362-hp twin-turbo V6. V8 and able-opacity feature for the hard-top roof. Changes for 2017 included
high-performance AMG versions are available. Convertible models are styling updates and more horsepower for all of the engines. Updates
also offered. Safety features include active cruise control, forward for 2020 included standard automatic emergency braking and for-
collision warning, automatic emergency braking, blind spot warning, ward collision warning.
and attention assist to determine when the driver is drowsy.
2007, 2014, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2007, 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear
optional, standard 2018. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,800 - $22,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $22,900 - $30,700
Overall 2012 $13,300 - $25,800 Overall 2012 $27,300 - $39,800
Reliability 5
0 2013 $16,300 - $28,900 Reliability 2013 $32,400 - $46,400
Engine, Major
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2014 $33,900 - $45,000 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $36,400 - $56,300
2015 $37,600 - $61,800 2015 $32,200 - $65,800
Engine Minor
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2016 $36,000 - $71,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $37,700 - $75,900
Engine Cooling
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2017 $42,200 - $89,100
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $51,600 - $89,600
Trans. Major
* * * *3
0 * * * * * 2018 $54,400 - $115,600 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $59,300 - $102,700
Trans. Minor
* * * *3
0 * * * * * 2019 $66,300 - $141,900 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $70,100 - $120,400
2020 $82,100 - $168,400 2020 $86,400 - $101,000
Drive System
* * * *5
0 * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
* * * *4
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * *5
0 * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *5
0 * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * *1
0 * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * *3
0 * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * *3
0 * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2017
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * *3
0 * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * *5
0 * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT

M
Mercedes-Benz SLK, SLC Mini Cooper

This two-seat convertible has many high-end technical and safety The Mini is fun to drive and has plenty of head and legroom up front. It
features, including a power-folding hardtop. With the roof up it feels uses a small four-cylinder paired with a slick manual or a responsive
almost as solid as a fixed-roof coupe. It's fun to drive, with agile han- six-speed automatic. Handling is agile, with quick, precise steering
dling, a comfortable ride, and a strong V6. A 2012 freshening included and very little body roll. The ride can be choppy. The base engine lacks
a 3.5-liter V6 and seven-speed automatic, as well as a 1.8-liter turbo oomph, but the Cooper S, in early supercharged or later turbocharged
four-cylinder with a six-speed manual. The cabin is well finished, but form, is quick. The rear seat is tiny, and the stylized controls and
narrow. For 2017, the car was renamed SLC. Our SLC250 had a 1.8-liter gauges are a confusing jumble. The Clubman arrived in 2008 with a
turbo four-cylinder that delivered ample thrust, and the SLC300 has small third door and useful back seats. The redesigned 2014 Cooper
a more powerful 2.0-liter engine and nine-speed automatic. Handling grew wider and longer. The base turbo three-cylinder is surprisingly
is crisp, with rock-solid body control and communicative steering. The powerful, and the turbo four-cylinder in the S is strong. We got 31 mpg
ride is firm but refined enough for lengthy trips. The tight cabin has with the base car, and 30 in the S. The ride is rather firm, however, and
excellent seats that feature warm-air vents in the head restraints to road noise is noticeable. Controls take some getting used to, and the
keep your neck warm during chilly top-down drives. backseat is still tiny. Updates for 2020 included standard forward col-
lision warning and automatic emergency braking.
2012, 2017 ABS, ESC, side air bags Rear 2007, 2014 ABS, ESC, side air bags AWD; Front
standard. AEB standard standard. FCW, AEB
from 2017. FCW, BSW optional, standard 2020.
optional, standard 2020. BSW not available.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $12,800 - $14,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,100 - $9,400
Overall 2012 $15,300 - $26,500 Overall 2012 $6,900 - $12,300
0101
0301
0402
0102
0 2013 $7,400 - $14,300
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $18,700 - $32,400 Engine, Major 1
0101
0402
0504
0505
0 * 2014 $9,300 - $18,300
2015 $20,200 - $35,800 2015 $11,100 - $19,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $21,900 - $37,600
Engine Minor 1
0101
01 02
01 04
0505
0 * 2016 $13,500 - $21,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $32,400 - $40,500
Engine Cooling 1
0101
01 05
01 05
0505
0 * 2017 $16,200 - $26,800
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $33,600 - $43,600 Trans. Major 5
0303
05 02
05 05
0505
0 * 2018 $15,900 - $29,100
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $36,900 - $50,000 Trans. Minor 3
0401
05 02
05 05
0503
0 * 2019 $17,900 - $32,900
2020 $43,300 - $57,600 2020 $21,500 - $35,900
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System 5
0405
01 05
04 03
0304
0 *
Fuel System
Fuel System 1
0101
03 05
03 01
0305
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0101
04 05
01 04
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0202
05 05
01 04
0101
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
0505
05 01
01 05
0503
0 * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 5
0104
03 05
03 04
0101
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
05 04
05 04
0505
0 * 2014 Good NT 4/4
Paint/Trim
0505
05 05
01 01
0305
0 * 2015 Good Good 4/4
Noises & Leaks
0101
04 02
01 03
0103
0 * 2016 Good Good 4/4
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 1
0105
05 05
03 01
0105
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/4
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 1
0101
04 05
01 01
0501
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/4
In-Car Electr.
0504
0501
0505
0403
0 * 2020 Good Good 4/4

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mini Cooper Countryman Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross

The four-door Countryman is a bigger pseudo-SUV version of the Mini. The Eclipse Cross is underwhelming with mundane handling, an unset-
The quirky interior has well shaped and comfortable seats, and some tled ride, and extremely frustrating controls. Its power comes from a
models had an intriguing but flimsy sliding storage rail system. Early lackluster 1.5-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine mated to a con-
versions only sat four, but later versions added a three-person rear tinuously variable transmission. The SUV moves decently around town,
seat. Sharing the quick steering and fantastic agility of other Minis, but it runs out of steam climbing hills or merging onto highways. Its
the Countryman is undeniably fun to drive. Unfortunately, the famil- fuel economy of 24 mpg overall isn't impressive for the class, either. A
iar Mini downsides carry over to this one, too, including frustrating center console touchpad interacts with the infotainment screen, but
controls and a choppy ride. Power comes from a 1.6-liter four-cylinder this controller is very cumbersome and distracting to use. The driver's
engine, either in standard 121-hp form or as a punchy turbocharged S seat is short on support, but getting in or out is easy, and the rear
model good for 184 hp. Only the S version offers all-wheel drive. The seat room is generous. The curvy styling hurts the driver's view out.
2017 redesign brings a base 1.5-liter turbo three-cylinder, and a 2.0- AWD is standard on all but the base version. Updates for 2020 includ-
liter turbo four-cylinder for the S. Updates for 2020 included standard ed forward collision warning with pedestrian detection, automatic
automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detection and forward emergency braking, and lane departure warning as standard on all but
collision warning. the bottom two trims.
2011, 2017 ABS, ESC, head and side AWD; Front 2018 ABS, ESC, head and side AWD; Front
air bags standard. FCW, air bags standard. BSW,
AEB optional, standard FCW, AEB optional.
2020. BSW not available.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 2
030 2013 - Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2014 $9,200 - $15,800 Engine, Major
* * * 2014 -
2015 $10,600 - $18,600 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * *5
020 * 2016 $13,100 - $21,700
Engine Minor
* * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2017 $17,500 - $21,500
Engine Cooling
* * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2018 $19,500 - $27,400 Trans. Major
* * * 2018 $14,100 - $18,900
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2019 $21,400 - $30,500 Trans. Minor
* * * 2019 $16,000 - $20,400
2020 $24,500 - $33,000 2020 $18,000 - $23,200
Drive System
* * * * * * *2
050 * Drive System
* * *
Fuel System
* * * * * * *5
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * *5
020 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * *5
* * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * *1
050 * 2011 Good Good NT Suspension
* * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good Good NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * *1
Brakes
* * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * *5
Exhaust
* * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * *5
050 * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim
* * * 2015 - - -
2016 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * *3
050 * 2017
* * * 2017
- -
-
Good Good NT - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * *5
Body Hardware
Power Equip.
* * * * * * *2
Power Equip.
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * *4
* * * 2020 Good Good 5/5

M
Mitsubishi Lancer Mitsubishi Mirage

The Lancer is an unimpressive compact sedan. Earlier versions had Mitsubishi's tiny, Thailand-built subcompact seems like an act of des-
uncomfortable seats, clumsy handling, and an unsettled ride. A 2008 peration, dressing a primitive Asia-market car with some upscale toys
redesign brought great improvements, including a decent ride and and calling it a day. Good points include a decent-enough ride, frugal
handling that's fairly agile. Its 2.0-liter four-cylinder has good accel- 37-mpg fuel economy, and an accommodating rear seat. The up-level
eration but the engine is sluggish from a stop, tends to moan at high ES also brings a fancy radio, push-button start, auto climate system
revs, and returns uncompetitive fuel economy. The cabin is furnished and Bluetooth. However, the weak, vibrating, and incredibly noisy
with drab plastics, but the controls are simple to use. The sporty, three-cylinder engine provides sluggish acceleration, handling is very
AWD Ralliart is quick and agile but it's noisier, has a stiff ride, and its clumsy with a lot of body lean, and the cabin is depressingly low-rent.
automated manual transmission is annoying during all but the most Further lowering its standing is its poor score in the IIHS small-over-
spirited drives. The high-performance Evolution is a turbocharged all- lap crash test. Since its introduction in 2014, minor updates brought
wheel-drive rally car for the road that is furiously fast, but grating to a sedan body style, a hint more power, and Android Auto and Apple
live with on a daily basis. The Lancer was discontinued in 2018. CarPlay compatibility, along with supposedly upgraded brakes.
standard. standard. ADAS not
available.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,600 - $20,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $5,000 - $22,500 Overall 2012 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $7,000 - $27,900 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $5,200 - $5,500
2015 $7,800 - $30,500 2015 $5,700 - $6,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $9,300 - $12,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $11,200 - $13,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $7,500 - $8,600
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 $8,400 - $10,300
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 $10,000 - $12,100
2020 - 2020 $11,700 - $13,800
Drive System
* * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 4/4 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/4
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/4 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/4 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2016 Good Poor 4/5
2017 Good Accpt. 4/4 2017 Good Marg. 4/4
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/4
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 Good Marg. 4/4
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 Good Marg. 4/4

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Mitsubishi Outlander Mitsubishi Outlander Sport

Mitsubishi's small SUV was redesigned for 2007, and was considerably The Outlander Sport is a chopped version of the small Outlander SUV.
improved into a competitive small SUV. Originally available only with a Despite the name this is not a fun car to drive. It handles less nimbly
punchy V6, a four-cylinder mated to a CVT arrived in 2008, returning than the larger Outlander, and acceleration from the 148-hp, 2.0-liter
22 mpg overall. Agile handling gave the Outlander a sporty feel. An engine is adequate at best. A more powerful 2.4-liter four-cylinder
optional third-row seat was unusual for the class. A 2014 redesign engine arrived for 2015. It has reduced rear-seat and cargo space.
stripped the Outlander of any athleticism, making it feel dated and The Sport's choppy ride and very noisy cabin further undermine the
cut-rate. Though absorbent, the ride feels too buoyant and not tied driving experience. Still, it has a commanding seating position and
down. Handling is clumsy, with slow steering response and lots of passenger and cargo versatility. Top-trim all-wheel-drive versions
body lean in corners. The base 2.4-liter four-cylinder is mated to a CVT can get expensive enough that the Outlander Sport starts to com-
that amplifies the engine's howl, and its 24 mpg overall is lackluster. pete with better SUVs. Updates for 2020 included Apple CarPlay and
Top-tier GT trims get a 3.0-liter V6 and six-speed automatic. Updates Android Auto compatibility, and added advanced safety equipment.
for 2020 included standard forward collision warning with pedestrian
detection, automatic emergency braking, and lane departure warning
on all but the base trim.
2007, 2014, 2016 ABS, ESC, head and side AWD; Front 2011, 2015 ABS, ESC, head and side AWD; Front
air bags standard. BSW, air bags standard. BSW,
FCW, AEB optional. FCW, AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,200 - $7,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,500 - $6,700
Overall 2012 $6,000 - $8,400 Overall 2012 $5,800 - $7,200
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $7,900 - $11,300 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $7,800 - $9,600
2015 $9,400 - $13,000 2015 $9,300 - $12,300
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $11,800 - $15,100
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $11,100 - $14,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $13,200 - $17,600
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $12,500 - $16,400
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $15,000 - $23,000 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $13,000 - $16,100
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $16,700 - $25,800 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $14,800 - $18,700
2020 $18,400 - $28,700 2020 $17,500 - $22,900
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Good Accpt. NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good Accpt. 4/4
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good Good 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Good 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 Good Good 4/5 Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 Good Accpt. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Accpt. 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Accpt. 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Accpt. 4/5

N
Nissan Altima Nissan Armada

The well-rounded Altima was roomy and comfortable riding, and the While it's based on the Titan pickup, the big eight-passenger Armada
four-cylinder 2.5 S model averaged 26 mpg. The powerful V6 got uses an independent rear suspension, which improves the ride con-
24 mpg. A The 2013 redesign saw the four-cylinder get even thrift- siderably. The smooth-revving 5.6-liter V8 engine and slick five-speed
ier, returning 31 mpg overall; the V6 got 24 mpg. Handling is rather automatic makes the Armada quick, but achieve just 13 mpg overall.
ordinary and the ride feel superficially soft, but sharp bumps punch Handling is relatively responsive, but the ride is quite stiff. The interi-
through. Controls are easy to use, but the infotainment system is or quality is unimpressive, but there's lots of rear cargo space. Towing
dated. The rear seat is fairly roomy. The redesigned 2019 Altima is an capacity is generous. The 2017 redesign uses a robust 5.6-liter V8. We
unremarkable but competitive car that gets the job done. It delivers got a paltry 14 mpg overall. The soft suspension absorbs bumps well,
on room, fuel economy and user friendliness. But the driving experi- but the body jostles frequently. Handling is clumsy, with slow steering
ence is bland and the pliant ride isn't adept at absorbing all types of and pronounced body roll. The spacious cabin has a premium feel, but
bumps. The 2.5-liter engine provides decent acceleration and gets 31 the controls are a bit dated and cluttered, and it's a far reach to some
mpg overall, and can be paired with AWD. The cabin is roomy and quiet, buttons and knobs. The Armada can tow a generous 8,500-pound
if a bit too low for easy access. Controls are very easy to use. Forward load. Updates for the 2019 model included standard forward collision
collision warning and automatic emergency braking are standard. warning, and automatic emergency braking.
1993, 1998, 2002, 2007, ABS, ESC, side and air AWD; Front 2004, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and air 4WD; Rear
2013, 2019 bags standard. FCW, bags standard. FCW,
from 2018. BSW from 2019. BSW
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,500 - $8,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,400 - $11,700
Overall 2012 $6,000 - $8,900 Overall 2012 $9,600 - $13,500
Reliability 3
0303
0103
0103
0403
050 2013 $7,300 - $9,200 Reliability 2013 $10,700 - $15,600
Engine, Major 5
0305
0405
0403
0505
050 2014 $8,300 - $11,000 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $12,600 - $17,700
2015 $9,600 - $12,800 2015 $15,200 - $20,900
Engine Minor 4
0205
05 02
05 03
0504
050
2016 $11,500 - $14,500
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling 5
0205
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $13,600 - $16,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $26,800 - $34,300
Trans. Major 1
0501
01 01
02 01
0305
050 2018 $15,500 - $18,900 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $28,100 - $37,600
Trans. Minor 3
0301
01 01
01 03
0505
050 2019 $18,000 - $27,000 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $32,300 - $44,000
2020 $19,900 - $28,600 2020 $35,900 - $48,900
Drive System 4
0402
02 05
04 04
0504
050 Drive System
* * * * * * * * *
Fuel System 1
0403
03 05
05 05
0504
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 3
0205
04 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 2
0102
01 05
04 02
0504
* * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension 3
0201
03 03
02 02
0205
* * * * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0201
01 01
02 03
0304
050
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust 1
0401
02 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Accpt. 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim 2
0303
01 05
02 05
0502
050 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 5/5 2016 -
Noises & Leaks 1
0301
01 03
02 01
0203
050 Good Good Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * - -
Body Hardware 5
0403
05 05
04 05
0501
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT 3/5
Power Equip. 4
0403
03 05
03 04
0404
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT 3/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0303
0304
0403
0402
* * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT 3/5

1
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0 4
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0 !
0
Nissan Cube Nissan Frontier

The Cube is a funky-looking runabout, tall and boxy with a cavernous The Frontier is relatively quick and nimble, with a still-stiff though
interior. Whimsical interior details target the young but easy access tolerable ride. The strong 4.0-liter V6 revs smoothly and feels like a
makes it a viable option for buyers of any age who find it hard to climb V8. We chalked up an unimpressive 15 mpg overall. Base models are
in and out of more conventional cars. Acceleration from the 122-hp, powered by a 2.5-liter four-cylinder. Transmissions include five- and
1.8-liter four-cylinder engine is disappointingly slow. We measured 28 six-speed manuals and a five-speed automatic. All Frontiers of this
mpg with the continuously variable transmission. A six-speed manual generation are either crew- or extended-cab but rear seat room is
is also available. The Cube rides fairly comfortably, but handling is tight in both. An optional longer (six-foot) bed arrived for 2007, but
rather clumsy and road noise is pronounced. Stopping distances are the tailgate is quite heavy. There weren't any major changes to the
unimpressive, too. Overall, it trails some other box-like competitors, Frontier after that. The Frontier scored a Marginal in both of the IIHS
such as the Scion xB and Kia Soul. The Cube was dropped after 2014. small overlap front crash tests. Key advanced safety and driver assist
systems are unavailable.
2009 ABS, ESC, side and air Front 1998, 2005, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and air 4WD; Rear
bags standard. bags standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,400 - $7,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,900 - $14,000
Overall 2012 $5,800 - $6,700 Overall 2012 $8,200 - $15,900
0405
0504
0303
0203
0 2013 $9,900 - $17,800
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $7,300 - $8,000 Engine, Major 5
0405
0505
0505
0504
0 * 2014 $10,700 - $19,100
2015 - 2015 $12,500 - $21,200
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor 5
0405
05 04
04 05
0304
0 * 2016 $13,900 - $24,200
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0504
0 * 2017 $16,700 - $27,200
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 2
0404
02 04
04 05
0505
0 * 2018 $16,300 - $28,400
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 2
0105
02 03
04 05
0105
0 * 2019 $20,100 - $31,300
2020 - 2020 $25,200 - $34,100
Drive System
0501
05 03
05 04
0105
0 *
Fuel System
Fuel System 1
0305
03 01
01 05
0305
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0305
05 05
05 05
0304
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0405
05 05
01 01
0504
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
0305
04 03
05 01
0305
0 * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 5
0402
04 01
04 02
0505
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 1
0101
05 05
05 05
0505
0 * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 5
0501
05 01
02 02
0103
0 * 2015 Good NT NT
2016 - 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 1
0201
01 03
03 01
0105
0 * Good NT NT
2017 - - 2017 Good Marg. 3/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 5
0305
05 04
02 05
0305
0 * 2018 Good Marg. 3/NT
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 4
0305
05 01
05 03
0401
0 * 2019 Good Marg. 3/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 4
0505
0404
0305
0505
0 * 2020 Good Marg. 3/5

N
Nissan Juke Nissan Kicks

The funky-looking Juke is a quasi-SUV derived from the small Nissan Nissan replaced the funky-looking Juke with the Kicks subcompact
Versa. It's got the raised ride height and optional all-wheel drive of an SUV. The Kicks is more of a budget car designed to appeal to custom-
SUV but the steeply raked rear quarter of a hatchback. Our testers all ers who would normally buy a Nissan Sentra or Versa Note, but who
enjoyed driving it but the very tight rear seats and the trifling cargo are attracted to the better versatility and styling of an SUV. Unlike
space behind them limit its usefulness. Nimble handling and punchy many crossovers, the Kicks doesn't offer all-wheel drive. The Kicks
power from the 1.6-liter turbo four-cylinder make it fun and agile. Fuel comes with a modest 125-hp, 1.6-liter four-cylinder engine coupled to
economy of 24 mpg overall isn't bad for an all-wheel-drive vehicle but a CVT, producing leisurely acceleration but impressive fuel economy
the need for premium fuel is a downer. As in some sporty hatchbacks, at 32 mpg overall. Interior room is generous for the class, and the
a noisy cabin and stiff ride come with the territory. The Juke scored controls are easy to use. Handling is mundane, and the ride is rather
a Poor in the IIHS small-overlap crash test. It was dropped after the choppy. Forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking
2017 model year. are standard.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and air AWD; Front 2018 ABS, ESC, side and air Front
bags standard. bags standard. FCW,
AEB standard. BSW
optional, standard
from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,500 - $7,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $6,900 - $8,200 Overall 2012 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $8,500 - $12,300 Engine, Major
* * * 2014 -
2015 $9,800 - $13,400 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $11,500 - $15,400
Engine Minor
* * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $13,200 - $17,200
Engine Cooling
* * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * 2018 $14,100 - $16,300
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * 2019 $15,900 - $18,000
2020 - 2020 $17,200 - $19,800
Drive System
* * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT 3/5 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 3/5
Brakes
* * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor 3/5
Exhaust
* * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor 3/5 Paint/Trim
* * * 2015 - - -
2016 3/5 2016 -

Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * Good Poor Noises & Leaks
* * * - -
-
2017 Good Poor 3/NT 2017 - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
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0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Nissan Leaf ! Nissan Maxima

This five-seat, EV has a 75-mile typical range. In our 2011 test a full This long-running sedan was redesigned for 2009. It has a composed
charge took 6 hours using a 240-volt outlet or 16 hours using 120 ride, quite cabin, and a slick powertrain that makes it very quick.
volts, charge times have been shortened through updates to the car. Controls are simple and the front seats are comfortable. However,
At low speeds the Leaf feels quick and it is quiet and rides comfort- the steering is oddly weighted, the low roof inhibits visibility, and
ably. Cabin access is easy, and the rear seat is fairly roomy. We mea- rear-seat room is unimpressive. In 2016 the Maxima was again rede-
sured 3.16 miles per kWh, the equivalent of 106 mpg. 2013 brought a signed, and the highlight is its 3.5-liter V6, dashing from 0 to 60 mph
faster onboard charger and a cheaper S version. The second gener- in just 6.5 seconds while still returning a commendable 25 mpg overall
ation Leaf has a 40-kWh battery, and we measured its driving range albeit on premium fuel. While the continuously variable transmission
at 140 miles. The Leaf Plus, with a 62-kWh battery, has a rated range works well for loafing around, it saps any aspirations of sporty driving.
of 215 miles. It takes eight hours to charge it on a 240-volt connec- Handling is mundane, and the ride is too stiff. The interior is plush and
tor. The ride is stiff and handling is mundane, but secure. The driving has easy-to-use controls and a fairly straightforward infotainment
position can be uncomfortable for some drivers because the steering system. A low roofline inhibits access and visibility. The front seats
wheel doesn't telescope for reach. Forward collision warning and auto- are very comfortable but the rear cabin is rather cramped.
matic emergency braking are standard.
2011, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and air Front 2009, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and air Front
AEB standard from 2018. AEB optional, standard
BSW optional, standard from 2018. BSW option-
from 2020. al, standard from 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $2,700 - $3,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,200 - $7,600
Overall 2012 $3,800 - $4,300 Overall 2012 $7,900 - $8,500
Reliability 5
0505
0 5
0504
0105
0 2013 $5,100 - $6,400 Reliability 3
0 5
0 4
010 2013 $8,700 - $9,400
Engine, Major 5
0505
0 *5
0505
0405
0 * 2014 $6,600 - $8,400 Engine, Major
*5
0 *5
0 5
050 * * * 2014 $10,000 - $11,200
2015 $7,500 - $9,800 2015 -
Engine Minor 5
0505
0 *5
0405
0405
0 * 2016 $7,600 - $10,200
Engine Minor
*5
0 *5
0 5
050 * * * 2016 $16,300 - $18,900
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 *5
0505
0505
0 * 2017 $9,500 - $11,800
Engine Cooling
*5
0 *5
0 5
050 * * * 2017 $19,200 - $23,500
Trans. Major 2
0505
0 *5
0505
0105
0 * 2018 $15,200 - $18,000 Trans. Major
*1
0 *3
0 3
010 * * * 2018 $20,200 - $26,300
Trans. Minor 5
0505
0 *5
0405
0505
0 * 2019 $18,000 - $25,600 Trans. Minor
*5
0 *3
0 3
030 * * * 2019 $23,500 - $30,800
2020 $21,500 - $29,300 2020 $25,900 - $34,400
Drive System 4
0405
0 *5
0501
0105
0 * Drive System
*5
0 *5
0 5
020 * * *
Fuel System 5
0505
0 *5
0505
0505
Fuel System
*1
0 *5
0 1
Electrical 5
0504
0 *5
0505
0405
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
0 *5
0 5
050 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0504
0 *3
0505
0405
*1
0 *3
0 5
Suspension 5
0405
0 *1
0503
0205
0 * 2011 Good NT 4/5 Suspension
*1
0 *5
0 3
030 * * * 2011 Good Accpt. NT
Brakes 5
0505
0 *5
0505
0504
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Brakes
*2
0 *4
0 4
010 * * * 2013 Good Accpt. 3/5
Exhaust 5
0505
0 *5
0505
0505
0 * 2014 Good Poor 4/4
Exhaust
*5
0 *5
0 5
050 * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 3/5
Paint/Trim 5
0505
0 *5
0505
0405
0 * 2015 Good Poor 4/4 Paint/Trim
*3
0 *3
0 3
010 * * * 2015 - - -
Noises & Leaks 5

0405
0 *5
0505
0405
0 * 2016 Good Poor 4/4 Noises & Leaks
*2
0 *5
0 1
010 * * * 2016 Good Good 5/5
2017 Good Poor 4/4 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 5
0404
0 *5
0403
0403
0 * 2018 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
*5
0 *3
0 3
030 * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0504
0 *4
0503
0103
0 * 2019 Good NT NT
Power Equip.
*3
0 *1
0 4
050 * * * 2019 Good Good NT
In-Car Electr. 5
0105
0 *5
0405
0402
0 * 2020 Good NT 4/5 In-Car Electr.
*4
0 *4
0 2
050 * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5

N
Nissan Murano Nissan Pathfinder

The Murano's refined and powerful 3.5-liter V6 is mated to a CVT and The 2005-12 Pathfinder had an available third-row seat and a strong,
delivers strong performance and respectable fuel economy. Handling but thirsty, 4.0-liter V6. The ride was too stiff, though. For 2013 a
is responsive, secure, and forgiving with optional stability control. A new Pathfinder arrived, built on a car-based chassis. It lost its off-
stiff and noisy ride is a significant drawback. The front seats are fairly road readiness but gained a better ride and a roomier interior. Power
comfortable and the interior is stylishly dressed. Although access is comes from Nissan's ubiquitous, good-performing 3.5-liter V6 driving
easy and the seating is roomy, cargo space is limited. The 2009 rede- through a CVT. This SUV can tow 5,000 pounds and has a second
sign brought a more comfortable ride, a nicer interior, and standard row that can move forward even with a child seat installed, allowing
ESC. Expect 19 mpg overall. Subsequent redesigns made the Murano access to the small third-row seat. Mushy handling and so-so fuel
more luxurious. Through the years, one constant remained: limited economy are shortcomings. Updates for 2015 included optional blind
rear visibility. A total redesign for 2015 gave the Murano a quiet, spot warning, while 2017 brought a new 3.5-liter V6 engine that got 18
well-finished cabin. Handling isn't very sporty, but the ride is steady mpg in our tests, a revised suspension, and a bump in towing capacity
and absorbent on the 18-inch wheels. Changes for 2018 included stan- to 6,000 pounds. For 2018, forward collision warning and automatic
dard forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking. emergency braking were made standard.
2003, 2009, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and air AWD; Front 2005, 2013 ABS, ESC, side and air 4WD; Front; Rear
AEB optional, standard AEB standard from 2018.
from 2018. BSW BSW optional.
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,500 - $8,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,100 - $10,500
Overall 2012 $7,500 - $10,200 Overall 2012 $8,100 - $12,000
Reliability 3
0403
0403
0504
0305
050 2013 $8,400 - $12,000 Reliability 1
0101
0 1
020 2013 $9,400 - $13,000
Engine, Major 5
0505
0405
0505
0405
050 2014 $10,200 - $13,900 Engine, Major
* *1
0502
0 *3
050 * * 2014 $10,800 - $14,900
2015 $13,800 - $19,200 2015 $12,400 - $17,400
Engine Minor 5
0405
05 05
04 05
0405
050
2016 $15,700 - $21,700
Engine Minor
* *1
0401
0 *5
030 * * 2016 $14,600 - $21,000
Engine Cooling 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $17,500 - $24,300
Engine Cooling
* *1
0504
0 *1
050 * * 2017 $17,300 - $24,800
Trans. Major 1
0301
02 04
03 04
0505
050 2018 $19,900 - $27,400 Trans. Major
* *1
0101
0 *3
030 * * 2018 $19,300 - $27,400
Trans. Minor 3
0302
05 04
01 04
0504
050 2019 $22,900 - $31,800 Trans. Minor
* *1
0101
0 *1
030 * * 2019 $21,400 - $30,400
2020 $25,200 - $35,600 2020 $23,900 - $34,300
Drive System 4
0404
05 05
05 05
0404
050 Drive System
* *1
0101
0 *5
050 * *
Fuel System 5
0505
03 05
01 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* *2
0105
0 *3
Electrical 4
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* *1
0405
0 *5
030 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0103
05 04
04 04
0403
* *1
0101
0 *1
Suspension 3
0303
04 04
04 03
0204
* *3
0303
0 *5
050 * * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes 3
0304
02 03
02 01
0405
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* *4
0203
0 *1
050 * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 1
0103
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* *4
0505
0 *5
050 * * 2014 Good NT 4/5
Paint/Trim 4
0402
02 05
05 02
0304
* *1
0505
0 *3
010 * * 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0203
02 03
02 01
0102
* *1
0202
0 *1
050 * * 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0304
02 03
04 01
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* *1
0505
0 *1
010 * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0303
03 03
04 04
0505
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* *1
0502
0 *1
030 * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 3
0405
0404
0303
0305
* *3
0204
0 *1
010 * * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
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0 !
0
Nissan Quest Nissan Rogue

The roomy and comfortable Quest received a 2007 freshening, which The first-generation Nissan Rogue was a handy compact size, but
improved the formerly confusing dashboard layout. 2009 was the last the cargo area was pretty puny and styling impeded the view aft.
model year for that generation but an all-new Quest arrived for 2011. The 2.5-liter, four-cylinder engine sounded raspy at high revs, but
It's exceptionally spacious, a luxurious vehicle with a quiet, plush inte- averaged a respectable 22 mpg. The ride is supple and handling fair-
rior and smooth, compliant ride. Handling is sound but not sporty. Both ly nimble. The 2014 redesign made the Rogue bigger. It's quiet and
rear rows fold flat to form a flush load floor. However, it only has seat- refined and delivered a better ride than most other small SUVs. The
ing for seven at the most, not eight like many competitors. A covered CVT transmission became less intrusive by mimicking shifts and the
bay behind the third-row seat can hide bags and cargo, a small but we got 24 mpg overall in our testing. Controls are very easy to use
clever feature. A blind spot warning system was optional. The Quest and access is a breeze. Updates for 2016 included available automatic
went on its last adventure in 2017. emergency braking and forward collision warning. A hybrid version and
more advanced safety features were new for 2017. Updates for 2018
included standard forward collision warning and automatic emergen-
cy braking.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and air Front 2008, 2014, 2021 ABS, ESC, side and air AWD; Front
bags standard. bags standard. BSW,
FCW, AEB standard from
2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,500 - $8,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,000 - $6,800
Overall 2012 $7,400 - $9,300 Overall 2012 $6,600 - $7,900
0303
0403
0404
0401
040 2013 $7,200 - $9,000
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $8,500 - $13,400 Engine, Major 4
0505
0504
0505
0505
050 2014 $9,700 - $11,800
2015 $10,000 - $14,700 2015 $11,200 - $13,800
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $11,800 - $17,000
Engine Minor 4
0405
05 05
02 05
0405
050
2016 $12,900 - $16,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $14,400 - $20,600
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $14,300 - $19,600
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 1
0102
02 05
04 04
0503
050 2018 $16,100 - $21,600
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 1
0103
03 05
03 04
0403
050 2019 $17,500 - $23,800
2020 - 2020 $19,400 - $24,200
Drive System
* * * * * * * Drive System 1
0103
02 04
02 05
0403
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 2
0405
05 03
04 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0505
04 05
03 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 3
0101
01 01
03 01
0501
030 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 1
0103
04 04
05 04
0405
040 2011 Good Marg. 4/5
2012 Good NT NT 2012 Good Marg. 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0303
04 03
02 04
0402
050
2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor NT
Exhaust 3
0304
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 3/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor NT Paint/Trim 4
0402
04 02
03 04
0204
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2016 Good Poor NT Noises & Leaks 1
0401
01 01
01 01
0203
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
2017 Good Poor NT 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 3
0501
05 05
03 04
0405
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 3
0405
03 04
04 03
0304
020 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 3
0505
0204
0503
0103
040 2020 Good Good 4/5

N
Nissan Rogue Sport Nissan Sentra

Measuring a foot shorter than the familiar Rogue, the Rogue Sport The Sentra was redesigned in 2007, which included a roomy rear seat,
is a smaller SUV that bridges the gap between the Juke/Kicks and a civilized and quiet ride, and easy cabin access. Handling is sound
Rogue. All trims use the same pleasant 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine with ESC, but without it this generation of Sentra can fishtail too easi-
mated to a continuously variable transmission. Although it's not a ly. Despite a rich list of readily available features such as iPod control,
muscular powertrain, it returned 26 mpg in our testing. The Sport the Sentra has simple controls. A redesign for 2013 diminished steer-
handles responsively and rides in a civilized manner, with reasonable ing feel, and left the ride below par. Equipment levels remained good
levels of cabin noise. Connectivity features include the available but the interior feels cheap and the engine is a bit noisy. Fuel economy
NissanConnect navigation/app system with a 7.0-inch color touch with the CVT rose to a respectable 29 mpg overall. A freshening for
screen and Siri Eyes Free. Plus, the Sport offers a 360-degree view 2016 brought a tweaked suspension, slightly reworked CVT, and other
camera, which is helpful for negotiating tight parking spaces. Versions modest enhancements in an attempt to reduce noise. Updates for
built in mid-2018 model year included standard automatic emergen- 2018 included standard automatic emergency braking and forward
cy braking and forward collision warning. These systems were only collision warning. A substantially redesigned 2020 model featured a
optional on earlier Sports. comfortable ride, nimble handling, great fuel economy, roomy cabin,
and intuitive controls.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2007, 2013, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
in 2019. in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,100 - $6,300
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $5,400 - $6,800
Reliability 4
0202
010 1
0 1
0 2013 $5,100 - $6,200
Engine, Major 5
0305
*3
050 *2
0 *5
0 * * * 2014 $6,000 - $7,400
2015 - 2015 $7,000 - $8,600
Engine Minor 4
0505
0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor
*5
010 *1
0 *5
0 * * * 2016 $9,300 - $11,000
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0 * 2017 $14,300 - $18,600
Engine Cooling
*5
050 *5
0 *5
0 * * * 2017 $11,400 - $15,900
Trans. Major 2
0503
0 * 2018 $15,400 - $20,200 Trans. Major
*1
010 *1
0 *1
0 * * * 2018 $12,000 - $17,400
Trans. Minor 1
0503
0 * 2019 $16,800 - $22,400 Trans. Minor
*3
010 *5
0 *1
0 * * * 2019 $13,500 - $18,800
2020 $18,600 - $25,500 2020 $16,800 - $17,900
Drive System 5
0305
0 * Drive System
*1
050 *5
0 *3
0 * * *
Fuel System 5
0505
Fuel System
*4
010 *1
0 *1
Electrical 5
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*3
010 *1
0 *5
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0501
*5
020 *5
0 *5
-
Suspension 5
0101
0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
*2
040 *1
0 *3
0 * * * 2011 Good NT 3/3
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 3/3
Brakes 5
0205
0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes
*4
040 *1
0 *1
0 * * * 2013 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
*2
050 *5
0 *5
0 * * * 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Paint/Trim 5
0205
0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
*2
030 *1
0 *3
0 * * * 2015 Good Good 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks 3
0105
0 * - - Noises & Leaks
*4
010 *1
0 *1
0 * * * Good Good
Body Hardware 5
0105
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
*1
020 *3
0 *5
0 * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 5
0403
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*5
020 *5
0 *5
0 * * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0401
*5
050 *5
0 *4
0 * * * 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Nissan Titan Nissan Versa

Nissan's full-sized pickup has a large cabin has a fairly comfortable Nissan's subcompact Versa was offered in hatchback and sedan
ride and a very smooth transmission. It's relatively agile too. The V8 bodystyles. Both pack an impressively roomy rear seat and a tall
provides strong acceleration, but the engine and exhaust noise can roofline that allows easy access. The 1.8- liter, four-cylinder engine
become tiresome. Still, interior fit and finish is lackluster and neither is relatively refined, but needs to be revved high to deliver power. We
a standard cab nor different engines are available. The 2017 redesign found the ride relatively comfortable and quiet, but handling wasn't
brought a smooth and punchy gas 5.6-liter V8 and a slick seven-speed a strong suit. Antilock brakes were optional, and therefore rare, in
automatic. A V6 engine was available along with a heavier duty "XD" early models. The 2012 redesign of the sedan was a disappointment,
version with a stiffer suspension. The ride is tolerable and handling is eroding the previous car's budget-plush feel with a noisy and bla-
secure. The cabin is roomy and has plenty of storage space. The sub- tantly cheap interior and a so-so ride. The 2014 hatchback redesign,
stantially refreshed 2020 model included a nine-speed automatic, a dubbed the Versa Note, brought a roomier cabin and livelier handling,
horsepower boost for the V8, and standard forward collision warning, and is the more pleasant version. The Versa scored a poor in the IIHS
automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning. small-overlap crash test. A 2020 redesign brought a more stylish
package, but offered just the sedan body style. Forward collision
warning and automatic emergency braking became standard.
2004, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2007, 2012, 2020 Side and head protection Front
protection air bags air bags standard. ABS
standard. BSW optional. available, standard from
BSW, FCW, AEB stan- 2010. ESC available from
dard in 2020. 2010, standard from 2012.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,500 - $15,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,100 - $5,100
Overall 2012 $9,500 - $17,000 Overall 2012 $4,700 - $5,700
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $13,300 - $21,000 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $4,900 - $6,300
2015 $16,500 - $24,900 2015 $5,800 - $7,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $6,900 - $8,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $18,700 - $34,800
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $8,900 - $10,900
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $21,500 - $38,100 Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $10,800 - $12,300
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $25,600 - $43,700 Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $13,100 - $14,200
2020 $32,500 - $49,900 2020 $15,600 - $18,000
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT 3/2
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 3/4
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good Poor 3/4
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Poor 3/4
2016 - 2016 4/4
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * - - Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * Good Poor
2017 Good Good 4/5 2017 Good Poor 4/NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Poor 4/4
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Poor 4/4
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 NT NT 4/5 In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good NT 5/5

N-P
Nissan Versa Note Nissan Xterra

The 2014 redesign of the Versa Hatchback was dubbed the Versa The Nissan Xterra is based on Nissan's Frontier pickup, and was made
Note. This little subcompact offers amazing space and versatility. It's to be a rugged, basic, truck-like SUV. It boasted a large cargo area
also quieter and more relaxed to drive than most competitors. Its tall but a fairly skimpy load capacity. Highs include good off-roading and
stance and wide doors make it easy to maneuver, park, and hop into towing ability. But the ride, handling, braking, and fuel economy are
and out of. The rear seat is really roomy, and the ride feels comfort- subpar. A 2005 redesign saw the Xterra grow larger in all dimensions
able and relaxed. Handling is more responsive than the Versa sedan's. and made it more civilized while retaining the off-road capability. The
Our main gripes are its awkward driving position, squishy front seats, strong 4.0-liter V6 engine delivers quick acceleration, but overall mile-
and lack of interior storage. The continuously variable transmission age is just 17 mpg. The four-wheel-drive system is still part-time only.
can magnify coarse engine noise when accelerating, but its 31 mpg 2015 was the Xterra's final year.
overall is respectable. Standard Bluetooth, available heated seats,
and the surround-view camera system are helpful features. The note
was dropped after 2019.
2014 ABS, side and head Front 2005 ABS and ESC standard. 4WD; Rear
standard. ESC standard tion air bags standard
from 2012. from 2009.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,000 - $9,600
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $8,100 - $11,500
Reliability 3
0 2013 - Reliability 2013 $9,500 - $13,400
Engine, Major
*5
0 * * * * 2014 $5,300 - $6,600 Engine, Major
* * * * * 2014 $11,300 - $16,500
2015 $6,400 - $8,400 2015 $13,500 - $19,800
Engine Minor
*5
0 * * * * 2016 $7,700 - $9,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
*5
0 * * * * 2017 $10,000 - $11,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
*1
0 * * * * 2018 $12,200 - $13,800 Trans. Major
* * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
*2
0 * * * * 2019 $14,200 - $16,000 Trans. Minor
* * * * * 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
*5
0 * * * * Drive System
* * * * *
Fuel System
*5
Fuel System
Electrical
*5
0 * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*3
0 * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
*3
0 * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 - - 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes
*3
0 * * * * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*2
0 * * * * 2014 NT NT 3/5
Exhaust
* * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
*2
0 * * * * 2015 Good NT 3/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * * 2015 Good NT NT
2016 3/5 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
*5
0 * * * * Good NT Noises & Leaks
* * * * * - -
-
2017 Good NT 3/NT 2017 - -
Body Hardware
*5
0 * * * * 2018 Good NT 3/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
*2
0 * * * * 2019 Good NT 3/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
*3
0 * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Nissan Z Porsche 911

The 350Z shares its strong, smooth V6 and some other components The 911 has long been considered one of the world's most desirable
with the Infiniti G. Acceleration is very quick and fuel economy is sports cars. Rear seats, a reasonably-sized front trunk, and good
respectable. The six-speed manual has a notchy shifter. The ride is visibility are added bonuses in a sports car. We found the 911 Carrera
harsh, the cabin is cramped, and tire and road noise are pronounced. S a delight to drive, with pinpoint steering and rock-solid body control.
Rear visibility is especially poor. A convertible with a power-operated Handling is extremely precise and agile, and the ride is relatively sup-
top is also available. Later models had improved interior materials and ple. Braking is phenomenal. In later years Porsche bumped the power
a slightly better ride, and a noise cancellation/enhancement system a bit and added a seven-speed automated manual transmission in
to help quiet some of the interior racket. The coupe was redesigned 2011. The 2013 redesign brought more power and improved fuel econ-
and got a more powerful engine for 2009; the convertible followed omy through the new seven-speed automated manual and manual
a year later. Handling is got more now but the ride remained stiff transmissions. The automatic gives nothing up in performance. The
and choppy, and the car just isn't as engaging to drive as one would car is still super quick and agile, yet also more civilized than ever.
expect. Updates for 2015 included standard Bluetooth and revised
suspension tuning.
2009 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear 2005, 2013, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. standard. BSW optional.
FCW, AEB optional,
standard in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $11,800 - $14,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $35,300 - $75,700
Overall 2012 $12,900 - $16,500 Overall 2012 $39,900 - $79,900
0 2013 $44,700 - $88,700
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $15,800 - $20,000 Engine, Major
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2014 $50,100 - $101,200
2015 $16,800 - $21,000 2015 $56,400 - $116,700
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $17,900 - $23,700
Engine Minor
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2016 $62,100 - $129,600
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $19,000 - $26,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * *3
0 * * * 2017 $71,900 - $151,800
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $20,900 - $30,600 Trans. Major
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2018 $81,500 - $161,300
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $23,200 - $33,600 Trans. Minor
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2019 $99,500 - $185,100
2020 $29,000 - $32,800 2020 $116,200 - $143,500
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * * * *5
0 * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
* * * * * *5
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * *4
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * *3
Suspension
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * *4
0 * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * *5
0 * * * 2020 NT NT NT

P
Porsche Boxster, 718 Boxster Porsche Cayenne

This sporty mid-engine roadster has fun, agile handling, excellent Porsche's luxury, midsized SUV is at home on the street but also
brakes, and precise steering. The ride is firm and well controlled, yet has some off-road capability. A comprehensive 2011 redesign made
not punishing. The two fore-and-aft trunks add some practicality. The the Cayenne one of the sportiest, most agile SUVs on the market.
power top is easy to operate and works at up to 30 mph.. An all-new Available in V6, V8, diesel, and hybrid versions, all have a slick eight-
Boxster arrived for 2013 with a longer wheelbase and a wider track. speed automatic. The ride is a bit stiff at low speeds but steady and
Handling is excellent even with the electric steering, and the ride is controlled as you pick up the pace. The cabin is well finished but many
not punishing. Interior quality and refinement were improved. For controls are overly complicated. Porsche's redesigned 2019 Cayenne
2017, Porsche redesigned the roadster and renamed it 718 Boxster. is still a substantial luxury SUV that drives almost like a sports car,
It came with turbocharged 2.0- and 2.5-liter four-cylinder engines, but with a firm ride. The 3.0-liter V6 turbo has robust acceleration
replacing the previous Sixes, but retained the impressive grip and once on the fly but we found some initial hesitation off the line. The
balance. Changes for 2020 included a new 718 Spyder model powered infotainment system and other controls are tricky to use. Interior
by a 414-hp, 4.0-liter six-cylinder engine with a sportier suspension fit and finish is impeccable and the seats are very comfortable and
tuning. supportive. While forward collision warning and automatic emergency
braking are standard, blind spot warning is optional.
1997, 2005, 2013, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear 2011, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
standard. BSW, FCW standard. BSW optional.
optional. FCW, AEB optional,
standard in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $18,300 - $24,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $14,400 - $20,000
Overall 2012 $20,600 - $26,800 Overall 2012 $16,400 - $23,400
Reliability 5
0 2013 $26,400 - $33,100 Reliability 1
0 1
0 3
0 2013 $18,500 - $27,500
Engine, Major
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2014 $29,600 - $37,600 Engine, Major
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * 2014 $20,900 - $40,700
2015 $33,200 - $52,200 2015 $28,000 - $41,400
Engine Minor
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2016 $37,800 - $60,700
Engine Minor
* * *3
0 *1
0 * *2
0 * 2016 $30,100 - $67,300
Engine Cooling
* * *4
0 * * * * * * 2017 >$43,800 - $54,000
Engine Cooling
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * 2017 $39,600 - $92,600
Trans. Major
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2018 $49,200 - $70,200 Trans. Major
* * *5
0 *1
0 * *5
0 * 2018 $45,500 - $116,400
Trans. Minor
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2019 $54,700 - $79,200 Trans. Minor
* * *1
0 *3
0 * *5
0 * 2019 $59,000 - $117,500
2020 $64,200 - $76,000 2020 $70,300 - $148,000
Drive System
* * *5
0 * * * * * * Drive System
* * *1
0 *1
0 * *5
0 *
Fuel System
* * *1
Fuel System
* * *3
0 *5
0 * *5
Electrical
* * *4
0 * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *2
0 * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
* * *1
0 *1
0 * *5
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * 2011 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *1
0 * 2013 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * 2014 NT NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * *4
0 * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2017
* * *5
0 *3
0 * *5
0 * 2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * *5
0 *5
0 * *5
0 * 2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * *3
0 *1
0 * *1
0 * 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr.
* * *2
0 *5
0 * *4
0 * 2020 NT NT NT

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Porsche Cayman, 718 Cayman Porsche Macan

The Cayman is essentially a Boxster with a fixed roof. Power comes Porsche's compact luxury SUV combines much of the performance
from a mid-mounted, 2.7-liter, flat-six engine. The Cayman S is the and feel of its sports cars with the functional package of a small SUV.
higher-performance version, placing it between the Boxster and 911 in Two engines are offered; a 3.0-liter V6 turbo in the S and a 3.6-liter V6
terms of price and performance. The fixed-roof coupe seats two pas- turbo in the uplevel Turbo version. Though based on the Audi Q5, the
sengers and uses a hatchback design that allows for more rear stor- power and handling are true Porsche, as are the seats, controls, fit
age than the Boxster. Like the Boxster, the Cayman also has a front and finish, and attention to detail. Handling agility, taut body control,
trunk. An all-new Cayman arrived for 2014 with a longer wheelbase and and a firm brake pedal make it fun to drive. The cabin is snug, and its
a wider track. Both the base and S are offered with a manual or auto- controls can be confusing at first. While the Macan isn't meant for
mated-manual transmissions. Handling is excellent and the ride is not utilitarian tasks, it possesses impressively high towing and payload
punishing. For 2017 it was renamed the 718 Cayman. 2.0- and 2.5-liter capacities. Updates for 2019 included standard LED headlights, a
turbocharged four-cylinder engines replaced the previous six-cylinder new 10.9-inch touch screen for the infotainment system, reworked
mills. However, six-cylinder engines were added back starting with the suspension, and standard voice controls and navigation. Both the 2.0-
2019 model year in the high-performance GT4 and GTS models. liter and V6 turbo engines received horsepower increases.
2006, 2014, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
standard. BSW, FCW standard. BSW, FCW
optional. optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $20,200 - $27,500 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $23,500 - $31,500 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 5
0103
0205
050 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2014 $29,500 - $38,500 Engine, Major 5
0504
0305
050 2014 -
2015 $33,500 - $54,700 2015 $28,200 - $35,900
Engine Minor
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2016 $39,000 - $64,700
Engine Minor 01
1 02
0305
050
2016 $32,600 - $42,700
Engine Cooling
* * *4
0 * * * * * * 2017 $43,500 - $55,300
Engine Cooling 03
1 05
0505
050 2017 $35,100 - $53,100
Trans. Major
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2018 $48,600 - $70,300 Trans. Major 01
1 04
0305
050 2018 $40,700 - $70,000
Trans. Minor
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2019 $53,400 - $79,600 Trans. Minor 03
5 03
0305
050 2019 $48,700 - $59,100
2020 $62,700 - $75,400 2020 $56,900 - $88,300
Drive System
* * *5
0 * * * * * * Drive System 01
1 01
0305
050
Fuel System
* * *1
Fuel System 03
1 05
0505
030
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * *4
0 * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 05
5 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *2
0 * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 01
2 04
0505
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2011 NT NT NT Suspension 05
1 04
0205
050 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 05
5 05
0102
050
2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 05
3 05
0505
050 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * *4
0 * * * * * * 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim 05
5 04
0505
050 2015 NT NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2017
NT NT NT Noises & Leaks 02
1 04
0105
050
2017
NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 05
1 03
0505
050
2018 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 01
4 05
0503
050 2019 NT NT NT
In-Car Electr.
* * *5
0 * * * * * * 2020 NT NT NT In-Car Electr. 1
0403
0504
040 2020 NT NT NT

P-S
Porsche Panamera Ram 1500

Porsche's four-door luxury car is large and low-slung, with a coupe The Ram's 2009 redesign brought it up-to-date with a coil-spring
silhouette and a hatchback body. Handling is agile, with excellent rear suspension, which improved ride and handling significantly. The
steering and a supple ride. Normally aspirated and turbocharged V8s 2013 update brought a lighter and stiffer frame, along with Chrysler's
are offered, along with a V6. All use a quick-shifting seven-speed advanced Uconnect 8.4 system, which is one of the clearest and
automated manual that isn't as smooth at low speeds as a regular most intuitive infotainment systems. Interior fit and finish is decent
automatic. Our tested S model, with a 400-hp, 4.8-liter V8, returned and storage is more than ample too. The roomy Crew Cab has a huge
strong performance and 20 mpg overall. Four adults fit in the snug backseat and towing ratings are competitive, although payload
but beautifully finished interior. Complicated and button-laden con- capacity is a bit light compared to rivals;. A diesel arrived for 2014. A
trols, tight access, and impaired visibility are demerits. A hybrid and a 2019 redesign gave the 5.7-liter V8 a mild-hybrid option that ensures
long-wheelbase Executive version arrived for 2014. The Panamera was smooth stop-start at idle without compromising the A/C. We got 17
redesigned for 2017 with new turbo engines and a high-tech, touch-ac- mpg overall with it. Handling is secure and responsive, and the cabin
tivated control layout that features a new electronic gear selector. is extremely quiet. Rear-seat room is generous, and the Uconnect
touch-screen infotainment system is easy to use. Advanced safety
features are optional.
2010, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2011, 2013, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $18,000 - $27,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,400 - $17,400
Overall 2012 $19,800 - $41,000 Overall 2012 $11,400 - $20,200
0303
0202
0203
0202
030 2013 $11,700 - $22,700
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $27,300 - $61,100 Engine, Major 1
0203
0102
0103
0505
050 2014 $13,100 - $25,700
2015 $31,900 - $71,200 2015 $14,700 - $29,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $37,800 - $87,300
Engine Minor 1
0102
03 04
03 04
0304
050
2016 $16,400 - $33,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $56,500 - $93,300
Engine Cooling 4
0405
03 05
03 05
0405
050 2017 $17,900 - $37,000
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $64,000 - $127,600 Trans. Major 4
0304
04 05
03 05
0505
040 2018 $19,000 - $39,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $75,600 - $156,600 Trans. Minor 4
0301
05 04
03 05
0305
040 2019 $21,300 - $52,000
2020 $89,900 - $184,500 2020 $23,900 - $56,300
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System 3
0303
03 04
04 05
0505
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 4
0303
01 01
01 01
0105
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
0205
02 05
04 04
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0404
04 05
04 01
0403
030 Overlap Side
Suspension
0402
03 04
03 04
0304
050 2011 Good NT 2/5
2012 NT NT NT 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 4
0305
03 02
02 03
0402
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 4
0301
01 01
02 05
0205
040 2014 Good NT 4/5
Paint/Trim
0405
02 01
05 04
0503
050 2015 Good Marg. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
0201
04 04
04 03
0502
050 2016 Good Marg. 4/5
2017 NT NT NT 2017 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 1
0503
04 02
05 03
0503
050
2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 2
0401
02 01
01 04
0401
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
0401
0203
0301
0201
030 2020 Good Good 4/5

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Scion FR-S, Toyota 86 Scion iA, Toyota Yaris iA

Jointly developed with the Subaru BRZ, the rear-wheel-drive FR-S fea- Scion's first four-door sedan was actually built by Mazda. It was
tures a 200-hp, 2.0-liter four-cylinder teamed with a choice of a six- based on the Mazda2 and powered by a 106-hp, 1.5-liter four-cylinder
speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission. Its mere 2,800- hooked up to either a six-speed manual or automatic. In our testing
pound curb weight and optimal weight distribution give it super-agile we got 35 mpg overall with the automatic. The iA proves to be quite
handling and balance at its limits. In corners the car turns in promptly pleasant for a subcompact with nimble handling and semi-decent
with virtually no body lean. The steering is well weighted, with decent interior decor. It also comes with standard forward collision warning
feedback. The FR-S has a slightly more compliant ride than the BRZ. and a backup camera. Inside, the iA gets steering-wheel controls for
Inside, the cabin is relatively plain, with well-bolstered front sport the audio system and a 7-inch center screen display controlled via a
seats, but the stiff ride and elevated noise can be taxing, and the ves- central knob. A navigation system was a dealer-installed option. The
tigial rear seats are best left for cargo. The Scion brand was discon- Scion brand was discontinued for the 2017 model year, and the iA has
tinued for 2017, and the FR-S was renamed as the Toyota 86. All 2020 renamed the Toyota Yaris iA. 2018 was the final year for the Yaris iA.
models got standard Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility.
2013, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head Rear 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. dard. FCW standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Reliability 4
0 2013 $12,200 - $13,700 Reliability 2013 -
Engine, Major 4
0 * * * * * * * 2014 $14,200 - $15,900 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 -
2015 $15,900 - $17,500 2015 -
Engine Minor 5
0 * * * * * * * 2016 $17,800 - $19,100
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 $10,900 - $10,900
Engine Cooling 4
0 * * * * * * * 2017 $19,800 - $21,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 $12,700 - $12,700
Trans. Major 2
0 * * * * * * * 2018 $21,300 - $23,800 Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 $13,100 - $13,800
Trans. Minor 1
0 * * * * * * * 2019 $22,800 - $26,700 Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 -
2020 $24,700 - $28,700 2020 -
Drive System 5
0 * * * * * * * Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System 3
Fuel System
Electrical 5
0 * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0 * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
- -
Suspension 4
0 * * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * 2011 - -
-
2012 - - 2012 - -
Brakes 5
0 * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust 5
0 * * * * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim 5
0 * * * * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5 Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - -
Noises & Leaks 5

0 * * * * * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5 Noises & Leaks
2017 Good Accpt. 4/NT 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 5
0 * * * * * * * 2018 Good Accpt. 4/NT
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0 * * * * * * * 2019 Good Accpt. 4/NT
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr. 5
0 * * * * * * * 2020 Good Accpt. 4/NT In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - -

S
Scion iM, Toyota Corolla iM Scion tC

The iM hatchback is essentially a better-handling Corolla hatchback, The tC is a small sporty coupe that offers a lot of features for the
and is highlighted by its angular styling and sub-$20,000 starting money, such as a dual-panel sunroof. Before 2011 the tC was powered
price. Sized like a Mazda3, the iM gets a 137-hp, 1.8-liter four-cylinder by a spirited 160-hp, 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine, with the choice of
engine hooked up to either a six-speed manual or a CVT. We got 31 a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic. Handling is fairly nimble
mpg overall with the CVT in our testing. The iM possesses rewarding but not exactly sporty. The ride is pleasant. The rear seat is relatively
handling, a civilized ride, and a decent level of standard equipment, spacious for a small coupe, and its seatbacks can recline for passen-
including automatic climate control and audio controls on the steering ger comfort. Expect very good fuel economy. 2011's redesign brought
wheel. But acceleration is short on zip, and neither the ride nor the a power boost to 180-hp, and a choice of a six-speed automatic or
rear seat is as comfortable as the Corolla's. Unfortunately, a sunroof manual transmissions, but the noisy cabin and jittery ride remained.
is not available. The Scion brand was discontinued for 2017 and the Updates for 2014 included some styling tweaks, new suspension and
car was renamed the Toyota Corolla iM. 2018 was the final year for the steering calibrations, and a six-speed automatic transmission. 2016
Corolla iM, and it was replaced by the Corolla Hatchback. was the tC's last year.
standard. FCW, AEB standard.
standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,600 - $6,600
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $7,400 - $7,900
Reliability 2013 - Reliability 2013 $8,300 - $8,900
Engine, Major
* * * 2014 - Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 $9,300 - $10,400
2015 - 2015 $11,200 - $12,200
Engine Minor
* * * 2016 $12,200 - $12,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $12,600 - $13,600
Engine Cooling
* * * 2017 $15,000 - $15,000
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * 2018 $15,600 - $16,700 Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * Drive System
* * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
-
Suspension
* * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 Good NT 4/5
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * 2013 - - -
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * 2016 Good NT NT Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5
2017 Good NT NT 2017 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * 2018 Good NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 - - -

1
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0 4
0 5
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Scion xB Scion xD
The cube-like xB has very good space efficiency and a roomy interior. The xD is a boxier version of the Toyota Yaris. The ride suffers from
The low floor and high roof make access almost as easy as walking short, jumpy motions, and it feels jittery on the highway. The 1.8-liter,
into the next room. Handling is fairly nimble. Good visibility and com- four-cylinder engine delivers adequate performance but is miserly
pact dimensions make the xB a great city car. On a long drive, though, with fuel. We averaged 29 mpg overall with the automatic and 34 with
its choppy ride and high levels of wind noise can make it fatiguing. the manual. The cabin is noisy and the driving position is awkward.
In our testing the manual transmission xB got 30 mpg. Electronic Some taller drivers found the seat cushion too short. The front seats
stability control was available from the start, impressive for such an are comfortable enough for people who fit them. The rear has plenty
inexpensive car. The xB grew longer and wider with the 2008 redesign. of room for such a small car and cabin access is easy. The xD came
The 2.4-liter engine delivers better performance, but worse fuel econ- with a lot of standard features. 2014 was its last year.
omy: only 23 mpg with the automatic. The revised styling hurt rear
visibility, too. Later models offered a backup camera. 2015 was the
xB's last year.
standard. standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,700 - $6,900 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,300 - $6,400
Overall 2012 $7,500 - $7,800 Overall 2012 $6,800 - $6,900
Engine, Major
* * * * * 2014 $9,200 - $9,500 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $8,200 - $8,200
2015 $10,200 - $10,500 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
Suspension
* * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
* * * * 2011 Accpt. NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * 2014 Good Marg. NT
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * 2015 Good Marg. NT Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - -
2016 - 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * 2017
- -
-
Noises & Leaks
* * * * 2017
- -
-
- - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - -

S
Smart ForTwo Subaru Ascent

This tiny two-seater is good on gas and a snap to park, but it was one The Ascent is a functional, easy-to-live-with three-row SUV. Unlike
of our lowest-rated cars. Access to the cabin is very easy and the most competitors, which offer a V6, the Subaru uses a turbocharged
seats are comfortable. Power comes from a 1.0-liter, three-cylinder four-cylinder that delivers ample power in daily driving and gets 22
engine that does a decent job keeping up with traffic, but the Smart mpg overall. It takes some getting used to the rather jumpy initial
is very slow accelerating from a stop. It has a harsh ride, clumsy han- take off, however. The Ascent's plush ride does an extraordinary job
dling, and early models use an automated manual transmission with mopping up bumps while staying steady and controlled. This is not the
the worst shift quality we've experienced. It changes gears slowly, most agile SUV in the corners, but it proved ultimately secure at its
causing the car to pause and heave, rocking occupants fore and aft. handling limits. The cabin is quiet, and the captain's second-row seats
We've measured 39 mpg overall, but the Smart requires premium fuel. are roomy and comfortable. Even the third row is usable. Controls are
The Smart was redesigned for 2016 and improved, but it's still not a very user-friendly. Subaru's standard active safety features includes
smart choice unless easy parking is a priority. The only Smart avail- forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking, but blind
able for 2018 was the electric-drive version, and 2019 was the brand's spot warning is optional.
final year.
2008, 2016 ABS, ESC, and side air Rear 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
bags standard. protection air bags
standard. FCW, AEB
standard, BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $4,000 - $5,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $4,100 - $5,300 Overall 2012 -
020 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * 2014 $4,700 - $6,200 Engine, Major 4
050 2014 -
2015 $5,400 - $6,900 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2016 $6,400 - $9,500
Engine Minor 4
050
2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * 2017 $9,300 - $12,400
Engine Cooling 5
050 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * 2018 $11,700 - $12,500 Trans. Major 2
040 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * 2019 $13,700 - $14,300 Trans. Minor 1
030 2019 $25,900 - $33,700
2020 - 2020 $27,700 - $35,500
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * Drive System 4
050
Fuel System
Fuel System 4
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 1
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension 2
050 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 1
050
2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
050 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim 4
050 2015 - - -
2016 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * Good NT NT Noises & Leaks 2
050 - -
-
2017 Good NT 4/5 2017 - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * 2018 Good NT NT
Body Hardware 3
050
2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * 2019 Good NT NT
Power Equip. 1
030 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 1
040 2020 Good Good 5/5

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Subaru BRZ Subaru Forester

Developed with Toyota, the BRZ is Subaru's first rear-wheel-drive This popular small SUV delivers a combination of roomy interior,
sports car. It features a 200-hp, 2.0-liter four-cylinder with a choice excellent visibility, commendable fuel economy, simple controls, com-
of a six-speed manual or automatic. Handling is super responsive, with fortable ride and responsive handling. The 2009 and newer Foresters
impressive agility. The BRZ turns into corners promptly, with virtually have perhaps the best ride of any small SUV, along with plenty of
no body lean. The steering is quick and well weighted, with decent room and excellent visibility. The 2014 redesign greatly improved fuel
feedback. At its limits it understeers more than the nearly identical economy, thanks mostly to the CVT, and bolstered safety with the
Scion FR-S/Toyota 86, which makes it more forgiving but slightly less available EyeSight system. The 2016 model year brought a contem-
rewarding, and has a more jittery ride. Inside, the cabin is relatively porary touch-screen audio system. The 2019 redesign is even better.
plain, with well-bolstered front sport seats, but the stiff ride and ele- The 2.5-liter four cylinder and CVT achieved 28 mpg overall, which
vated noise can be taxing, and the vestigial rear seats are best suited is among the best in class. But acceleration isn't exhilarating and
for cargo. Updates for 2017 included a 5-hp boost for models with the the engine's noise isn't the most pleasant. The cabin is roomy with a
manual transmission, and standard LED headlights. New features for particularly generous rear seat and very easy access. The controls,
2019 included a standard 7.0-inch infotainment system with naviga- including the infotainment system, are simple to use. Forward colli-
tion for the Limited trim. sion warning and automatic emergency braking are standard.
2013 ABS and ESC standard. Rear 2009, 2014, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
Side and head protec- protection air bags
tion air bags standard. standard. FCW, AEB
2019. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,400 - $9,900
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $8,200 - $11,200
Reliability 4
0 2013 $14,100 - $14,500 Reliability 2
0202
0203
0402
0504
050 2013 $9,200 - $12,700
Engine, Major 4
0 * * * * * * * 2014 $14,600 - $15,700 Engine, Major 1
0101
0104
0405
0505
050 2014 $10,300 - $14,100
2015 $16,200 - $17,700 2015 $12,700 - $16,300
Engine Minor 5
0 * * * * * * * 2016 $18,500 - $21,200
Engine Minor 1
0101
02 04
03 04
0505
050
2016 $14,600 - $18,900
Engine Cooling 4
0 * * * * * * * 2017 $21,200 - $23,800
Engine Cooling 1
0403
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $16,900 - $22,500
Trans. Major 2
0 * * * * * * * 2018 $23,500 - $27,100 Trans. Major 4
0203
02 05
04 05
0505
050 2018 $18,200 - $25,300
Trans. Minor 1
0 * * * * * * * 2019 $26,200 - $27,800 Trans. Minor 4
0204
03 04
05 05
0505
050 2019 $23,100 - $29,200
2020 $29,800 - $30,700 2020 $24,900 - $31,700
Drive System 5
0 * * * * * * * Drive System 4
0204
03 05
01 04
0505
050
Fuel System 3
Fuel System 2
0304
04 05
05 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0 * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 2
0101
04 05
04 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0 * * * * * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 3
0304
01 03
02 01
0205
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 4
0 * * * * * * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 4
0401
01 01
01 03
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/4
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/4
Brakes 5
0 * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 3
0301
02 03
02 03
0405
050
2013 Good NT 4/4
Exhaust 5
0 * * * * * * * 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Exhaust 1
0102
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 4/5
Paint/Trim 5
0 * * * * * * * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5 Paint/Trim 5
0404
04 05
05 04
0505
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0 * * * * * * * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5 Noises & Leaks 3
0202
03 04
03 04
0405
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
2017 Good Accpt. 4/NT 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0 * * * * * * * 2018 Good Accpt. 4/NT
Body Hardware 4
0504
04 04
05 04
0404
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0 * * * * * * * 2019 Good Accpt. 4/NT
Power Equip. 4
0403
03 03
03 02
0401
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0 * * * * * * * 2020 Good Accpt. 4/NT In-Car Electr. 3
0403
0303
0403
0401
040 2020 Good Good 5/5

S
Subaru Impreza Subaru Legacy

The Impreza sedan and five-door hatchback have nimble handling, a The Legacy has been a well-rounded performer for many years. The
composed ride, and standard all-wheel drive. A 2008 redesign made it ride is supple, and handling is responsive. Mediocre fuel economy
much larger, quieter, and more refined, but steering and handling lost was a drawback until the 2010 redesign, when it improved to 25 mpg
their sharpness. The 2012 makeover made a good car better, address- overall in our tests of a four-cylinder with the CVT. While ride quality
ing the bland handing and improving space. But the continuously vari- remained impressive, handling became less crisp. The 2015 redesign
able transmission exacerbates engine noise. Subaru's 2017 redesign improved interior quality, added contemporary infotainment capabili-
made the ride more comfortable ride and handling more agile, while ty, and made the car one of the best-riding sedans available. The spa-
also quieting the cabin. The 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine is mated to cious and quiet cabin provides plenty of room for the driver, along with
a CVT that isn't overly intrusive; a five-speed manual gearbox is also a large rear seat, and simple controls. The infotainment system, long
available. The infotainment screen is easy to use, and the rear seat is a weak spot, finally was brought up to date. Large windows and thin
comfortable. Subaru's EyeSight suite of advanced safety gear, includ- roof pillars supply excellent outward visibility. The 2020 redesign kept
ing forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking, is all of the positives, but the new infotainment system requires users
available. to wade into menus to perform some common tasks. Forward collision
warning and automatic emergency braking became standard.
2008, 2012, 2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2010, 2015, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
dard. FCW, AEB, BSW standard. FCW, AEB
optional. optional, standard from
2019. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,200 - $16,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,700 - $11,600
Overall 2012 $6,900 - $18,200 Overall 2012 $7,400 - $13,700
Reliability 3
0201
0303
0303
0304
020 2013 $7,800 - $19,500 Reliability 3
0304
0504
0305
0404
030 2013 $8,200 - $12,100
Engine, Major 1
0301
0404
0505
0305
050 2014 $9,100 - $21,800 Engine, Major 5
0302
0504
0405
0505
050 2014 $10,100 - $13,800
2015 $11,000 - $14,600 2015 $11,800 - $15,500
Engine Minor 5
0201
03 05
04 02
0405
050 Engine Minor 3
0301
04 03
03 05
0404
050
2016 $13,000 - $17,200 2016 $13,600 - $18,100
Engine Cooling 5
0502
05 05
03 05
0405
050 2017 $14,300 - $18,000
Engine Cooling 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $15,500 - $20,500
Trans. Major 5
0101
02 04
02 04
0404
050 2018 $15,000 - $19,900 Trans. Major 1
0103
05 04
04 05
0405
050 2018 $17,800 - $23,100
Trans. Minor 1
0102
03 05
02 05
0505
050 2019 $16,600 - $22,100 Trans. Minor 3
0505
05 01
05 05
0505
050 2019 $19,800 - $26,500
2020 $18,100 - $23,700 2020 $22,300 - $29,100
Drive System 2
0301
03 03
01 05
0505
010 Drive System 5
0405
04 03
03 05
0505
050
Fuel System 3
0403
04 05
04 03
0405
050 Fuel System 5
0105
05 05
04 05
0502
050
Electrical 4
0501
05 05
03 04
0505
050 Model
Electrical 3
0302
05 05
04 05
0505
050 Model
Climate Syst. 5
0302
01 03
04 03
0301
0305
05 04
05 05
0505
040 Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0302
03 01
02 04
0405
0303
03 03
03 05
0503
050 2011 Good NT 4/4
Brakes 4
0102
03 02
03 01
0305
050
0304
02 04
04 05
0505
040
2012 Good NT 4/NT
Exhaust 1
0103
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Exhaust 1
0104
03 03
01 05
0505
040
Paint/Trim 1
0202
02 01
05 04
0205
0405
04 01
03 04
0404
050 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks 2
0302
04 04
04 04
0105
0303
03 04
04 05
0303
040 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware 1
0201 0204
03
2017 Good Good 5/5
0305 05
050 2
0401
05 02
04 04
0305
030
Power Equip. 5
0203
04 02
02 03
0404
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 1
0105
04 01
03 02
0305
050 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0404
0403
0401
0103
0403
0404
0302
0103
020 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Subaru Outback Subaru Tribeca

The Outback is essentially a Legacy wagon with added ground clear- The Tribeca has fairly agile handling and a quiet, comfortable, and
ance and a slightly raised roof. Turbocharged XT models feel very pow- steady ride. The cabin is nicely finished, but the second-row seat
erful, while the six-cylinder adds smoothness and quiet refinement. is cramped and the third-row is tiny, even for children. The 3.0-liter
Ride quality is impressive, but handling is less crisp. The interior is six-cylinder engine has to work hard to maintain speed, and the trans-
roomy and on par with midsized SUVs. The cargo floor is lower, and the mission downshifts reluctantly, making it feel underpowered. Wind
cargo floor is longer than in comparable SUVs. A 2013 update helped and engine noise are subdued. Expect a disappointing 16 mpg overall
handling at the expense of some ride comfort. The 2015 redesign on premium fuel. Most controls are easy to use, but it is a long reach
brought a nicer interior with contemporary infotainment capabili- to the navigation system's touch-screen monitor. A revised transmis-
ty and handy rooftop cross bars that swivel into place. Like in the sion and a more powerful 256-hp, 3.6-liter engine using regular fuel
Legacy, the 2020 redesign kept all of the positives, but, the new info- arrived for 2008. The Tribeca then soldiered on without changes until
tainment system requires users to wade into menus to perform some it was discontinued after the 2014 model year.
common tasks. Forward collision warning and automatic emergency
braking became standard.
2010, 2015, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2008 ABS and ESC standard. AWD
standard. FCW, AEB tion air bags standard.
2019. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,400 - $10,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,600 - $10,500
Overall 2012 $8,400 - $12,000 Overall 2012 $9,700 - $11,800
Reliability 3
0303
0403
0404
0405
030 2013 $9,700 - $13,300 Reliability 2013 $12,400 - $12,400
Engine, Major 3
0102
0304
0504
0505
050 2014 $11,000 - $14,500 Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $13,900 - $13,900
2015 $12,800 - $16,700 2015 -
Engine Minor 3
0402
03 04
04 04
0305
050
2016 $15,200 - $19,600
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling 2
0204
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $17,700 - $25,300
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major 1
0203
03 04
04 05
0505
050 2018 $20,000 - $28,200 Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor 2
0404
04 04
05 04
0505
050 2019 $22,600 - $31,500 Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 -
2020 $27,200 - $35,300 2020 -
Drive System 3
0403
04 04
03 04
0505
050 Drive System
* * * *
Fuel System 5
0404
05 05
04 05
0405
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 4
0503
03 04
04 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
Suspension 4
0403
03 04
03 04
0405
* * * * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0204
03 04
04 05
0505
050
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust 2
0304
05 05
02 05
0505
050 2014 Good Accpt. 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim 4
0504
04 04
04 04
0404
* * * * 2015 - - -
2016 5/5 2016 -

Noises & Leaks 4
0102
01 03
03 04
0303
050 Good Good Noises & Leaks
* * * * - -
-
2017 Good Good 5/5 2017 - -
Body Hardware 4
0404
04 04
04 05
0504
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip. 2
0302
03 02
01 01
0203
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr. 4
0302
0403
0203
0102
* * * * 2020 - - -

S-T
Subaru WRX/STi Subaru XV, Crosstrek

A sporty version of the Impreza, the WRX's turbocharged engine pro- This small quasi-SUV is mechanically the same as the Impreza hatch-
vides quick and effortless acceleration, and the well-tuned suspen- back, but with a raised ride height that gives it room to slosh through
sion delivers a supple ride with agility. Its steering is sharp, but more deeply rutted roads. The cabin is rather noisy, the ride is stiff, and
demanding cornering elicits a bit too much body lean for a sports the little 148-hp, 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine has to work hard to
sedan. The STi is more powerful and much harder riding, and a fierce maintain highway speed, but fuel economy is a gratifying 26 mpg. A
performer on the racetrack. In later years the ride became stiff and Hybrid version, introduced for 2014, barely improves on that, at 28
choppy, and the clunky shifter and abrupt clutch engagement make mpg. Updates for 2015 included an improved infotainment system.
the WRX frustrating as a daily driver. The higher-performance WRX The 2018 redesign improved fuel economy to 29 mpg overall. The ride
STi has a different transmission and suspension, and a more powerful improved significantly, and handling is competent and enjoyable. The
310-hp engine. Forward collision warning and automatic emergency plug-in hybrid has a 17-mile mostly electric range, and gets 33 mpg as
braking are optional. For 2018, the WRX received a significant freshen- a regular hybrid. The seats are short on lumbar support but the rear
ing that included suspension tweaks and a larger infotainment screen. seat is roomy. The infotainment system is easy to use. Forward colli-
The STi got redesigned brakes and standard Recaro seats for the sion warning and automatic emergency braking are standard with the
Limited and SE models. automatic transmission, but not offered with the manual.
2008, 2015 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2013, 2016, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
0203
0304
0505
030 2013 $11,000 - $12,100
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 - Engine, Major 1
0304
0405
0505
050 2014 $12,000 - $13,500
2015 $17,300 - $25,800 2015 $13,200 - $15,600
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $19,000 - $27,800
Engine Minor 1
03 04
05 04
0505
050
2016 $15,600 - $17,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $21,900 - $30,300
Engine Cooling 5
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $17,700 - $20,300
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $23,300 - $41,000 Trans. Major 1
03 04
05 04
0505
050 2018 $19,000 - $22,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $26,100 - $35,000 Trans. Minor 1
04 03
03 02
0505
040 2019 $21,000 - $27,200
2020 $28,100 - $37,500 2020 $22,100 - $28,300
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System 1
01 02
04 04
0405
040
Fuel System
Fuel System 4
05 05
04 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 1
02 03
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
01 01
04 03
0505
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension
02 03
01 04
0505
050 2011 - -
-
2012 NT NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 1
02 01
01 03
0305
050
2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 2
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Good 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim 5
04 04
02 05
0305
040 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks 2
01 04
05 05
0405
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Good NT
Body Hardware 5
04 05
02 05
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good NT
Power Equip. 3
01 04
01 02
0505
020 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5 In-Car Electr. 5
0402
0404
0103
030 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Tesla Model 3 Tesla Model S

Tesla's Model 3 sedan is the most affordable model offered by the The Tesla Model S is a four-door luxury sports car that happens also
electric-focused company. The Model 3 Long-Range can go 310 miles to be an electric vehicle. A large, low-slung hatchback, it easily seats
on a charge in our measurement. It takes 12 hours to charge on a five, or seven in a pinch with the optional rear-facing jump seats. With
32-amp 240-volt connector. Acceleration is swift and handling is its optional 85 kWh battery the Tesla can travel between 180 and
remarkably agile. The interior is uncluttered and nicely finished, and 225 miles per charge, at least twice as far as other electrics. Since
the front seats are comfortable. However, the ride is very stiff and 2012, Tesla has introduced multiple versions of the Model S with more
choppy, and the rear seat sits uncomfortably low. The unconvention- power, more range, and other features. The car can be fully charged
al controls are very distracting, since many simple tasks—such as in as little as five hours. Performance is exceptional, with thrilling
adjusting the mirrors—require spending time interacting with the large acceleration, pinpoint handling, and a steady ride. A huge center touch
touch screen. Tesla's Autopilot suite of advanced driver-assistance screen controls nearly all accessory functions. Drawbacks include
feature can add convenience but could potentially lull drivers into tight access and restricted visibility. All-wheel-drive versions were
complacency. Standard battery versions have an EPA-rated 220-mile added in 2014, along with an optional suite of advanced driver assis-
range. An all-wheel-drive version is also available. tance features.
2017 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Rear
standard. standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $21,700 - $26,000
Reliability 4
0302
0303
0304
0301
010 2013 $25,200 - $29,900
Engine, Major
*5
0505
*4
0202
0505
0303
050 2014 $27,400 - $42,300
2015 - 2015 $30,600 - $43,600
Engine Minor
*5
0505
0
2016 -
Engine Minor
*5
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2016 $32,800 - $67,700
Engine Cooling
*5
0505
0 2017 -
Engine Cooling
*5
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $40,800 - $75,700
Trans. Major
*5
0505
0 2018 $40,700 - $52,500 Trans. Major
*4
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $51,800 - $83,000
Trans. Minor
*5
0505
0 2019 $34,300 - $56,700 Trans. Minor
*5
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2019 $65,900 - $89,900
2020 $39,500 - $58,100 2020 $77,100 - $93,600
Drive System
*4
0405
0 Drive System
*2
01 04
02 05
0501
050
Fuel System
*5
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*5
05 05
05 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
*5
0505
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
04 05
03 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
*4
0404
*2
05 02
05 01
0401
020 Overlap Side
- -
Suspension
*3
0505
0 2011 - -
-
Suspension
*5
04 02
01 02
0103
010 2011 - -
2012 - - 2012 NT NT NT
Brakes
*5
0505
0
2013 - - -
Brakes
*4
04 05
03 05
0505
050
2013 NT NT 5/5
Exhaust
*5
0505
0 2014 - - -
Exhaust
*5
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 NT NT 5/5
Paint/Trim
*2
0102
0 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
*1
01 02
03 05
0104
050 2015 NT NT 5/5
2016 - 2016
Noises & Leaks
*2
0101
0
2017
- - Noises & Leaks
*4
03 02
02 01
0202
050
2017
Good Accpt. NT
Accpt. Good NT Good Accpt. NT
Body Hardware
*1
0101
0
2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
*1
01 01
01 01
0301
010
2018 Good Accpt. NT
Power Equip.
*2
0405
Power Equip.
*4
03 02
01 05
0201
In-Car Electr.
*4
0404
*1
0101
0302
0202

T
Tesla Model X Toyota 4Runner !

The electric-powered Model X is more showy than practical. It fea- Among conventional, body-on-frame SUVs, the 4Runner stands out for
tures rear doors that open up and out of the way, giving easy access serious off-roading and reliability. Mid-2000 models offered smooth
to the rear seats. But these massive doors take their time to open V6 or V8 engines as well as a small third-row seat. Fuel economy was
and close. The huge windshield extends up and over the front-seat so-so, but the cabin was well finished and quiet. The 2010 redesign
occupants, making the cabin feel airy and futuristic. Buyers can opt felt like a step backwards. The unsettled ride, mediocre handling,
for five-, six-, or seven-passenger seating configurations, but unlike cheap interior, high-step-in, and low ceiling left us unimpressed.
every other SUV, the second row doesn't fold, which compromises util- Limited trim versions come with full-time four-wheel-drive which is an
ity. Like the Model S sedan, the Model X is very quick and handles well. advantage. The 4.0-liter V6 engine is powerful but roars when accel-
Ride comfort and noise isolation aren't as good as in the S, however. erating. We got 18 mpg overall in our fuel-economy tests. Controls
The 90-kWh version we tested had a realistic 230-mile range. are simple, with big buttons and knobs, but the radio touch screen is
relatively small. Updates for 2020 include standard forward collision
warning and automatic emergency braking. All versions got a stan-
dard 8-inch touch-screen infotainment system with Android Auto and
Apple CarPlay compatibility.
2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2010 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
standard. FCW, AEB standard.
standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $15,800 - $19,200
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $17,300 - $21,500
Reliability 3
0103
0505
0405
0505
0505
040 2013 $19,000 - $23,400
Engine, Major 5
0505
050 * 2014 - Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0405
0505
050 2014 $20,800 - $25,700
2015 - 2015 $22,100 - $32,100
Engine Minor 5
0505
050 * 2016 $46,800 - $70,700
Engine Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 04
0505
050
2016 $24,000 - $33,800
Engine Cooling 5
0505
050 * 2017 $54,800 - $76,700
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 04
0505
050 2017 $27,000 - $36,900
Trans. Major 5
0505
050 * 2018 $62,300 - $85,700 Trans. Major 3
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
050 2018 $29,400 - $40,200
Trans. Minor 5
0505
050 * 2019 $74,000 - $96,300 Trans. Minor 2
0305
05 03
04 05
0505
050 2019 $32,100 - $42,900
2020 $86,200 - $103,200 2020 $34,500 - $45,600
Drive System 5
0105
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
030
Fuel System 5
0505
Fuel System 5
0503
05 05
03 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0505
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
05 04
05 04
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 4
0305
0503
04 05
05 04
0505
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 1
0201
010 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 3
0403
03 04
05 05
0504
050 2011 Good NT NT
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 1
0105
050 * 2013 - - -
Brakes 2
0503
01 04
04 04
0405
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
050 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
040 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Paint/Trim 1
0201
010 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 5
0505
01 04
02 02
0403
040 2015 Good Marg. 4/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0102
010 * 2016 NT NT NT Noises & Leaks 5
0504
02 05
05 05
0302
050 2016 Good Marg. 4/5
2017 NT NT 5/5 2017 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware 1
0201
010 * 2018 NT NT 5/5
Body Hardware 5
0505
01 05
03 04
0505
050
2018 Good Marg. 4/5
Power Equip. 2
0101
020 * 2019 NT NT 5/5
Power Equip. 5
0303
01 04
05 05
0305
050 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0301
0505
0101
0504
0303
020 2020 Good Marg. 4/5

1
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0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Toyota Avalon ! Toyota Camry !

The Avalon has always been a well-executed large sedan with a silky- It's hard to go wrong with a used Camry. The car is roomy inside and
smooth powertrain, Lexus-like road isolation, and generous accommo- the four-cylinder and six-speed automatic got 26 mpg overall. The
dations. A 2013 redesign brought a 36-mpg hybrid version. Handling 2012 redesign made handling more responsive and improved interior
was improved but the cushy ride was stiffened too much, especially quality. Drawbacks include a somewhat convoluted touch-screen
on versions with the 18-inch tires. Toyota addressed the ride with a radio, and a Poor score in the IIHS small overlap crash test for 2012-
2016 update. An all-new model debuted for 2019. The 3.5-liter V6 is 14 models. The redesigned 2018 model was based on an all-new
paired with an eight-speed automatic transmission. We tested the platform. Handling is slightly improved over previous versions, but the
hybrid version, which returned an impressive 42 mpg overall. Ride lower stance makes access a bit more difficult and the rear seat is
comfort is excellent and handling is responsive and secure, but the smaller than in some competitors. The 2.5-liter four-cylinder provides
car's low stance hurts ease of access. The cabin is quiet and lavishly good power and gets an impressive 32 mpg overall. A 3.5-liter V6 is
furnished. The infotainment system is easy to use, and features a also available. Both are paired to an eight-speed automatic. A very fru-
9-inch touchscreen. Standard safety equipment includes forward col- gal hybrid LE gets 47 mpg. All-wheel drive is available. While forward
lision warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning. collision warning and automatic emergency braking are standard,
blind spot warning is optional.
2013, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2007, 2012, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
standard from 2017. BSW standard from 2018.
standard from 2020. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,200 - $11,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,900 - $9,100
Overall 2012 $11,200 - $12,200 Overall 2012 $8,700 - $10,600
Reliability 5
0505
0505
0505
0503
050 2013 $12,400 - $14,300 Reliability 5
0505
0505
0505
0405
050 2013 $9,800 - $11,500
Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $13,200 - $16,300 Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $11,100 - $13,500
2015 $14,400 - $18,700 2015 $12,500 - $15,400
Engine Minor 5
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Engine Minor 5
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
050
2016 $16,000 - $21,400 2016 $13,700 - $17,900
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $18,000 - $23,800
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $16,100 - $20,700
Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $20,200 - $26,800 Trans. Major 4
0404
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $17,800 - $27,900
Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $26,200 - $33,200 Trans. Minor 5
0504
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $18,600 - $31,300
2020 $30,100 - $37,000 2020 $20,500 - $34,600
Drive System 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0504
050 Drive System 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050
Fuel System 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0501
050 Fuel System 5
0505
05 05
05 04
0405
050
Electrical 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
Electrical 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
Climate Syst. 4
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
0505
04 05
04 05
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 4
0404
05 04
05 04
0305
0505
05 05
05 04
0505
050 2011 Good NT 3/4
Brakes 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0405
050
2012 Good NT NT Brakes 4
0404
04 04
04 04
0405
050
2012 Good NT 4/5
2013 Good NT 4/5 2013 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 5
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Exhaust 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050
Paint/Trim 3
0504
03 04
02 04
0504
0302
03 04
03 05
0404
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 4
0505
04 04
04 05
0505
0405
04 03
04 03
0404
050 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 3
0305 0405
05
2017 Good Good 4/5
0303 04
040 5
0303
05 04
04 05
0504
050
Power Equip. 3
0504
04 05
05 04
0503
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0405
05 04
04 04
0505
040 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0404
0403
0304
0403
0404
0404
0404
0304
050 2020 Good Good 5/5

T
Toyota C-HR Toyota Corolla !

The wild-styled C-HR is nimble and enjoyable to drive, but it also has Historically, the Corolla has been a practically sized, reliable car
several notable deficiencies. Unlike other subcompact-SUV competi- with very good fuel economy. The redesigned 2009 model grew a bit
tors, this genre-bending model has no all-wheel-drive option. Visibility larger and has a quiet, economical 1.8-liter four-cylinder. Despite the
is horrendous, and the C-HR is tortoise-slow, taking more than 11 sec- bump in its overall size, the Corolla remains small enough for easy
onds in the 0-60 mph dash. At least it gets a very good 29 mpg over- maneuvering and parking. In 2014 the Corolla returned a frugal 32
all. The continuously variable transmission is mostly unobtrusive, but mpg overall. Ride comfort is commendable and handling is responsive.
it amplifies engine noise. The ride is firm and tightly controlled. Wind The CVT amplifies engine drone when climbing hills or merging, but
noise is pronounced at highway speeds. Hidden rear door handles give is unobtrusive in ordinary everyday loafing around. The controls are
the impression of a two-door coupe, but they make it difficult for kids simple to use. For 2020 Toyota made Corolla lower and sleeker, which
to open the doors. The XLE Premium trim has more comfortable seats. compromised the rear seat room and made it harder to get in or out.
Although the rear seat is roomy, the small windows create a dark, The hybrid got an impressive 48 mpg overall while the regular four-cyl-
cave-like cabin. Advanced safety features are standard. Apple CarPlay inder got 33 mpg overall. Toyota improved handling agility without
capability was added to the infotainment system for 2019, followed sacrificing ride quality. The controls are easy to use. Forward collision
by Android Auto for 2020. warning and automatic emergency braking are standard.
2017, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2009, 2014, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard. BSW optional. standard from 2017. BSW
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,200 - $8,100
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $7,800 - $8,700
Reliability 4
0505
0505
0505
0503
050 2013 $8,500 - $9,500
Engine, Major 5
0 * * 2014 - Engine, Major 3
0505
0505
0505
0504
050 2014 $9,300 - $10,500
2015 - 2015 $10,400 - $12,500
Engine Minor 5
0 * * 2016 -
Engine Minor 5
0504
05 05
05 05
0504
050
2016 $11,100 - $13,300
Engine Cooling 5
0 * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0504
050 2017 $13,100 - $15,600
Trans. Major 5
0 * * 2018 $17,800 - $18,400 Trans. Major 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $14,200 - $17,300
Trans. Minor 1
0 * * 2019 $18,400 - $21,400 Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $16,000 - $19,300
2020 $20,600 - $23,500 2020 $17,300 - $21,200
Drive System 5
0 * * Drive System 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0405
050
Fuel System 5
Fuel System 4
0404
05 05
05 04
0501
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 2
0504
04 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0 * * Overlap Side Climate Syst. 5
0504
04 04
04 04
0405
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0 * * 2011 - -
-
Suspension 4
0505
05 04
04 05
0405
050 2011 Good NT 4/2
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 5
0 * * 2013 - - -
Brakes 4
0403
04 03
04 05
0405
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0 * * 2014 - - -
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Marg. 5/5
Paint/Trim 5
0 * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 4
0101
03 04
02 04
0402
040 2015 Good Marg. 5/5
2016 - 2016 5/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0 * * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 4
0304
04 05
03 04
0305
040 Good Marg.
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0 * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0503
04 05
05 04
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 1
0 * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip. 5
0404
04 05
05 05
0405
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0 * * 2020 Good Good 5/5 In-Car Electr. 4
0305
0404
0505
0505
030 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
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0 4
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0 !
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Toyota FJ Cruiser Toyota Highlander !

The FJ's styling echoes the rugged early FJ40 Land Cruisers from The Highlander has long been quiet and roomy, with smooth four- or
decades ago. While its off-road prowess is superb, the FJ is full of six-cylinder engines, a comfortable ride, and easy-to-use controls.
compromises. Visibility is horrendous, and the rear-hinged rear doors For 2008 the redesigned Highlander grew larger, and got a more pow-
provide poor cabin access and are difficult to close. The FJ has clumsy erful 3.5-liter V6 and a roomier third-row seat. For 2011 the hybrid
handling and can be disconcerting at its limits, although the standard got that V6 and averaged 27 mpg in our tests. The redesigned 2014
stability control keeps it secure enough. The ride is compliant but jig- model looked edgier, and the V6 model improved to 20 mpg overall,
gly. Wind noise dominates the cabin. The V6 powertrain is smooth and though the hybrid fell to 25 mpg overall. Updates for 2017 included a
punchy, but returned just 17 mpg overall. 2014 was its last year. new eight-speed transmission. The redesigned for 2020, retained the
comfortable ride and sound, secure handling. Interior fit and finish
was upgraded. The V6 gets 22 mpg overall, while the hybrid returned
an excellent 35 mpg overall. The he second row is very roomy but the
third row is tiny. Controls are easy to use. Forward collision warning
and automatic emergency braking with pedestrian detection are
standard, but blind spot warning is optional.
2007 ABS and ESC standard. 4WD; Rear 2008, 2014, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
Side and head protec- protection air bags
tion air bags standard. standard. FCW, AEB
standard from 2017. BSW
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $18,100 - $19,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,900 - $13,600
Overall 2012 $20,400 - $21,800 Overall 2012 $12,200 - $15,500
0505
0505
0505
0504
040 2013 $13,500 - $17,700
Engine, Major
* * * * 2014 $25,800 - $27,400 Engine, Major 3
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $16,400 - $22,800
2015 - 2015 $17,800 - $25,500
Engine Minor
* * * * 2016 -
Engine Minor 3
0505
05 05
04 05
0504
050
2016 $20,500 - $28,600
Engine Cooling
* * * * 2017 -
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2017 $23,700 - $31,800
Trans. Major
* * * * 2018 - Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $25,400 - $36,500
Trans. Minor
* * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $27,700 - $41,000
2020 - 2020 $32,600 - $46,200
Drive System
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
040
Fuel System
Fuel System 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0202
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0504
04 05
05 05
0505
050 Overlap Side
Suspension
0404
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2011 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0404
04 03
04 05
0504
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim 3
0504
03 04
04 05
0505
050 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * - -
-
Noises & Leaks 4
0303
03 04
03 05
0404
050 Good Good
2017 - - 2017 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware 4
0304
01 05
03 05
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 4
0404
03 05
04 05
0405
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 4
0404
0103
0304
0402
030 2020 Good Good 4/5

T
Toyota Land Cruiser Toyota Matrix

The Land Cruiser's smooth V8 provides muscular acceleration. A 2008 The Corolla-based Matrix small wagon was available with either front-
redesign brought the powerful but thirsty 5.7-liter V8 used in the or all-wheel drive. It was redesigned for 2009 with more powerful
Tundra. Expect just 14 mpg overall. This big SUV has a comfortable engines and readily available ESC. The ride isn't harsh, but it doesn't
and composed ride but handling is a bit clumsy. Nonetheless, this is a feel steady, even on the highway. The 1.8-liter four-cylinder drones
great used vehicle find. The interior is roomy, quiet, and well finished. loudly and performs modestly. XRS models use a more powerful
The 4WD system is permanently engaged, a major safety advantage. engine and come only with a six-speed manual and FWD. Handling is
Good off-road performance is a strong suit. The 50/50 split third-row fairly nimble. Access is very easy, and the rear seat is quite roomy. The
seats fold up against the bulkhead rather than into the floor, thus optional all-wheel-drive system works well but hurts acceleration and
robbing some cargo space. And this third-row is cramped, especially fuel economy. Folding the rear seats creates a large, flat load floor.
given the SUV's size. In our tests the Toyota proved clumsy but ulti- Hard plastics make the interior feel cheap. Some edges aren't well fin-
mately secure at its limits, with the stability-control system working ished, and the headliner looks like cardboard. 2013 was the final year
hard to keep it on course. Later updates included a new eight-speed for the Matrix.
automatic transmission, and standard forward collision warning, auto-
matic emergency braking, and blind spot warning.
1987, 1991, 1998, 2008 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD 2009 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
AEB standard.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $28,600 - $28,600 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,200 - $8,300
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $7,800 - $9,200
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $40,600 - $40,600 Engine, Major
* * * 2014 -
2015 $47,400 - $47,400 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $54,900 - $54,900
Engine Minor
* * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $61,100 - $61,100
Engine Cooling
* * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $67,200 - $67,200 Trans. Major
* * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $74,100 - $74,100 Trans. Minor
* * * 2019 -
2020 $81,700 - $81,700 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System
* * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * 2015 - - -
2016 2016 -
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * 2017
* * * 2017
- -
-
NT NT NT - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware
* * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip.
* * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Toyota Prius ! Toyota Prius C !

The 2010-15 Prius is among the most fuel-efficient cars, returning 44 The Prius C hatchback provides an affordable, smaller alternative for
mpg overall. The drive battery recharges while coasting or braking. It those who want a Toyota hybrid for a little less money than the Prius.
can drive at low speeds on electric power alone. The ride is firm but But its harsh ride, noisy engine and cabin, and slow acceleration make
compliant, and handling is responsive, if not particularly agile. Some it feel more like an econobox than a sophisticated hybrid. It gets very
controls are complicated. The plug-in version had an electric range of good city fuel economy of 37 mpg, but its overall 43 mpg falls 1 mpg
about 12 miles. The redesigned 2016 model got an incredible 52 mpg short of the larger 2010-2015 Prius. The interior is full of cheap-look-
overall in our tests and the updated plug-in model gets increased ing materials, the driving position and rear seats are cramped, and
electric range. It also handles more responsively and rides more there's not much cargo space. At least the C's tiny dimensions make
comfortably than the previous generation. But cabin access is worse it a natural for driving and parking in urban settings. Forward collision
thanks to the lower stance, and the cloth seats feel cheap. For 2017, warning and automatic emergency braking became standard for 2017,
all models came standard with forward collision warning, automatic and the Prius C was dropped after 2019.
emergency braking, lane departure warning, and adaptive cruise con-
trol. New features for 2019 included available all-wheel drive.
2001, 2004, 2010, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2012 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
standard from 2017. BSW standard from 2017.
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,300 - $8,300 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $8,800 - $10,600 Overall 2012 $7,000 - $7,000
Reliability 5
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2013 $10,200 - $11,200 Reliability 5
0505
0505
0 4
0 2013 $8,100 - $8,100
Engine, Major 5
0505
0405
0505
0505
050 2014 $11,000 - $12,600 Engine, Major 5
0404
0505
0 *5
0 * 2014 $9,300 - $9,300
2015 $13,200 - $14,600 2015 $11,400 - $11,400
Engine Minor 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2016 $16,700 - $16,700
Engine Minor 5
0504
0205
0 *5
0 * 2016 $12,600 - $13,500
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $17,200 - $20,500
Engine Cooling 4
0505
0305
0 *5
0 * 2017 $13,700 - $15,800
Trans. Major 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $19,000 - $22,800 Trans. Major 5
0505
0505
0 *5
0 * 2018 $15,200 - $17,700
Trans. Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $19,900 - $24,800 Trans. Minor 5
0405
0505
0 *5
0 * 2019 $17,700 - $18,600
2020 $21,300 - $26,700 2020 -
Drive System 4
0504
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Drive System 5
0505
0505
0 *1
0 *
Fuel System 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System 4
0505
0305
0 *5
Electrical 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 4
0404
0505
0 *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
0504
0505
0 *5
0 * Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0505
05 04
05 05
0505
0505
0505
0 *5
0 * 2011 - -
Brakes 3
0404
05 05
05 05
0505
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 4
0204
0505
0 *5
0 * 2013 Good NT 4/4
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Accpt. 4/5
Exhaust 5
0405
0505
0 *5
0 * 2014 Good Poor 4/4
Paint/Trim 4
0505
05 01
04 04
0405
0505
0105
0 *1
0 * 2015 Good Accpt. 4/4
Noises & Leaks 5
0505
05 03
05 04
0504
0305
0405
0 *5
0 * 2016 Good Accpt. 4/4
Body Hardware 4
0505
05 04
05 05
0504
040
2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 4
0405
0305
0 *5
0 * 2018 Good Accpt. 4/4
Power Equip. 3
0405
04 05
04 05
0505
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0304
0204
0 *5
0 * 2019 Good Accpt. 4/4
In-Car Electr. 4
0404
0405
0505
0305
0505
0402
0 *5
0 * 2020 - - -

T
Toyota Prius V ! Toyota RAV4

This wagon version of the pre-2016 generation Prius offers a very The RAV4 delivers agility, easy access, and good fuel economy. The V6
roomy rear seat and a generous cargo area. It's about the size of a averaged 22 mpg in our tests while the four-cylinder got 23. A 2013
Mazda5 but seats just five. The extra weight and bigger profile take a redesign dropped the V6; the 2.5-liter four-cylinder and six-speed
small toll on fuel economy, but the V still got an excellent 41 mpg over- automatic returned 24 mpg overall. Handling is nimble and secure,
all in our tests. Despite lower gearing, the electric motor and engine although the ride is firm. The cabin features clear, intuitive controls
have to work fairly hard, especially when the car is loaded. It drives but some cheap details are apparent. Freshened for 2016, a hybrid
similarly to the standard Prius, but handling isn't exactly agile. A chair- version that delivered impressive fuel economy was offered. Look for
like seating position, low sills, and big windows combine to make the a 2015 and newer models, because 2013-2014 RAV4s got a Poor in the
Prius V feel open and airy. The standard backup camera is a welcome driver-side IIHS small-overlap crash test. The RAV4 was redesigned
feature. A weight-saving plastic moonroof is optional. 2017 is its final for 2019, with a more-rugged appearance. The 2.5-liter, four-cylinder
year. and eight-speed automatic transmission and delivers relatively quick
acceleration and 27 mpg overall. The energetic hybrid version got 37
mpg. Handling is good but the ride is stiff and a little jumpy, and the
noisy engine hurts the driving experience.
2012 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2006, 2013, 2016, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
AEB optional. standard from 2017. BSW
optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,500 - $12,300
Overall 2012 $9,300 - $9,300 Overall 2012 $10,500 - $13,900
Reliability 5
0505
0505
050 2013 $10,300 - $10,300 Reliability 4
0405
0405
0505
0502
030 2013 $12,300 - $14,400
Engine, Major 3
0504
0505
050 * 2014 $12,700 - $12,700 Engine, Major 4
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $13,000 - $15,200
2015 $14,400 - $14,400 2015 $14,200 - $17,400
Engine Minor 4
0504
0505
050 * 2016 $16,800 - $16,800
Engine Minor 4
0505
04 05
05 05
0505
050
2016 $16,100 - $20,900
Engine Cooling 3
0505
0505
050 * 2017 $18,600 - $20,700
Engine Cooling 5
0405
04 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $17,900 - $24,700
Trans. Major 5
0505
0505
050 * 2018 - Trans. Major 4
0304
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $19,700 - $28,400
2019 2019
Trans. Minor 5
0505
0505
050 * 2020 -
- Trans. Minor 4
0504
04 05
05 05
0502
050 $22,500 - $32,600
2020 $24,000 - $34,900
Drive System 5
0504
0505
0405
03 05
05 05
0504
040
Fuel System 4
0504
0505
Fuel System 5
0405
05 05
05 05
0501
030
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 5
0505
0505
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 3
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0404
0503
0504
04 05
05 05
0505
050 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 5
0505
0505
050 * 2011 - - Suspension 4
0405
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2011 Good NT 3/4
Brakes 4
0204
0403
050 * 2013 Good Poor 4/5
Brakes 4
0304
03 03
04 04
0505
050
2013 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 5
0505
0505
050 * 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Exhaust 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2014 Good Poor 4/5
Paint/Trim 4
0503
0204
030 * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim 4
0104
03 05
03 05
0404
050 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks 4
0403
0505
040 * 2016 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks 2
0304
04 04
04 04
0402
040 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 4
0503
0405
Body Hardware 5
0405
03 05
05 05
0505
050
2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0304
0505
040 * 2019 - - - Power Equip. 5
0505
04 05
04 04
0404
040 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr. 2
0403
0105
040 * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr. 4
0404
0204
0504
0503
020 2020 Good Good 4/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Toyota Sequoia Toyota Sienna

Based on the Tundra pickup, the Sequoia shares its refined V8 power- The Sienna has always had a quiet, composed ride and refined pow-
train. This big SUV has an available full-time 4WD system, as well as a ertrains including optional AWD—rare among minivans. The 2011 rede-
third-row seat to accommodate up to eight passengers. While roomier sign has some good points, such as the composed ride and refined
than the Land Cruiser, it doesn't ride as comfortably and has a less powertrain, but interior quality and noise isolation took a step back-
sophisticated 4WD system. In 2008 the Sequoia was redesigned on wards. Fuel economy from the lively 3.5-liter V6 is a relatively good 20
the renewed Tundra platform. A six-speed automatic and 5.7-liter V8 mpg. The 3.5-liter V6 is lively and returns a respectable 20-mpg over-
were available, and returned 15 mpg overall in our tests. The roomy all in our tests, while the AWD version sacrifices just 1 mpg. All three
third-row seats fold flat into the floor. The 4.7-liter V8 was replaced rows have plenty of room, with seating for up to eight.. Handling is
by a 310-hp 4.6-liter in 2010. This model rides better than the old responsive and secure. Updates for the 2015 model year included sim-
Sequoia but still feels truckish, and handling is clumsy. A monster 381- plified controls and an updated infotainment system. The 2017 model
hp, 5.7-liter V8 was also available, producing very quick acceleration. got a new eight-speed automatic transmission. Advanced safety
Fuel economy is respectable for its class, but overall it isn't great. gear, like forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking
became standard in 2018, but blind spot warning remains optional.
2001, 2008 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2011, ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
BSW optional. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $13,700 - $18,100 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,400 - $12,400
Overall 2012 $15,400 - $20,100 Overall 2012 $8,700 - $13,400
0505
0405
0503
0302
030 2013 $10,600 - $15,200
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $18,900 - $25,700 Engine, Major 5
0505
0205
0505
0404
050 2014 $12,400 - $17,100
2015 $22,500 - $31,400 2015 $13,900 - $21,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $26,500 - $37,400
Engine Minor 5
0504
04 05
05 05
0405
050
2016 $15,400 - $23,500
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $29,900 - $44,000
Engine Cooling 5
0505
01 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $19,100 - $28,200
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $33,400 - $48,400 Trans. Major 5
0405
05 05
05 04
0503
050 2018 $21,700 - $31,000
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $37,100 - $52,600 Trans. Minor 5
0403
05 05
05 03
0203
030 2019 $24,200 - $34,100
2020 $40,900 - $57,300 2020 $27,100 - $37,700
Drive System
* * * * * * * * * * Drive System 5
0505
04 05
05 05
0405
040
Fuel System
Fuel System 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0402
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 5
0505
04 05
05 05
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
0403
04 05
05 05
0505
030 Overlap Side
Suspension
0405
05 04
04 03
0402
020 2011 Good NT 3/5
2012 NT NT NT 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 NT NT NT
Brakes 3
0404
04 04
03 01
0505
050
2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0503
050 2014 Good NT 4/5
Paint/Trim
0404
04 03
03 03
0404
050 2015 Good Accpt. 4/5
Noises & Leaks
0405
03 04
02 02
0105
040 2016 Good Accpt. 4/5
2017 NT NT NT 2017 Good Accpt. 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 NT NT NT
Body Hardware 4
0403
01 01
01 02
0305
050
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 NT NT NT
Power Equip. 4
0304
04 03
04 03
0404
050 2019 Good Accpt. 4/5
In-Car Electr.
0304
0504
0504
0103
040 2020 Good Accpt. 4/5

T
Toyota Tacoma Toyota Tundra !

This hard-riding workhorse holds its value surprisingly well, making The original Tundra was smaller than the bigger trucks from Detroit
bargain-priced used Tacomas hard to find. Tacomas built until 2016 but it handled fairly well and had a comfortable ride and quiet cabin.
offered a 4.0-liter V6, which provided strong performance and com- Its most recent major redesign arrived in 2007. This truck is a true
petitive fuel economy. But the truck suffered from a terrible ride and full-size pickup, with three cab sizes and different bed lengths. Its
an uncomfortable driving position, and lacked some modern standard 5.7-liter V8 is rewardingly powerful and the six-speed automatic is
safety features. Payload capacity is relatively small, but the TRD- very smooth and responsive. This combination produced a compet-
equipped trucks are excellent off-road. The 2016 redesign brought itive 15 mpg overall. Off-road capability is impressive as is towing
a 3.5-liter V6 engine hooked up to either a six-speed manual or a six- capacity. One nice touch is the easy-to-lift dampened tailgate. The
speed automatic transmission. Our 4WD V6 version delivered a good Tundra hasn't changed much since, although it did receive an updated
19 mpg overall. Though the truck is tough as nails and delivers impres- interior and new exterior styling as part of a 2014 freshening. While
sive off-road prowess, it's still primitive. The ride is stiff, handling is domestic trucks have received several updates, changes to the
ponderous, the cabin is very loud, and the driving position is awkward- Tundra since its introduction have been minor, making later years feel
ly low. The modern connectivity features are welcome. 2018 brought somewhat dated. Probably the biggest Tundra advantage is the con-
standard forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking. sistent superior reliability over the domestic rivals.
2005, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear 2007 ABS, ESC, side and head 4WD; Rear
BSW optional. BSW optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,300 - $19,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $10,600 - $20,500
Overall 2012 $11,000 - $20,700 Overall 2012 $12,300 - $22,600
Reliability 5
0505
0505
0404
0303
050 2013 $12,200 - $22,800 Reliability 5
0505
0505
0504
0405
050 2013 $13,900 - $26,500
Engine, Major 5
0405
0505
0504
0405
050 2014 $13,900 - $24,400 Engine, Major 5
0505
0505
0505
0505
050 2014 $15,500 - $29,900
2015 $17,200 - $27,300 2015 $17,300 - $32,600
Engine Minor 5
0505
04 05
05 05
0405
050 Engine Minor 5
0505
05 05
05 03
0505
050
2016 $20,500 - $33,100 2016 $19,800 - $35,700
Engine Cooling 5
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2017 $22,200 - $41,200
Engine Cooling 5
0305
05 05
04 05
0505
050 2017 $23,400 - $40,200
Trans. Major 5
0404
05 04
05 05
0503
050 2018 $24,400 - $42,700 Trans. Major 4
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2018 $28,700 - $43,500
Trans. Minor 4
0304
04 04
04 04
0301
030 2019 $26,400 - $45,300 Trans. Minor 2
0505
05 05
05 05
0505
050 2019 $30,500 - $47,800
2020 $28,200 - $47,500 2020 $35,200 - $52,100
Drive System 4
0504
05 03
03 04
0404
050 Drive System 5
0303
05 05
04 05
0505
050
Fuel System 5
0404
05 04
05 05
0504
050 Fuel System 1
0304
05 04
05 05
0405
050
Electrical 4
0505
04 05
05 05
0405
050 Model
Electrical 5
0505
05 05
04 05
0405
050 Model
Climate Syst. 3
0402
03 05
03 02
0405
0504
05 05
04 04
0405
050 Overlap Side
Suspension 5
0404
04 04
04 04
0505
0405
04 03
05 04
0505
050 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes 4
0504
04 04
05 05
0404
050
0403
04 01
03 01
0505
050
2012 Good NT 3/5
2013 Good NT 3/5 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 3
0405
05 05
04 05
0505
050 Exhaust 5
0405
05 05
03 05
0505
050
2014 Good NT 3/5 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Paint/Trim 4
0303
02 04
04 02
0503
050 2015 Good NT 3/5 Paint/Trim 2
0405
03 05
05 04
0405
020 2015 Good Marg. 4/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0503
05 04
03 04
0302
0505
05 05
05 05
0503
050 2016 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware 4
0404 0304
04
2017 Good Marg. 4/5
0504 04
050 4
0505
03 05
05 05
0205
050
Power Equip. 4
0505
04 04
05 04
0305
050 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 4
0505
03 05
05 03
0405
050 2019 Good Marg. 4/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0405
0304
0404
0405
0505
0201
0505
0405
050 2020 Good Marg. 4/5

1
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0 3
0 4
0 5
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0
Toyota Venza ! Toyota Yaris

Difficult to classify, the Venza straddles the station wagon and SUV Not to be confused with the Yaris iA, the Yaris offers excellent fuel
worlds. Some say it's an SUV for people who've grown out of SUVs. economy of 32 mpg overall in the sedan with the automatic trans-
Assets include easy cabin access, a quiet interior, and a roomy rear mission, and 30 in the hatchback. But the driving position forces the
seat. The rear hatch and large load floor aid cargo flexibility. The driver to sit with arms extended and legs bent, which is annoying.
refined 3.5-liter V6 engine provides plenty of power and a respectable We aren't fans of the center-mounted gauge cluster and the cab-
20 mpg overall. A four-cylinder is also available. Handling is secure in's cheap fit and finish. Acceleration is adequate, but engine drone
but the steering is short on feedback, hurting agility. The stiff, jittery intrudes. At least the ride is compliant and handling is reasonably
ride is un-Toyota-like, and quasi-sporty styling impairs the view out. responsive and secure with ESC, though earlier models could be a
A rear camera helps when reversing, but its dashboard screen is very handful. The 2012 redesign included a reworked interior, which moved
small. Updates for 2013 included more modern infotainment, changed the speedometer to the traditional position behind the steering
exterior styling, and slightly improved interior finish. The Venza was wheel. However, the Yaris remained rough and very Spartan, with
discontinued after 2015, although a new midsized SUV with the same ho-hum handling and slow acceleration. 2017 models came with stan-
name has been introduced for the 2021 model year. dard low-speed automatic emergency braking and lane departure
warning. 2020 was the final year for the Yaris.
standard. standard. AEB standard
from 2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,800 - $11,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,300 - $6,000
Overall 2012 $10,300 - $13,600 Overall 2012 $5,400 - $6,700
Reliability 5
0505
0505
0 2013 $11,300 - $15,100 Reliability 2013 $6,000 - $7,400
Engine, Major 4
0505
0405
0 2014 $12,600 - $16,800 Engine, Major
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 $6,900 - $8,500
2015 $13,700 - $18,400 2015 $8,100 - $9,700
Engine Minor 4
0505
0405
0
2016 -
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * * * * 2016 $9,400 - $11,000
Engine Cooling 5
0505
0505
0 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * * * * 2017 $10,900 - $12,500
Trans. Major 4
0504
0405
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 $11,600 - $13,900
Trans. Minor 5
0505
0505
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 $14,100 - $16,000
2020 - 2020 $15,900 - $18,000
Drive System 1
0504
0405
0 Drive System
* * * * * * * * * *
Fuel System 5
0505
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
Electrical 4
0405
0405
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 5
0505
0504
* * * * * * * * * * Overlap Side
Suspension 5
0405
0504
* * * * * * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 Good NT 3/5 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 3
0504
0503
0
2013 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * * * * * * * * 2013 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust 5
0504
0405
0 2014 Good NT 4/5
Exhaust
* * * * * * * * * * 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Paint/Trim 4
0505
0405
* * * * * * * * * * 2015 Good Marg. 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks 4
0405
0405
0 - -
-
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * * * * Good Marg.
2017 - - 2017 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware 5
0305
0405
0
2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * * * * 2018 Good Marg. 4/NT
Power Equip. 4
0504
0305
0 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * * * * * * * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr. 5
0504
0504
0 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * * * * 2020 Good Good 5/5

V
Volkswagen Atlas Volkswagen Beetle !

Volkswagen's Atlas is a formidable competitor among three-row SUVs, The Beetle is available as a hatchback or convertible. We found
putting size and functionality front and center. The Atlas drives well, the ride composed and handling fairly nimble, but the high roofline
with a comfortable ride and surprisingly agile handling for its size. The and expansive windshield make it hard to block the sun. The rear is
cabin is quiet and very accommodating, including a true third-row seat cramped, though the seats fold for increased cargo space. Various
that's fit for adults. A unique, effortlessly articulating second row engines have been available, including an anemic base four-cylinder
allows a clear access path to the way back. The controls are a model that was replaced by a gruff and thirsty five-cylinder; a couple of tur-
of clarity, with an easy-to-use infotainment system. Though the V6 bocharged four-cylinders; and a four-cylinder turbodiesel. The Beetle
engine and smooth eight-speed automatic make the Atlas feel lively was redesigned for 2012, with a more normal driving position. While
during everyday driving, its acceleration trails competitors and its the ride is acceptable, it's a bit unsettled. Handling is responsive but
20 mpg overall fuel economy is not outstanding. Towing capacity is a not sporty, and it gets sloppy in demanding conditions. Wind noise is
generous 5,000 pounds. Advanced safety features, including forward excessive and visibility is limited. For 2018 a 2.0-liter turbo became
collision warning and automatic emergency braking, became standard standard, and the manual transmission was dropped. Blind spot warn-
in 2019. ing and rear cross traffic alert became standard on all trim lines for
the 2019 model year—the Beetle's final production run.
standard. BSW, FCW, standard. BSW optional,
AEB optional, standard standard in 2019.
from 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 - Overall 2012 $6,600 - $8,000
Reliability 1
0 5
0505
0 2013 $7,400 - $11,300
Engine, Major 2
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 2014 $8,200 - $13,300
2015 - 2015 $10,100 - $15,900
Engine Minor 04
1 0 * 2016 -
Engine Minor
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0
2016 $12,300 - $21,100
Engine Cooling 04
2 0 * 2017 -
Engine Cooling
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 2017 $13,700 - $20,500
Trans. Major 05
5 0 * 2018 $21,700 - $34,100 Trans. Major
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 2018 $16,600 - $22,400
Trans. Minor 05
5 0 * 2019 $24,800 - $37,300 Trans. Minor
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 2019 $18,000 - $23,300
2020 $28,000 - $41,500 2020 -
Drive System 04
4 0 * Drive System
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0
Fuel System 02
1 0 * CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
*2
0 * * *5
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 04
3 0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 04
1 0 * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 Overlap Side
- -
Suspension 03
5 0 * 2011 - -
-
Suspension
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 2011 - -
2012 - - 2012 Good NT 4/5
Brakes 05
4 0 * 2013 - - -
Brakes
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0
2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust 05
1 0 * 2014 - - -
Exhaust
*5
0 * * *5
0505
0 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Paint/Trim 04
4 0 * 2015 - - - Paint/Trim
*2
0 * * *5
0504
0 2015 Good Marg. 4/5
2016 - 2016 4/5
Noises & Leaks 01
1 0 * - -
-
Noises & Leaks
*3
0 * * *5
0505
0 Good Marg.
2017 - - 2017 Good Marg. 4/5
Body Hardware 05
2 0 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
*4
0 * * *5
0305
0
2018 Good Marg. 4/NT
Power Equip. 04
1 0 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
*5
0 * * *4
0101
0 2019 Good Marg. 4/NT
In-Car Electr. 3
*5
0 * * *5
0405
0 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Volkswagen CC Volkswagen Eos

The CC, a four-door coupe version of the VW Passat, is enjoyable The Eos convertible can be considered the successor to the
to drive, thanks to its agile and responsive handling and attractive Volkswagen Cabrio. It's a Jetta-based four-seater equipped with a
cabin. But style trumps function here, with less interior space, worse folding metal hard top. One novel feature for a convertible is a built-in
visibility, and more difficult access than the regular Passat. It seats sunroof that can be opened when the hardtop is closed. The seats are
only four, limiting its practicality further. The taut ride is compliant comfortable and interior fit and finish is impressive. Head-protecting
and composed, particularly on the highway. The 2.0-liter turbocharged curtain airbags are housed in the doors. Power comes from a 2.0-liter,
four-cylinder engine pulls strongly and returns 24 mpg; a 3.6-liter V6 turbocharged four-cylinder, with Volkswagen's responsive sequen-
and all-wheel drive are optional. The bespoke interior is very well-fin- tial-shift DSG transmission. A 3.2-liter V6 was available on 2007 to
ished, but some controls are awkward to use or hard to read. It was 2008 models. The manual transmission was dropped in 2012, and the
dropped after the 2017 model year, replaced by the new Arteon in EOS ceased production after 2015.
2019.
2009 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2007 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
AEB optional.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,100 - $8,000 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,400 - $8,000
Overall 2012 $6,800 - $9,200 Overall 2012 $8,700 - $9,000
Engine, Major
* * * * * * * 2014 $9,100 - $13,300 Engine, Major
* * * * * * 2014 $12,400 - $13,800
2015 $11,700 - $16,200 2015 $14,200 - $16,200
Engine Minor
* * * * * * * 2016 $13,600 - $19,400
Engine Minor
* * * * * * 2016 $15,900 - $15,900
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * * 2017 $16,900 - $18,700
Engine Cooling
* * * * * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * * * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
* * * * * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * * * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
* * * * * * 2019 -
2020 - 2020 -
Drive System
* * * * * *
Fuel System
Fuel System
Electrical
* * * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
Suspension
* * * * * * * 2011 Good Marg. NT Suspension
* * * * * * 2011 Good NT NT
2012 Good Marg. NT 2012 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * * * * * 2013 Good Marg. NT
Brakes
* * * * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * * 2014 Good Marg. NT
Exhaust
* * * * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Paint/Trim
* * * * * * * 2015 Good Marg. NT Paint/Trim
* * * * * * 2015 Good NT NT
2016 2016
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * * 2017
Good Marg. NT Noises & Leaks
* * * * * * 2017
Good NT NT
-
Good Marg. NT - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * * * 2018 - - -
Power Equip.
* * * * * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * * * 2019 - - -
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * * * 2020 - - -

V
Volkswagen Golf Volkswagen Golf SportWagen

The Golf has long been solid, practical, and fun-to-drive. Versions with In updating the Jetta SportWagen to the Golf architecture,
the diesel engine get great fuel economy, and they have among the Volkswagen renamed it the Golf SportWagen. A 1.8 liter turbo is avail-
lowest depreciation of any cars, making them very cheap to own. The able with a five-speed manual or six-speed automatic. In our tests
impressive 2010 redesign saw the Golf gain responsive handling, a automatic we got 28 mpg overall with the automatic. The SportWagen
comfortable ride, impressive interior quality, and supportive seats. has as much cargo space as most small SUVs. In 2017 Volkswagen
In 2015 a smoother and more refined 1.8-liter four-cylinder turbo turned the Golf SportWagen into the Alltrack small-SUV, equipping it
replaced the 5-cylinder engine. Soft-touch materials and quality com- with standard all-wheel drive and slightly increased ground clearance.
ponents upgrade the passenger experience considerably. A wagon Despite the rugged posturing, the Alltrack truly triumphs on the road.
and a high-performance AWD Golf R were also added to the lineup. We Sharp steering and quick reflexes make it fun to drive. It feels sub-
recommend finding a car with the optional HID lights, which perform stantial, thanks to a quiet cabin and a solid feel. The ride is a touch
much better than the standard halogens. A 1.4-liter engine became firm but compliant. Expect 25 mpg overall from the 1.8-liter turbo four.
standard in 2019, as did forward collision warning, automatic emer- Great visibility, supportive seats, and simple controls are welcome,
gency braking, and blind spot warning. but modest dimensions limit rear-seat and cargo space. 2019 was
the final year for the wagons.
in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,700 - $7,400 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 -
Overall 2012 $6,300 - $16,400 Overall 2012 -
Reliability 2
0204
0405
0 2013 $7,200 - $18,100 Reliability 3
0302
0 2013 -
Engine, Major
* * * *2
0505
0505
0 * 2014 $9,000 - $10,400 Engine, Major 5
0501
0 * * 2014 -
2015 $8,300 - $23,200 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * *2
0104
0505
0 * 2016 $10,300 - $26,900
Engine Minor 02
2 05
0 * * 2016 -
Engine Cooling
* * * *5
0105
0505
0 * 2017 $13,800 - $30,900
Engine Cooling 02
1 05
0 * * 2017 -
Trans. Major
* * * *5
0403
0305
0 * 2018 $15,000 - $34,400 Trans. Major 05
5 02
0 * * 2018 -
Trans. Minor
* * * *4
0502
0505
0 * 2019 $16,600 - $37,700 Trans. Minor 01
5 05
0 * * 2019 -
2020 $17,600 - $18,600 2020 -
Drive System
* * * *1
0205
0505
0 * Drive System 05
5 02
0 * *
Fuel System
* * * *1
0504
0505
Fuel System 03
3 05
Electrical
* * * *4
0205
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical 05
5 05
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *1
0503
0103
5 05
0 * * Overlap Side
-
Suspension
* * * *1
0501
0505
4 02
0 * * 2011 - -
-
2012 Good NT NT 2012 - -
Brakes
* * * *5
0305
0105
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes 03
1 02
0 * * 2013 - - -
Exhaust
* * * *1
0505
0505
0 * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust 05
3 05
0 * * 2014 - - -
Paint/Trim
* * * *3
0504
0305
0 * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim 05
5 04
Noises & Leaks
* * * *4
0103
0502
1 01
0 * * 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * *3
0304
0505
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware 02
2 05
0 * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * *5
0104
0505
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip. 05
1 03
0 * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * *3
0104
0505
0305
0 * * 2020 - - -

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Volkswagen GTI Volkswagen Jetta

The GTI excels at combining hatchback practicality, a fairly civilized The Jetta has always been a beautifully finished, sharp-handling
ride, and relatively quiet cabin with super-agile handling, a crisp shift- premium small car. The 2011 redesign brought a spacious rear seat,
er, and invigorating exhaust note. The all-wheel-drive Golf R is more but it also has cheaper interior materials than in the previous gener-
powerful, but not that much more enjoyable. Fit and finish is very good ation and lost some of the crispness of its handling. The car has been
and the torso-hugging sports seats are supportive yet comfortable. improved gradually since then. A hybrid debuted in 2013, and got 37
The 2015 update kept the excitement but upgraded the interior with mpg. New for 2016 was a refined and energetic 1.4-liter turbo four-cyl-
luxurious materials, comfortably supportive seats, and a comprehen- inder that got 32 mpg overall in our testing. The seventh generation
sive and easy-to-use infotainment system. Look for a mid-level trim 2019 Jetta has easy-to-use controls, great fuel economy, and a roomy
to get the HID headlights, as they perform much better than the stan- cabin. The 1.4-liter turbo and eight-speed automatic feel a bit sleepy
dard halogens. Updates for 2016 included optional forward collision at times, but deliver responsive acceleration and an excellent 34 mpg
warning, automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning, all of overall. The ride is absorbent and handling is competent, but a bit dull.
which became standard in 2020. The cabin is relatively quiet. Most versions come with synthetic leath-
er seats and automatic climate controls. A forward collision warning,
automatic emergency braking, and blind spot warning are optional.
2010, 2015, 2022 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2011, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head Front
in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,200 - $9,200 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,700 - $7,500
Overall 2012 $9,500 - $10,400 Overall 2012 $6,200 - $8,300
Reliability 1
0201
0301
0 2013 $10,800 - $12,900 Reliability 1
0103
0103
040 1
0 2013 $4,800 - $9,800
Engine, Major
* * * *1
0303
0501
0 * 2014 $12,800 - $14,400 Engine, Major
*1
0204
0101
050 *5
0 * 2014 $5,600 - $11,900
2015 $14,400 - $17,500 2015 $8,200 - $13,300
Engine Minor
* * * *2
0105
0505
0 * 2016 $17,100 - $19,900
Engine Minor
*1
0105
0102
050 *5
0 * 2016 $10,800 - $16,200
Engine Cooling
* * * *1
0101
0501
0 * 2017 $18,500 - $22,900
Engine Cooling
*2
0105
0304
050 *5
0 * 2017 $12,000 - $17,500
Trans. Major
* * * *1
0503
0405
0 * 2018 $20,000 - $26,000 Trans. Major
*1
0201
0503
020 *2
0 * 2018 $12,900 - $20,100
Trans. Minor
* * * *1
0505
0505
0 * 2019 $22,100 - $28,600 Trans. Minor
*1
0504
0403
040 *3
0 * 2019 $15,200 - $23,800
2020 $25,000 - $32,500 2020 $16,500 - $26,200
Drive System
* * * *4
0303
0501
0 * Drive System
*1
0105
0305
050 *5
0 *
Fuel System
* * * *2
0404
0105
Fuel System
*1
0204
0104
050 *4
Electrical
* * * *4
0405
0505
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*1
0105
0104
050 *5
0 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *1
0503
0505
*1
0202
0305
040 *3
0 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * *5
0504
0101
0 * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
*2
0301
0202
040 *2
0 * 2011 Good NT 4/5
Brakes
* * * *5
0403
0505
0 * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
*2
0101
0405
030 *5
0 * 2013 Good Marg. 4/5
Exhaust
* * * *5
0503
0505
0 * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*1
0504
0303
050 *5
0 * 2014 Good Marg. 4/5
Paint/Trim
* * * *5
0505
0504
0 * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim
*5
0302
0305
040 *5
0 * 2015 Good Good 4/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * *1
0102
0101
*1
0204
0103
020 *1
0 * 2016 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
* * * *5
0404
0104
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
*5
0505
0303
030 *1
0 * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
* * * *1
0201
0505
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*1
0101
0105
030 *5
0 * 2019 Good Good 4/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * *5
0302
0405
*2
0503
0504
020 *3
0 * 2020 Good Good 4/5

V
Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Tiguan

Volkswagen's mid-sized sedan has a comfortable ride, capable han- The Tiguan bridges the gap between compact and luxury-compact
dling, and a large, high-quality interior. The 2012 redesign was roomier, SUVs. We like the quiet cabin, roomy rear seat, and excellent fit and
but fit and finish took a step backward. The turbo four-cylinder got finish, and the front seats are very supportive. However, cargo room
good fuel economy, the car feels solid and substantial with com- was quite modest. Handling is agile and secure, and the ride is com-
fortable seats, and the trunk is massive. For 2014, a 1.8-liter turbo fortable, although beware of versions with the 19-inch tires; they're
four-cylinder replaced the base five-cylinder to improve fuel econo- noisier and ride stiffly. The smooth 2.0-liter, turbo four-cylinder got 20
my and refinement. The top-line SEL V6 offers plenty of power and mpg overall in our tests. For 2012, the Tiguan got a mild freshening,
plusher accommodations than lower-trim Passats. The 2020 redesign resulting in a boost in fuel economy. The second-generation Tiguan
keep pace with the competition. The ride is firm, and absorbs bumps debuted for 2018, grew larger, and offered a third-row seat. The
decently. The 2.0-liter, turbo four-cylinder and six-speed automatic cabin is among the quietest in the segment, with just a bit of engine
deliver power effortlessly, but fuel economy trails the competition. noise when revved. Fuel economy improved to 25 mpg overall, but the
The front seats are comfortable and the rear seat is spacious, and we Tiguan feels slow. Handling is capable and secure, and the ride is com-
found the controls and infotainment system are easy to use. Forward fortable. Forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, and
collision warning and automatic emergency braking are standard. blind spot warning are standard in 2020.
2006, 2012, 2020 ABS, ESC, side and head Front 2009, 2018 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
in 2019. in 2020.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 - '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $5,700 - $7,300
Overall 2012 $6,600 - $9,100 Overall 2012 $6,600 - $8,400
Reliability 1
0201
0205
0503
0 2013 $7,300 - $9,900 Reliability 1
010 1
0301
0204
0 2013 $7,400 - $9,700
Engine, Major 2
0202
0405
0505
0 * * 2014 $8,000 - $10,700 Engine, Major
*1
010 * *1
0104
0305
0 2014 $8,200 - $12,900
2015 $9,400 - $13,500 2015 $10,100 - $14,800
Engine Minor 2
0201
0505
0505
0 * * 2016 $12,300 - $17,800
Engine Minor
*1
010 * *1
0102
0405
0
2016 $12,600 - $16,100
Engine Cooling 1
0305
0505
0505
0 * * 2017 $13,700 - $18,700
Engine Cooling
*1
010 * *5
0504
0405
0 2017 $13,300 - $19,000
Trans. Major 3
0405
0505
0505
0 * * 2018 $15,800 - $22,600 Trans. Major
*3
010 * *2
0505
0505
0 2018 $16,500 - $25,000
Trans. Minor 3
0405
0505
0505
0 * * 2019 $18,300 - $21,400 Trans. Minor
*3
050 * *5
0502
0505
0 2019 $18,600 - $29,300
2020 $19,500 - $25,400 2020 $21,100 - $32,500
Drive System 5
0401
0105
0502
0 * * Drive System
*5
050 * *2
0502
0405
0
Fuel System 1
0101
0105
0505
Fuel System
*4
010 * *2
0503
0505
0
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical 1
0101
0505
0505
0 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*1
010 * *3
0502
0405
0 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst. 1
0101
0105
0403
*4
050 * *5
0502
0405
0 Overlap Side
-
Suspension 2
0501
0103
0502
0 * * 2011 - - Suspension
*3
010 * *5
0501
0505
0 2011 Good Marg. NT
2012 Good NT 5/5 2012 Good Marg. NT
Brakes 2
0302
0302
0403
0 * * 2013 Good Accpt. 5/5
Brakes
*5
050 * *1
0301
0505
0
2013 Good Marg. 3/5
Exhaust 5
0305
0505
0505
0 * * 2014 Good Accpt. 5/5
Exhaust
*5
020 * *5
0505
0405
0 2014 Good Marg. 3/5
Paint/Trim 1
0403
0403
0403
0 * * 2015 Good Accpt. 5/5 Paint/Trim
*1
010 * *5
0504
0302
0 2015 Good Marg. 3/5
Noises & Leaks 5
0304
0405
0403
0 * * 2016 Good Good 4/5 Noises & Leaks
*1
010 * *3
0401
0105
0 2016 Good Marg. 3/5
Body Hardware 5
0201
0403
0403
0 * * 2018 Good Good 4/5
Body Hardware
*5
050 * *5
0304
0302
0
2018 Good Good NT/5
Power Equip. 1
0102
0105
0304
0 * * 2019 Good Good 4/5
Power Equip.
*5
010 * *1
0401
0505
0 2019 Good Good NT/5
In-Car Electr. 4
0101
0103
0303
*3
040 * *4
0501
0402
0 2020 Good Good NT/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Volkswagen Touareg Volvo S60, V60

The Touareg was a luxury SUV co-developed with the Porsche The S60's 2011 redesign made the car much nicer, with agile han-
Cayenne. Unlike most car-derived SUVs, the first-generation Touareg dling and a taut, steady ride. The standard T5 is pretty lively but the
was an impressive off-roader. The 2011 redesign was a huge improve- top-level T6 is quicker and more refined. Rear and side visibility are
ment in making the Touareg agile, solid, comfortable, and plush. On problematic. The interior is quiet and well-finished, and the front
regular roads the ride is compliant, though a bit jiggly at low speeds. seats are very comfortable. All wheel drive was optional, and in 2015
The interior is very quiet. Handling is responsive, with sharp steering. the V60 wagon version was added. Updates for 2016 included a new
The cargo area is slightly smaller than the Passat wagon's and many Inscription model, which added almost three inches of rear leg room
controls are overly complicated. The 3.6-liter V6 has a lot of weight and other high-end trim bits. The redesigned 2019 model is quiet, has
to move, but it provides sufficient performance. However, it's on the an elegant interior, and comfortable seats. The T5's energetic turbo
slow side for this class, and gets only 15 mpg in mixed driving on pre- four-cylinder drives the front wheels and returned 26 mpg overall in
mium fuel. The Touareg was dropped after the 2017 model year. our tests. The T6 brings AWD, plus a more powerful engine. The ride is
stiff and handling is sound but unexceptional. Unfortunately, the S60
(and V60 wagon) is plagued with Volvo's unintuitive infotainment sys-
tem, which requires too much swiping, tapping, and eyes off the road.
2004, 2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD 2011, 2019 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
AEB optional. AEB optional, standard
in 2019.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,700 - $12,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $9,400 - $9,400
Overall 2012 $10,400 - $13,900 Overall 2012 $8,000 - $15,700
Reliability 5
0 2013 $11,500 - $15,300 Reliability 1
030 3
0405
0404
040 2013 $9,000 - $16,300
Engine, Major
* * *5
0 * * * 2014 $13,900 - $18,900 Engine, Major
*1
050 *1
0505
0505
050 2014 $11,100 - $18,100
2015 $16,800 - $23,800 2015 $11,900 - $20,900
Engine Minor
* * *2
0 * * * 2016 $20,500 - $28,200
Engine Minor
*1
040 *4
0505
0505
050
2016 $13,800 - $23,800
Engine Cooling
* * *5
0 * * * 2017 $24,100 - $28,800
Engine Cooling
*1
020 *5
0505
0505
050 2017 $17,400 - $27,800
Trans. Major
* * *5
0 * * * 2018 - Trans. Major
*5
050 *5
0505
0505
050 2018 $20,700 - $29,400
Trans. Minor
* * *5
0 * * * 2019 - Trans. Minor
*3
050 *4
0505
0505
050 2019 $26,300 - $37,700
2020 - 2020 $29,800 - $49,000
Drive System
* * *5
0 * * * Drive System
*4
050 *3
0505
0505
050
Fuel System
* * *1
Fuel System
*3
040 *1
0303
0505
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * *2
0 * * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*1
020 *4
0505
0505
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * *4
0 * * * Overlap Side Climate Syst.
*1
020 *1
0301
0105
010 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * *4
0 * * * 2011 Good NT NT Suspension
*1
020 *3
0505
0405
Brakes
* * *5
0 * * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
*3
040 *2
0105
0505
050
2013 Good Good 5/5
Exhaust
* * *2
0 * * * 2014 Good NT NT
Exhaust
*3
050 *4
0505
0505
050 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * *2
0 * * * 2015 Good NT NT Paint/Trim
*2
030 *4
0505
0501
050 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * *2
0 * * * 2016 Good NT NT Noises & Leaks
*3
050 *3
0505
0204
050 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * *5
0 * * * 2018 - - -
Body Hardware
*1
030 *3
0505
0105
050
2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * *4
0 * * * 2019 - - - Power Equip.
*1
010 *3
0104
0301
In-Car Electr.
* * *4
0 * * * 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
*2
040 *4
0301
0204
050 2020 Good Good 4/5

V
Volvo S80, S90, V90 Volvo XC60

Volvo's big sedan has lots of interior room and secure handling, but The XC60 is a compact, upscale SUV that feels solid and substan-
some controls are awkward. The redesigned 2007 model had a V8 tial, but it isn't as sporty as some competitors. The ride is stiff but
engine and all-wheel drive in the top trim, while the FWD models use a handling is responsive and secure at its limits. The 281-hp, 3.0-liter
3.2-liter six or a 3.0-liter turbo six. The rear seat got smaller, the ride turbo six-cylinder performs well, but fuel economy is a mediocre 17
was stiffer, and some controls remained confusing. 2016 was the final mpg overall. A 3.2-liter six is also available. Most exterior noises are
year for S80, which was replaced for 2017 with the S90. The super- well suppressed. The cabin is attractively finished with high-quality
charged and turbocharged engine in the T6 pulls strongly, but accel- materials and offers integrated child booster seats in the rear seat.
eration falls below class expectations. We measured a respectable 23 The seats are well shaped and comfortable but rear leg room is a bit
mpg overall. The base T5 version uses a turbo four-cylinder. All-wheel tight. A wide variety of advanced safety features were standard. The
drive is available. Handling is sound but ordinary and the ride is stiff. second-generation XC60 debuted for 2018. The interior is elegant,
The interior is roomy, plush, and ornate, but the controls are complex but the controls were confusing, ride was unduly stiff, and the engine
and the S90 falls short of the refinement expected of a midsized lux- sounded unpolished when revved. Like the XC90, it suffers from con-
ury sedan. The iPad-like touch screen proves frustrating to use. The voluted and distracting controls. The 2.0-liter turbo four-cylinder and
V90 is the wagon version. eight-speed automatic returned 23 mpg overall,
in 2017. in 2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,300 - $7,700 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $7,100 - $9,400
Overall 2012 $7,600 - $9,900 Overall 2012 $8,300 - $11,300
Reliability 3
010 2013 $9,100 - $11,900 Reliability 3
030 1
0205
0301
010 2013 $10,000 - $13,400
Engine, Major
* * * * * *5
010 * * 2014 $10,600 - $13,800 Engine, Major
*4
050 *1
0503
0401
020 2014 $12,600 - $15,600
2015 $11,100 - $17,700 2015 $12,400 - $20,300
Engine Minor
* * * * * *5
010 * * 2016 $13,400 - $15,300
Engine Minor
*3
030 *1
0303
0404
050
2016 $15,400 - $24,400
Engine Cooling
* * * * * *5
050 * * 2017 $23,700 - $28,100
Engine Cooling
*5
030 *1
0305
0505
050 2017 $19,700 - $27,200
Trans. Major
* * * * * *5
050 * * 2018 $25,900 - $39,400 Trans. Major
*2
050 *2
0205
0505
050 2018 $33,500 - $43,800
Trans. Minor
* * * * * *5
030 * * 2019 $29,600 - $45,300 Trans. Minor
*2
050 *1
0305
0505
050 2019 $33,100 - $50,600
2020 $35,400 - $48,500 2020 $40,200 - $64,300
Drive System
* * * * * *5
*5
030 *4
0305
0503
050
Fuel System
* * * * * *5
Fuel System
*1
010 *1
0503
0403
030
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Electrical
* * * * * *5
050 * * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
*5
050 *1
0305
0503
020 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * * * *2
*1
010 *1
0205
0104
050 Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * * * *1
*1
010 *4
0303
0204
050 2011 Good NT 5/5
Brakes
* * * * * *2
010 * * 2013 Good NT NT
Brakes
*3
020 *1
0203
0201
050
2013 Good Good 5/5
Exhaust
* * * * * *5
Exhaust
*5
050 *4
0505
0505
050 2014 Good Good 5/5
Paint/Trim
* * * * * *5
050 * * 2015 Good Good NT Paint/Trim
*5
050 *3
0505
0205
050 2015 Good Good 5/5
Noises & Leaks
* * * * * *3
010 * * 2016 Good Good NT Noises & Leaks
*1
010 *3
0404
0104
040 2016 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * * * *1
Body Hardware
*5
010 *1
0505
0404
050
2018 Good Good NT
Power Equip.
* * * * * *2
Power Equip.
*2
010 *1
0105
0301
In-Car Electr.
* * * * * *3
*2
040 *2
0502
0101
020 2020 Good Good 5/5

1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 !
0
Volvo XC70 Volvo XC90

The XC70 Cross Country was an SUV-like raised wagon, available with The first-generation XC90's best qualities include its flexible interior,
all-wheel drive. The standard five-cylinder engine was available with a comfortable seats, and long list of safety features. However, its hefty
turbocharger, which improved acceleration dramatically. In our tests curb weight and underpowered engines detracted from the driving
of the XC70, the ride was stiff and unsettled, and handling was short experience. The ride is stiff, but handling is responsive and secure. An
on agility. The front seats provided excellent comfort. The roomy inte- all-new XC90 arrived for 2016, and is a well-equipped three-row SUV.
rior offered an optional third-row seat. The 2008 redesign dropped Base models use a 2.0-liter four-cylinder turbo, offered with front- or
the third row. Engine choices included two six-cylinder engines: a base all-wheel drive. Our tested turbo and supercharged version delivered
3.2-liter and a turbocharged 3.0. Performance is adequate, but the decent punch and returned 20 mpg overall, but had a raspy sound.
XC70 averaged just 18 mpg. The XC70 disappeared after 2016. All versions use an eight-speed automatic. Handling is commendable,
but the ride is stiff, though the optional air suspension makes it more
comfortable. The interior is quiet, plush, and modern, with super
comfortable seats. But the touchscreen infotainment system is unin-
tuitive. Forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, and
blind-spot warning are standard.
2011 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front 2003, 2016 ABS, ESC, side and head AWD; Front
AEB optional. standard. BSW optional,
standard in 2018.
'11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $8,100 - $10,800 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 2011 $6,500 - $9,500
Overall 2012 $9,400 - $13,400 Overall 2012 $7,600 - $11,000
Reliability 3
040 2013 $10,300 - $15,400 Reliability 1
0102
010 2013 $9,300 - $13,300
Engine, Major
* * * *1
020 2014 $11,400 - $17,300 Engine, Major
* * * * *2
0105
050 * 2014 $12,100 - $16,300
2015 $13,200 - $21,700 2015 -
Engine Minor
* * * *1
050
2016 $14,900 - $22,200
Engine Minor
* * * * *2
0305
050 * 2016 $24,000 - $35,200
Engine Cooling
* * * *1
050 2017 -
Engine Cooling
* * * * *5
0505
050 * 2017 $28,700 - $52,900
Trans. Major
* * * *5
* * * * *2
0305
050 * 2018 $33,300 - $61,200
Trans. Minor
* * * *3
* * * * *4
0505
050 * 2019 $39,100 - $74,500
2020 - 2020 $44,900 - $64,200
Drive System
* * * *5
050 Drive System
* * * * *3
0105
020 *
Fuel System
* * * *5
050
CRASH-TEST RESULTS
Fuel System
* * * * *3
0101
Electrical
* * * *5
050 Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Electrical
* * * * *4
0305
050 * Model
year
IIHS IHHS NHTSA
Climate Syst.
* * * *5
* * * * *1
0105
050 * Overlap Side
Suspension
* * * *3
050 2011 NT NT NT Suspension
* * * * *2
0101
010 * 2011 Good NT NT
Brakes
* * * *2
050
2013 NT NT NT
Brakes
* * * * *1
0101
010 * 2013 Good NT NT
Exhaust
* * * *5
050 2014 NT NT NT
Exhaust
* * * * *5
0305
Paint/Trim
* * * *5
020 2015 NT NT NT Paint/Trim
* * * * *4
0503
050 * 2015 NT NT NT
Noises & Leaks
* * * *1
050 2016 NT NT NT Noises & Leaks
* * * * *1
0205
010 * 2016 Good Good 5/5
2017 - - - 2017 Good Good 5/5
Body Hardware
* * * *5
020
2018 - - -
Body Hardware
* * * * *2
0103
020 * 2018 Good Good 5/5
Power Equip.
* * * *4
010 2019 - - - Power Equip.
* * * * *1
0104
010 * 2019 Good Good 5/5
In-Car Electr.
* * * *5
050 2020 - - - In-Car Electr.
* * * * *1
0102
020 * 2020 Good Good 5/5

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APRIL 2021 CR.ORG

10 SIGNS IT’S CERTIFIED

From Money, Home, and Cars to Food, Health, and

4 Should You Buy CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 6

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 1

2 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 3

Should You Buy

4 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

If you want If you

Do you Have your

What’s CR’s Are you

Verdict for aftermarket

Buy a 2- or Upgrade your

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 5

Savvy buyers know that used cars are great

Why Buy Used?

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 9

Focus on Your Needs

Most vehicles will accommodate five

carry more people, look for a vehicle

10 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

10 Best Cars 10 Worst Cars 10 Best Cars 10 Worst Cars

and electronic stability control invite young drivers to bring

TOP USED CARS deeper and get a car equipped

FOR TEEN DRIVERS The lifesaving assistance those

standard ESC. To help you find the best

12 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 13

a winter mode, where the transmis-

traction do you need? Most vehicles

14 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 15

16 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

Forward collision warning

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 17

in this type of situation. The ratings

for roof strength. During a rollover,

rear-end accidents have a low fatality

18 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

helpful in slippery conditions and part of a package that includes blind

driver ignores the warnings, systems of a driver-assist system that automati-

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 19

2018 Tesla Model 3 2018 Porsche 911

ers higher satisfaction.

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 21

Most & Least Satisfying Vehicles

3-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction 5-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction 10-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction

% Would Buy % Would Buy % Would Buy

S U B C O MPACT CAR S S UB C OMPACT CA RS SU BCO MPACT CA R S

C O MPACT CA R S Honda Fit 60 Nissan Versa Hatchback 45

22 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

% Would Buy % Would Buy % Would Buy

CR.ORG/CARS USED CARS 23

3-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction 5-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction 10-Year-Old Owner Satisfaction

% Would Buy % Would Buy % Would Buy

Kia Sorento 61 Ford Edge 59 GMC Yukon XL 59

24 USED CARS CR.ORG/CARS

% Would Buy % Would Buy % Would Buy

LUXURY C O M PACT SU Vs LUXU RY CO MPACT S UVs LUXU RY CO MPACT SU Vs