U.S.

STATE POSTAL ABBREVIATIONS LIST

STATE ABBREVIATION
1 Alabama AL
2 Alaska AK
3 Arizona AZ
4 Arkansas AR
5 California CA
6 Colorado CO
7 Connecticut CT
8 Delaware DE
9 Florida FL
10 Georgia GA
11 Hawaii HI
12 Idaho ID
13 Illinois IL
14 Indiana IN
15 Iowa IA
16 Kansas KS
17 Kentucky KY
18 Louisiana LA
19 Maine ME
20 Maryland MD
21 Massachusetts MA
22 Michigan MI
23 Minnesota MN
24 Mississippi MS
25 Missouri MO
 STATE ABBREVIATION
26 Montana MT
27 Nebraska NE
28 Nevada NV
29 New Hampshire NH
30 New Jersey NJ
31 New Mexico NM
32 New York NY
33 North Carolina NC
34 North Dakota ND
35 Ohio OH
36 Oklahoma OK
37 Oregon OR
38 Pennsylvania PA
39 Rhode Island RI
40 South Carolina SC
41 South Dakota SD
42 Tennessee TN
43 Texas TX
44 Utah UT
45 Vermont VT
46 Virginia VA
47 Washington WA
48 West Virginia WV
49 Wisconsin WI
50 Wyoming WY
TENNESSEE
 Called the "Volunteer State, Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States.
  Tennessee is the 36th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 states.
 It is bordered by eight states, with Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the west, and Missouri to the northwest.
 Tennessee has also played a major role in the development of many forms of popular music, including country, blues,
rock and roll, soul, and gospel.
 Bill Lee (Republican Party) is the Governor of Tennessee. He assumed office on January 15, 2019. His current term
ends on January 21, 2023.

HOW DID TENNESSEE GET ITS NAME?

 Its name is derived from "Tanasi", a Cherokee town in the eastern part of the state that existed before the first European
American settlement.

NASHVILLE
 Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee.
 The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River.
 It is the 23rd most-populous city in the United States.
 A major center for the music industry, especially country music, Nashville is commonly known as "Music City". 

MEMPHIS
 Memphis is a city on the Mississippi River in southwest Tennessee, famous for the influential strains of blues, soul and
rock 'n' roll that originated there. Elvis Presley, B.B. King and Johnny Cash recorded albums at the legendary Sun
Studio, and Presley’s Graceland mansion is a popular attraction. Other music landmarks include the Rock 'n' Soul
Museum, Blues Hall of Fame and Stax Museum of American Soul Music.
 It is the second-most populous city behind Nashville, the nation's 28th largest, and the largest city situated along the
Mississippi River.
 Jim Strickland (Democratic Party) is the Mayor of Memphis in Tennessee. Strickland assumed office on January 1,
2016. Strickland's current term ends on January 1, 2024.

CASES OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

The term case applies to nouns and pronouns.
The case of a noun or pronoun is determined by what the word does in the sentence.

NOUNS PRONOUNS
NOMINATIVE CASE
Ram is an intelligent boy. He is an intelligent boy.
(SUBJECTIVE CASE)
 The Nominative Case, also known as subjective case, is an English grammatical case that is used for a noun or
pronoun when it is the subject of a verb.
 Nominative pronouns are also called subject pronouns.
 They are, as their name indicates, pronouns that are used as the subject of a sentence.
 The subject pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, who
ACCUSATIVE CASE
My brother married Sandra last month. My brother married her last month.
(OBJECTIVE CASE)
 The Accusative Case, also known as Objective Case, refers to the case used for a noun or pronoun that is a direct
object of a verb.
 A noun or pronoun is in the Accusative Case when it receives the action of a transitive verb, or when it serves as the
object of a preposition.
 The object pronouns are: you, him, her, us, them, and whom
DATIVE CASE She gave Tom the parcel. She gave him the parcel.
 The Dative Case refers to the case used for a noun or pronoun that is an indirect object.
 Dative case is a type of Objective Case.
 The object pronouns are used in this case.
POSSESSIVE CASE
Jane takes pride in Jane’s outfits. Jane takes pride in her outfits.
(GENITIVE CASE)
 The Possessive Case is used for showing possession. The possessive case applies to nouns, pronouns, and
determiners.
 With the addition of ’s (or sometimes just the apostrophe), a noun can change from a simple person, place, or thing
to a person, place, or thing that owns something.
 If the noun doesn’t end with an s, add ’s to the end of the noun. But when you have a plural noun that ends in s, add
just the apostrophe. This is also true when you have a proper noun that’s plural.
  If you have a compound noun (for example, when you’re talking about two people who jointly own one thing),
change only the last noun to the possessive.
 Possessive Pronouns. The possessive-case pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,  and theirs.
 Possessive Determiners. The possessive-case determiners are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. (The possessive
determiners are known as possessive adjectives in traditional grammar and are also classified as possessive pronouns
because they too replace nouns and show ownership.)
 Possessive pronouns simplify constructions that show possession of a noun. (In the example, it sounds odd to use
Jane’s name twice in this sentence. A possessive pronoun solves the problem.)
 Possessive pronouns are never spelled with apostrophes.
VOCATIVE CASE Stop talking, David! Hey, you, stop talking!
 A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative Case if it is used to call (or to get the attention of) a person or persons.
 The imperative is often used with a vocative. This is where you mention a person’s name or some other way of
identifying the person to whom a command or request is being addressed.
 The vocative can be a proper noun, the pronoun you, or a noun phrase. The vocative can come before or after the
main clause.
 Note the punctuation. There should be a comma between the vocative part of the clause and the remainder.
Note that in English, only personal pronouns change from the nominative to the accusative case. That is, nouns are the
same when used in the nominative or the accusative cases.

THE BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

There are five main kinds of sentence patterns in English. Every sentence is built around one of these.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
SUBJECT (S)
 The subject is the person or the thing who or which carries out the action of the verb in the sentence.

DIRECT OBJECT (DO) / OBJECT OF THE VERB (O)

 The direct object is the person or the thing upon whom or upon which the action of the verb is carried out.
 To find the direct object, find the verb and ask “who” or "what?"
RETAINED OBJECT (RO)
 A retained object is an object in a passive sentence that would also be the object in an active sentence.

INDIRECT OBJECT (IO)

 The indirect object of a verb is not directly affected by the action, but can either receive the direct object or have the
action done for them.
 There should not be a preposition before the indirect object because in that case it will be the object of that
preposition.
 To find the indirect object, find the verb and ask “to whom?” or “to what?” or “for whom?” or “for what?”

OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (OP)

 The object of a preposition is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that follows a preposition and completes its meaning.
 The object of a preposition is in the Objective Case.
 A word group made up of a preposition, its object, and any of the object's modifiers is called a prepositional phrase.
 In contemporary language studies, the object of a preposition is sometimes described as a prepositional complement.

SUBJECT (SUBJECTIVE) COMPLEMENT (SC)

 The subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes (equals) the subject after a verb
of being or a linking verb.

OBJECT (OBJECTIVE) COMPLEMENT (OC)

 The object complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes (equals) the direct object.

S - V  (subject + verb)
S - VI (subject + intransitive verb)
 The S - V / S - VI structure is the foundation for all English sentences. It describes a person or thing and an action
that is being done. 
 There are no direct objects, indirect objects, or complements.

S (SUBJECT) V (VERB)
They walk.
 We are eating.
Jasmine walks and talks.
The students rested.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
What is a complement?
A complement is a word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence.

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (SC)

 Subject complements follow a linking verb and provide additional information about the subject of the sentence.
 The subject complement is normally a noun or an adjective that defines or renames the subject in some way. 
 Subject complements provide information about the subject to a sentence.

OBJECT COMPLEMENT (OC)

 Object complements follow and modify a direct object and provide additional information about it.
 An object complement can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.
 Object complements provide more detail about the object of a sentence.

Subject complements and object complements fill out and complete our sentences.

S - V - SC (subject + verb + subject complement)

S - LV - SC (subject + linking verb + subject complement)
S - V - C (subject + verb + complement)
 We use this structure to say something about a person or thing -- to say that it is something or that it has some
quality. 
 The complement which expresses the quality or identity or condition of the subject is called Subject Complement
or Subjective Complement.
 Subjective Complement (SC) - a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes (equals) the subject after a
verb of being or a linking verb.
 There are two kinds of subject complements: Predicate Nominative and Predicate Adjective.

PREDICATE NOMINATIVE is a noun or pronoun that renames or classifies the subject of the sentence. It is also
called NOUN COMPLEMENT.
S (SUBJECT) V (VERB) SC (NOUN COMPLEMENT)
She is a doctor.
My brother is a nice guy.
Mark became a university professor.
His tenor voice was quite clear and lovely.

PREDICATE ADJECTIVE is an adjective that describes the subject of the sentence. It is also called ADJECTIVE
COMPLEMENT.
S (SUBJECT) V (VERB) SC (ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT)
That seems difficult.
Andrew is tall, dark and handsome.
You look confused.
The cake tastes delicious.

S - VT - O (subject + transitive verb + object of the verb)

S - V - DO (subject + verb + direct object)
 This structure can only be used with transitive verbs.
 To get the object (O), ask the question “what?” or “whom?”, “what?” is for things and “whom?” is for persons.
Persons may be nouns or pronouns.
 The object comes right after the verb. 

S (SUBJECT) V (VERB) DO (DIRECT OBJECT)

Melanie loves her job.
We bought a new puppy.
Andrew composes music.
I kicked the ball.

S - V - IO - DO (subject + verb + indirect object + direct object)

S - VT - IO - DO (subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object)
 Some verbs take two objects.
 An indirect object tells for whom or to whom.
 The indirect object always stands between the verb and its direct object.

S (SUBJECT) (V) VERB IO (INDIRECT OBJECT) DO (DIRECT OBJECT)

The teacher gave the class some homework.
I read her the letter.
John bought Mary a ring.
John brought Mary some flowers.
Note that sometimes, you might see this structure arranged differently, with the direct object first and the indirect object
after it. In this case, though, a preposition (usually ‘to’) is needed. 

PREPOSITIONAL
S (SUBJECT) (V) VERB DO (DIRECT OBJECT)
PHRASE
The teacher gave some homework to the class.
I read the letter to her.
John bought a ring for mary.
Caleb brought some flowers for annabel.
Note that the prepositional phrase is NOT the indirect object — it is just a prepositional phrase.

S - V - DO - OC (subject + verb + direct object + object complement)

S - VT - DO - OC (subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement) 
S (SUBJECT) V (VERB) DO (DIRECT OBJECT) OC (COMPLEMENT)
You left the door open.
They painted the room green.
She will name the dog Fluffy.
The students elected him class president.