SATHYABAMA

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
ACCREDITED WITH ‘A’ GRADE BY NAAC

SAU1401 Automobile Engineering

Classifications of vehicle, chassis, frames IC engines-components, emissions from automobiles,
pollution control techniques IC engines-components-functions and materials, emissions from Automobiles,
pollution standards - national and international-pollution control techniques

Dr.S.P.Venkatesan & Dr.J.Jayaprabakar

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai – 600 119

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 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (SAU1401)
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION
Classifications of vehicle, chassis, frames
UNIT 2 DRIVELINE
clutches
gear box, transmission control

UNIT 3 FRONT AXLE, STEERING SYSTEM, REAR AXLE, WHEEL AND TYRES
Purpose and requirement front axle and rear axle, steering geometry, steering mechanism
wheel construction, wheel alignment and balancing, types of tyres , tyre construction

UNIT 4 SUSPENSION SYSYTEM AND BRAKES

suspension for front and rear ends, leaf spring, torsion bar, shock absorber
Types of brake systems-drum, disc, operation-mechanical, hydraulic, air brakes, servo and power
braking, ABS.

UNIT 5 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

battery construction, maintenance, testing and charging,
electric control unit
DEFINITION
• Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and it is used for transportation of
passengers and goods on the ground.
• Automobile can also be defined as a vehicle which can move by itself
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
Automobiles or vehicles can be classified on different bases as given below :
With respect to the purpose:
(a) Passenger vehicles. Examples: Car, bus, jeep, scooter, mopeds and motor cycle.
(b) Goods carriers. Examples: Trucks and Lorries.
Weight of the vehicle:
(a) Heavy weight vehicle such as buses, trucks and trailers.
(b) Light weight
 CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES (Contid.,)
With respect to the fuel used:
(a) Petrol vehicles Examples: Scooters, cars, motors cycles etc.
(b) Diesel vehicles Examples: Buses, trucks etc.
(c) Gas vehicles Examples: Coal gas, LPG, CNG vehicles.
(d) Electric vehicle Examples: Heavy cranes, battery truck, cars and forklifts.
(e) Solar vehicle
With respect to body style:
a) Closed cars such as, sedan cars, saloon cars, SUV etc.
b) Open cars such as sport cars and convertible cars.
c) Special style vehicles such as estate car, station wagon etc.
With respect to transport capacity:
(a) Heavy transport vehicle or heavy motor vehicles. Example: Bus, Lorries,
Trucks, Tractors.
(b) Light transport vehicle or light motor vehicles. Example: Car, Scooter, Mopeds,
Motor cycles, Jeeps.
Saloon
A saloon car is one of the most common body styles of the modern car. At its most basic, the saloon is a
passenger car with a separate bonnet covering the engine in the front, and a separate boot for luggage
at the rear.

A saloon seats four or more and has a fixed roof that is full-height up to the rear window.
Four Door Saloon

BMW 7 Series Toyota Corolla

 Two Door Saloon

Audi A5 Honda Civic

Convertible
A body style with a flexible textile folding roof or rigid retracting roof to allow driving in open or
enclosed modes. The roof may be constructed of soft or rigid material.

A soft-top convertible may also be referred to as a cabriolet, cabrio, spyder, or spider, although
two-seater soft tops often retain the name roadster, referring to their body style.

Hard-tops are marketed under the terms coupé cabriolet, coupé convertible or simply retractable
hardtop, while two-seaters more commonly use coupé roadster/roadster coupé.
 Convertible

Convertible (retractable hard top) Convertible (roadster)

Estate/ Station Wagon
An Estate car is a car body style similar to a saloon, but with an extended rear cargo area.

Most Estate cars are modified saloon-type car bodies, having the passenger area extended to the
rear window (over the normal boot area of the vehicle).

Estate cars also have side windows over the cargo area, whereas most hatchbacks have no cargo area
windows.

Three Door Estate Five Door Estate

 CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES (Contid.,)
With respect to the number of wheels:
(a) Two wheelers. Examples: Scooters, Mopeds.
(b) Four wheelers. Examples: Car, Jeep, Buses, Trucks
(c) Three wheelers. Examples: Auto, Tempos
(d) Six wheelers. Example: Heavy trucks
With respect to the number of wheels:
(a) Two wheelers. Examples: Scooters, Mopeds.
(b) Four wheelers. Examples: Car, Jeep, Buses, Trucks
(c) Three wheelers. Examples: Auto, Tempos
(d) Six wheelers. Example: Heavy trucks.'
With respect to the drive of the vehicle:
(a) Single wheel drive vehicles
(b) Two wheel drive vehicles
(c) Four wheel drive vehicle
 CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES (Contid.,)
With respect to the side of driver seat:
(a) Left hand drive. Example: Most of the American, European and UAE vehicles.
(b) Right hand drive. Example: Most of the Indian vehicles.
With respect to the side of power drive:
(a) Front wheel drive. Example: Most of the light weight cars.
(b) Rear wheel drive. Example: Trucks and Buses.
(c) Four wheel drive. Example: Jeep, military trucks and off-road vehicles
With respect to transmission:
(a) Conventional type: In this type, ordinary gear box is fitted. Example: Most of
Indian vehicles.
(b) Semi-automatic type: A combination of manual plus some automatic gear box is
fitted. Example: Most of British vehicles.
(c) Fully automatic type: In this type, vehicles are equipped with full automatic
transmission system by using epicyclic gears and torque convertors. Example:
American and European vehicles
 CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES (Contid.,)

With respect to their construction:

(a) Single unit vehicles
(b) Articulated vehicles
(c) Heavy tractor vehicles.
With respect to motion:
(a) Reciprocating Piston engines
(b) Rotary - Wankel engine
(c) Gas turbine.
With respect to the suspension:
(a) Conventional type. Leaf spring
(b) Independent. Coil, torsion bar, pneumatic.
Chassis consist of following components:
Engine Wheels
Radiator Brakes
Fuel tank Steering system
Suspension system
Transmission system (clutch , propeller shaft , differential , rear axle)
Classification of Chassis
1.According to the fitting of engine:
(a) Full-forward
In full-forward chassis, the engine is fitted outside the driver cabin or seat
(b) Semi-forward
A half portion of the engine is exactly in the driver's cabin whereas the remaining half is at the
front side but it is outside the driver's cabin.
(c) Bus chassis
(d) Engine at back
the engine is fitted at the back portion of the chassis. Example: Volkswagen cars,
Leyland bus of England.
(e) Engine at centre
In some vehicles, the engine may be fitted at the centre of the chassis.
2. According to the engine position:
a) Transverse:
A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the
engine's crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the long axis of the vehicle.
Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration.
b) Longitudinal:
In automotive engineering, a longitudinal engine is an internal combustion
engine in which the crankshaft is oriented along the long axis of the vehicle,
front to back
 3. According to the Drives:

a) Front Wheel Drive

In this type of chassis layout the engine is fitted at
front and drive is also given to the front wheel. No
propeller shaft is used in this layout and differential
are included in the same assembly.
• This layout provides optimum body luggage space
and flat floor line .However , due to all assemblies at
front ,it make very difficult to accommodate the
steering mechanism
ADVANTAGE OF FRONT- WHEEL DRIVE
• Due to more weight placed on driving front wheel,
the vehicle has more adhesion on road. Hence good
road holding capacity even on the curves and
slippery roads .
• This layout provides low floor , since no propeller
shaft and the differential placed at front instead of
rear.
 b) Rear Wheel Drive

• The engine ,clutch and gear box are fitted at

front while drive to the rear axle is given with
the help of propeller shaft
• This chassis layout is one of the oldest and still
remain popular for heavy commercial vehicle
ADVANTAGE OF FRONT ENGINE –REAR
WHELL DRIVE
• The weight distribution is reasonably
balanced between the front and rear wheels,
which gives good handling characteristics.
• Due to engine and radiator are at front , the
forward facing radiator takes full benefit of the
natural air stream , created by vehicle’s
movement .hence reduce the power losses for a
large fan
 C) REAR ENGINE-REAR WHEEL DRIVE

• In this chassis layout engine is fitted at the back and drive is also given to rear wheel
• This arrangement eliminate the necessity for a propeller shaft because engine is mounted near the
driven wheel.
• The passenger are kept away from inconveniences like noise, heat and fumes because engine at
back of vehicle
DISADVANTAGES
• Efficient cooling becomes very difficult to obtain due to air passes through side part of the body
• Long linkages are required to connect the control panel and engine , gear box ,accelerator and clutch.
 d) Four wheel drive
• To increase the effective use of the vehicle required to travel on
rough unconstructed roads and trucks, a special arrangement
known as four-wheel drive is provided.
• Due to all four wheels getting driven, the whole weight of the
vehicle is available for traction.
• The system is provided in jeeps which are known as 4x4 wheel
drive or all-wheel drive vehicles.
• These vehicles are also called off-road vehicles as it is
constructed mainly for the purpose of unformed or off-road
driving conditions
4. According to the number of wheels fitted in the vehicles and the number of driving
wheels:
(a) 4 x 2 drive chassis - It has four wheels out of which 2 are driving wheels
(b) 4 x 4 drive chassis - It has four wheels and all of them are driving wheels
(c) 6 x 2 drive chassis - It has six wheels out of which 2 are driving wheels
(d) 6 x 4 drive chassis - It has six wheels out of which 4 are driving wheels.
5. FRAME
The frame is the main part of a chassis. It is the backbone of the vehicle. All other parts of
the chassis are mounted on the frame. It is a rigid structure which forms a skeleton to hold
all major parts together.
Functions or Importance of Frame
1. To form the base for mounting engine and transmission systems.
2. To withstand the engine and transmission thrust and torque stresses as well as
accelerating and braking torque.
3. To carry the load of passengers and goods in the body.
4. To accommodate a suspension system.
TYPES OF FRAME
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral or Unit construction or Frameless chassis It is used in most of the heavy vehicles.
Conventional frame
• Construction of frame varies according to
the type of vehicle.

• Generally made from the steel sections.

• This type of frame has “ 2 long side

members” & “5 to 6 cross members” joined
together with the help of rivets or bolts.

• Cross members are used to increase the

strength of the frame.

• They are inswept (Narrow) at the front &

are upswept (Broad) at the rear
17
Frame sections

Different sections are used for long & cross members. Generally channel section& box section are
used for long side members & other sections like I section , hat section , tubular section are used
for cross members
They are 'made from cold rolled open earth steel or heat-treated alloy steel.
Materials for Frame
The various steels used for conventional pressed frame are as follows.
1. Aluminium alloy (ALPAX)
2. Mild steel sheet
3. Carbon steel sheet
4. Nickel alloy steel sheet
INTEGRATED FRAME CHASSIS or FRAMELESS CHASS

This frame construction, now-a-days used in most of the motor cars called as a frameless or
chassis less or mono or unit construction in which the floor assembly & frame form one integral
unit.
• Need of the heavy side members are eliminated ,which is used in conventional frame & the
floor is strengthened by cross members & body , all welded together.
• The main purpose of sub-frame are to provide isolation , flexibility & simplified production.
• In this type of construction all components like cross member , floor , body are welder or
bolted together as one assembly.
• This type of construction gives more strength & rigidity
IC ENGINES
Introduction
As the name implies or suggests, the internal combustion engines (briefly written as IC engines) are those engines in
which the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder.These are petrol, diesel, and gas engines.

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CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
The internal combustion engines may be classified in many ways, but the following are important from the subject
point of view
1.According to the type of fuel used
(a) Petrol engines. (b) Diesel engines or oil engines, and (c) Gas engines.
2. According to the method of igniting the fuel
(a) Spark ignition engines (briefly written as S.1. engines), (b) Compression ignition engines (briefly written as C.I.
engines), and (c) Hot spot ignition engines
3. According to the number of strokes per cycle
(a) Four stroke cycle engines, and (b)Two stroke cycle engines.
4. According to the cycle of operation
(a) Otto. cycle (also known as constant volume cycle) engines, (b) Diesel cycle (also known as constant pressure
cycle) engines, and (c) Dual combustion cycle (also known as semi-diesel cycle) engines.

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5. According to the speed of the engine
(a) Slow speed engines, (b) Medium speed engines, (c) High speed engines.
6. According to the cooling system
(a) Air-cooled engines. (b)Water-cooled engines. (c) Evaporative cooling engines.
7. According to the method of fuel injection
(a) Carburettor engines, (b) Air injection engines, (c) Airless or solid injection
engines.
8. According to the number of cylinders
(a) Single cylinder engines (b) Multi-cylinder engines.
9. According to the arrangement of cylinders
(a) Vertical engines, (b) Horizontal engines, (c) Radial engines, (d) In-line multi-cylinder engines, (e)V-type multi-
cylinder engines, (j) Opposite-cylinder engines, (g) Opposite- piston engines

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Main Components of an IC engine

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FOUR STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE

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FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

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Two Stroke SI Engine

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Two Stroke CI Engine

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Advantages and Disadvantage ofTwo-stroke over Four-stroke Cycle Engines
Advantages
❑A two stroke cycle engine gives twice the number of power strokes than the four stroke cycle engine at the same engine
speed. Theoretically, a two-stroke cycle engine should develop twice the power as that of a four-stroke cycle engine. But in
actual practice, a two-stroke cycle engine develops 1.7 to 1.8 times greater value for slow speed engines the power developed
by four-stroke cycle engine of the same dimensions and speed. This is due to lower compression ratio and effective stroke
being less than the theoretical stroke.
❑For the same power developed, a two-stroke cycle engine is lighter, less bulky and occupies less floor area. Thus it makes, a
two-stroke cycle engine suitable for marine engines and other light vehicles.
❑As the number of working strokes in a two-stroke cycle engine are twice than the four-stroke cycle engine, so the turning
moment of a two-stroke cycle engine is more uniform. Thus it makes a two-stroke cycle engine to have a lighter flywheel and
foundations.This also leads to a higher mechanical efficiency of a two-stroke cycle engine.
❑The initial cost of a two-stroke cycle engine is considerably less than a four-stroke cycle engine.
❑The mechanism of a two-stroke cycle engine is much simpler than a four-stroke cycle engine.
❑Two-stroke cycle engines are much easier to start.

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Disadvantages
❑Thermal efficiency of a two-stroke cycle engine is less than that a four-stroke cycle engine, because a two-stroke
cycle engine has less compression ratio than that of a four-stroke cycle engine.
❑Overall efficiency of a two stroke cycle engine is also less than that of a four-stroke cycle engine because in a two-
stroke cycle, inlet and exhaust ports remain open simultaneously for some time. In spite of careful design, a small
quantity of charge is lost from the engine cylinder.
❑In case of a two-stroke cycle engine, the number of power strokes is twice as those of a four-stroke cycle engine.
Thus the capacity of the cooling system must be higher. Beyond a certain limit, the cooling capacity offers a
considerable difficulty. Moreover, there is a greater wear and tear in a two-stroke cycle engine.
❑The consumption of lubricating oil is large in a two-stroke cycle engine because of high operating temperature.
❑The exhaust gases in a two-stroke cycle engine create noise, because of short time available for their exhaust.

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 Comparison between SI and CI engine
SI Engine
A petrol engine draws a mixture of petrol and air during
suction stroke.
The carburettor is employed to mix air and petrol in the
required proportion and to supply it to the engine during
suction stroke
Pressure at the end of compression is about 10 bar
The charge (i.e. petrol and air mixture) is ignited with the
help of spark plug
The combustion of fuel takes place approximately at constant
volume. In other words, it works on Otto cycle
A petrol engine has compression ratio approximately from 6
to 10.
The starting' is easy due to low compression ratio.
CI Engine
A diesel engine draws only air during suction stroke
The injector or atomizer is employed to inject the fuel at the end of
compression stroke.
Pressure at the end of compression is about 35 bar.
The fuel is injected in the form of fine spray. The temperature of the
compressed air (about 600"C at a pressure of about 35bar) is sufficiently
high to ignite the fuel.
The combustion of fuel takes place approximately at constant pressure.
In other words. It works on Diesel cycle.
A diesel engine has compression ratio approximately from 15 to 25.
The starting is little difficult due. to high compression ratio.
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 Comparison between SI and CI engine
SI Engine CI Engine
As the compression ratio is low, the petrol engines are lighter As the compression ratio is high. the diesel engine are heavier and
and cheaper. costlier.
The running cost of a petrol engine is high because of the The running cost of diesel engine is low because of the lower cost of
higher cost of petrol. diesel.

The maintenance cost is less. The maintenance cost is more.

The thermal efficiency is up to about 26%. The thermal efficiency is up to about 40%

Overheating trouble is more due to low thermal efficiency. Overheating trouble is less due to high thermal efficiency

These are high speed engines. These are relatively low speed engines.

The petrol engines arc generally employed in light duty The diesel engines are generally employed in heavy duty vehicles like
vehicles such as scooters, motorcycles, cars. These are also buses. trucks, and earth moving machines etc.
used in aero planes
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IC engines – Components -
Functions and Materials
 Engine components and its function

Cylinder
The main function of cylinder is to guide the piston.
Material
• Grey cast iron –Wear and Corrosion
• Aluminium alloy – Aluminium –silicon - Better casing properties
 Cast iron is mainly used because of the following advantages

• It is a good foundry material

• It has high machinability
• It does not wrap under the high temperature and pressures developed in the cylinders
• Due to its slightly porous nature, it retains better the lubricating oil film
• It does not wear too much
• It has sound - damping properties
• It has a low value of coefficient of thermal expansion
• It is relatively cheap.
 Cylinder head
• The main function of cylinder head is to seal the cylinder block and not to permit entry and exit of
gases on cover head valve engine.
Types:
• Loop flow type cylinder head
• Off set cross – flow type cylinder head
• In-line cross-flow type cylinder head
 Pistons
Functions:
• To transmit the force of explosion to the crankshaft.
• To form a seal so that the high pressure gases in the combustion chamber do not escape in to the
crankcase.
•To serve as guide and a bearing for small end of the connecting rod.
Material:
Cast iron and aluminium alloy (Aluminium – silicon) Advantages of aluminium
alloy:
• Three time lighter than cast iron
•Higher thermal conductivity Disadvantages:
• It is not as strong as cast iron (Hence thicker section have to be is used)
 Piston rings
Functions
• Prevention of leakage of gas into the crank case.
• Prevention of lubricating oil film
• Prevention of lubricant entry into the combustion chamber above the piston head.
• Removing unnecessary and excessive lubricating oil from cylinder wall.
• Prevention of carbon deposit and other impurities.
• Easy transmission of heat from piston to cylinder wall.
• Balancing of side thrust of the piston
Piston rings are made of cast iron of fine grain and high elastic material which is not affected
by the working heat. Sometimes it is made by alloy spring steel.
Compression ring , Oil ring
 Connecting rod
The function of connecting rod is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston in to the
rotary motion of the crankshaft.
Material:
• Drop forging of steel or duralumin.
• Malleable or Spheroidal graphite cast iron.
 Crank shaft
The function of crank shaft is receives the efforts or thrust supplied by piston to the
connecting rod and converts the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of
crankshaft
Material
• Forging steel
• Spheroidal graphitic
• Nickel alloy castings
 Crankcase (or) Oil sump (or) Oil pan
The main body of the engine to which the cylinder are attached and which contains the crankshaft
and crankshaft bearing is called crankcase.
Function:
• To store the oil for the engine lubricating system.
• To collect the return oil draining from the main bearings or from the cylinder walls.
• To serve as a container in which any impurities or foreign matter.
• To enable the hot churned up lubricating oil to settle for a while before being circulated.
• To provide for cooling of the hot oil in the sump by transfer of heat to the outside air stream.
Material
• Pressed steel sheet
• Aluminium alloy casting (stiffness & rigidity) – higher thermal conductivity.
 Valves
• To control the inlet and exhaust of internal combustion engine, valves are used.
• Two valves are used for each cylinder one for inlet of air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder and
other for exhaust of combustion gases.
 Spark plug
• It is used in spark ignition engine. The main function of a spark plug is to conduct the high
potential from the ignition system into the combustion chamber to ignite the compressed air
fuel mixture.
 Injector
• Injector is usually used in compression ignition engine. It sprays the fuel into combustion
chamber at the end of compression stroke. It is fitted on cylinder head.
 Manifold
• The main function of manifold is to supply the air fuel mixture and collects the exhaust
gases equally form all cylinder.
• In an internal combustion engine two manifold are used, one for intake and other for
exhaust.
• They are usually made by aluminium alloy.
 Camshaft
• Camshaft is used in IC engine to control the opening and closing of valves at proper timing.
• It is drive by the timing belt which drives by crankshaft.
• It is placed at the top or at the bottom of cylinder.
• They are usually made by cast iron with an addition of 1% chrome.
Flywheel
• The main function of flywheel is to rotate preparatory the shaft during
stroke.
• It also makes crankshaft rotation more uniform.
They are usually made by cast iron.
 Types Of Automobile Emission
Exhaust Emissions are produced by cars, buses, and motorcycles.

Four basic types of exhaust emissions:

1. Hydrocarbons (HC)
2. Carbon monoxides (CO)
3. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
4. Particulates.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
❖CO is mostly produced under rich air fuel mixture due to the lack of sufficient oxygen for
❖the combustion of the fuel. CO has more affinity than oxygen for hemoglobin in our blood. It reduces the ability of
hemoglobin to carry O2 to body tissues. Hence, it will affect the nervous system and vision if the percentage of CO is
more. Finally, it affects heart
Carbon Dioxide
❖During complete combustion, the hydrocarbons in the fuel are converted into carbon
❖dioxide which is 13.7% of exhaust gas. The amount of carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas is directly proportional to the
fuel consumption
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
❖NOx is produced from secondary reactions which occur in all combustion processes
❖where air containing nitrogen is burned. In high temperatures, nitrogen reacts with oxygen and produces nitric oxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N02)' They affect living organisms. They affect the blood purification system. It may be mixed
with moisture. It may also produce dilute nitric acid in the heart and affect the heart.
Hydrocarbons
❖Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are also the result of inadequate amount of oxygen being present to
support the complete combustion of the air fuel mixture.
❖Hydrocarbon produces smog. It affects the vision of human being. Smog is the mixture of fog and
smoke.

Water
❖The chemical reaction which occurs between hydro carbons based on fuel and air from the
atmosphere causes water to be produced as one of the products.
❖Water constitutes 13.1% of exhaust gas from an IC engine
Diesel Engine Emission
❖A well-maintained diesel engine emits a negligible amount of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons, though considerable amount of nitrogen oxides are emitted.
❖Diesel smoke is another pollutant in case of diesel engines.The diesel smokes are of two types.They are
(I)white smoke and
(II)Black smoke.
❖The white smoke normally arises due to
(i) very low operating temperature
(ii) very long delay between start of fuel injection and beginning of combustion.
❖White smoke appears during starting and warming up. The black smoke appears after the engine has fully warmed up and
accelerating or pulling under load.
❖The black smoke is a suspending of soot particles in exhaust gases. It results from incomplete combustion of fuel.
❖Blue smoke occurs due to excessive lubricating oil consumption. Its emission indicates a very poor condition of the engine
such as worn-out piston rings or valve guide etc.
❖The blue smoke is not considered as a serious pollution
Engine Emission
There are three main sources of air pollution due to petrol engine.
I. Evaporative emission
2. Crankcase blow-by, and
3. Exhaust emission
1.Evaporative emission:
Evaporative emission takes place from the fuel supply system. The main reason of hydrocarbon evaporation is high
temperature. Fuel volatility, locations of tank, layer of fuel line and mode of operation also affect the evaporation.
About 30% of the total hydrocarbon emission is occurring from the fuel tank, fuel line and carburetor.
2. Crankcase blow-by:
Crank case blow-by means the leakage past the piston and piston rings from the cylinder to the crank
case. In blow-by gases, there are 85% or raw hydrocarbons (HC) and rest 15% of the current gases. It is
about 20% of the total hydrocarbon emission from the engine and it may be 30% of rings worn out. The
blow-by gases are controlled by the crankcase ventilation system.
3. Exhaust emission:
The exhaust emission contains HC, CO and N02. HC occurs in exhaust gas due to incomplete combustion. The
emission of HC is closely related to many designing and operating factors such as induction system, combustion
chamber design, air fuel ratio, speed, load and mode of operation. Lean mixture gives lower HC emission. CO
occurs due to insufficient amount of air in the air fuel mixture or insufficient time for complete combustion.
The combination of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N02) occurs only in the engine exhaust. High
temperatures and availability of oxygen are the two main reasons for the formation of N02. The spark advance and
air-fuel ratio are the two important factors which affect the formation of N02

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Control of hydrocarbon:
1. Reducing the compression ratio.
2. Changing the design of combustion chamber.
3. Changing the design of piston.
4. By supplying lean mixture.
S. By maintaining of piston and piston ring.
Destroying the hydrocarbon may be done by the following methods.
I. By supplying air to the inlet manifold.
2. By using after burner.
3. By using catalytic converter.
Control of co:
Methods of reducing CO are as follows.
1. By using closed loop control.
2. By supplying lean mixture.
3. By providing suitable overlap of valves.
Methods of destroying CO are given below.
1. By using reactor in the exhaust manifold.
2. By using after burner.
3. By using catalyst converter.
Control of oxides of nitrogen:
Methods of reducing oxides of nitrogen are listed below.
1. By supplying the exhaust again to the inlet manifold.
2. By spraying water in the inlet manifold to add moisture to the mixture.
3. By using catalyst converter in the exhaust, the oxides of nitrogen can be destroyed.
 Evaporative Emission Control for SI engine
Petrol vapour from fuel tank escapes into atmosphere by evaporation. This vapour comes out through a filter cap
vent or tank vent tube. When the engine is not running, petrol will evaporate in the carburetor float chamber. In
the uncontrolled vehicles, fuel vapours from the fuel tank and carburetor were vented into the atmosphere that
constituted about 20% of all hydrocarbon emissions from a gasoline passenger car
 Evaporative Emission Control System for CI Engine

The fuel injection system of CI engine has no float bowl. Therefore, the evaporative Control system is used only
fuel vapour from the fuel tank. In this, the canister has two connections. One is the connection to fuel tank and
the other one is the purge line to the throttle body. Instead of a vacuum operated purge valve, an electric purge
control solenoid may be used. It is mounted on the canister or in the purge line. Other processes are similar to
the one discussed in SI engine.
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)System
 Emission standards

Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that
can be released into the environment. Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants
released by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vehicles but they can also regulate
emissions from industry, power plants, small equipment such as lawn mowers and
diesel generators.

Vehicle emission performance standard: An emission performance standard is a limit

that sets thresholds above which a different type of emission control technology might be
needed.
 Bharat Stage Emission Standards
❑Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from
internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central
Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
❑The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon
replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990s.
Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles.
India’s own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles.
❑The foundation for automotive emission standards in India since the early 2000s is contained in two reports from the Indian Planning
Commission.
❑ The National Auto Fuel Policy, announced on October 6, 2003, envisioned a phased program for introducing Euro 2-4 emission and
fuel regulations by 2010. In order to establish limits beyond Bharat Stage IV, the Indian Planning Commission established an Expert
Committee in 2013 to draft an updated Auto Fuel Policy, Auto FuelVision and Policy 2025, that was published in May 2014.
❑While legislators are not required to adhere strictly to the recommendations contained in these reports, they serve as a starting point for
subsequent legislative action to establish the implementation schedule and other details of automotive emission standards.