International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019
Failures of Gabion Walls
Ganesh C. Chikute, Ishwar P. Sonar
 reported [4, 5 & 6]. Study on field performance of such
Abstract: Retaining wall is an important structure of any
infrastructure. Due to research and advancement in Civil
Engineering use of new types of retaining walls are very much
common in recent construction scenario. Gabion retaining wall is
one of the new types of retaining wall. Gabion wall consists of
stone filled metallic mesh boxes which are tied together to form a
shape of retaining wall. Gabion wall is very much common
nowadays due to its simplicity, speedy construction, and flexibility.
In spite of massive structure of Gabion wall there are possibilities
of Gabion wall failures. Literature review shows that very less
information is reported on failures of Gabion wall.
This paper focused on defects/ failures observed in existing
Gabion walls. Total 11 sites of existing Gabion walls around
Pune district (India) are considered for the study. Investigations of
these sites are made to identify various defects/failures with
possible reasons. Remedial measures to overcome these
deflect/failures are also suggested. Such a study will be helpful not
only to avoid failures but also to provide a basis for possible
research and modifications in the Gabion wall.
Index Terms: Gabion wall, Defects/ failure of Gabion
wall, Bulging, Corrosion.
I. INTRODUCTION
Retaining wall is constructed to retain earth, avoid
landslides. Landslides scenario in India is very serious [15]
for which retaining wall may be an effective method. There
are different types of conventional retaining walls like
masonry/concrete gravity wall, RCC cantilever/counter fort/
buttresses. There are also an advanced type of retaining walls
like MSE (Mechanically stabilized earth) wall [18], Gabion
wall [17] etc.
Gabion wall is a gravity type retaining wall in which
boulders are filled in box type cages formed by standard net
made of steel wires of diameter ranging from 2.2 to 3.4 mm
zinc and/or PVC coated having mesh opening sizes of
60x80mm, 80x100mm, 100x120mm and box sizes in
multiples of 0.5 m [2 & 3]. Gabion wall is very much common
nowadays due to its simplicity, speedy construction, and
flexibility. Gabion wall has a wide range of applications like
stream bank stabilization [16], Gabion-stepped Weirs [20],
Landfill embankment for dumping site [14], acoustic
performance [12], flood protection work [21], Energy
dissipation Gabion Stepped Weir [22], gabion mattress for
canal erosion prevention, earth retaining structure, [13].
Poor performance, defects, failures of various types of
advanced retaining walls (MSE, Geo-textile wall) has been
Revised Manuscript Received on September 03, 2019
* Correspondence Author
Ganesh C. Chikute, Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
Government College of Engineering Pune COEP, India, Email:
Chikute.ganesh@gmail.com
Dr. Ishwar P. Sonar, Assistant professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Government College of Engineering Pune COEP, India, Email:
ips.civil@coep.ac.in
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DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.J9731.0981119
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advanced type of retaining wall is also made by different
researchers [8, 9, 10 & 11]. Kenneth L. Carper has presented
case studies of structural failure during construction and
stressed need for strict quality control during construction to
avoid financial and human loss. [7]. As far as Gabion wall
failures is concerned, limited literature is available. Edward
A. Nowatzki & Brian P. Wrench has presented Geotechnical
Investigation on Causes of Failure of a Gabion Retaining
Wall. They concluded that poor quality of backfill soil and
flood situation is responsible for instability of Gabion wall
[19].
Output received through the case studies of failures will
provide guidance to engineers, designer to avoid similar
errors, precautions required to build more stable and reliable
structures. For an engineer, knowledge about engineering
failures is sometimes more important than knowledge about
its successes. To improve the safety of Gabion wall structures,
failure studies are necessary both to explicate the common
mistakes that have caused their malfunction and to offer
guidance for future engineering practice.
Author 1 is currently doing his PhD work related to
modification of Gabion wall. It is essential to know current
status of existing Gabion walls. Accordingly, Author has
visited number of existing Gabion wall sites. During his
observations it is found that some of Gabion walls are not
performing well and some of them are on verge of failure.
This has motivated to present a collective report related to
Gabion wall failures based on sites investigation. The
observations related to various failures cases of Gabion walls
reported in this paper will provide a basis for further detailed
case study and possible modifications in the Gabion walls.
The area considered for the study is Pune district (India),
which is part of Deccan Traps; the large igneous province has
average mountainous terrain and moderate rainfall. In this
study, 11 existing sites of Gabion wall from this area are
considered for the study. Each of these sites is physically
investigated to identify present performance. Various defects
and failures with possible reasons for the occurrence,
observed for each type of wall are presented in this paper.
Suggestions to reduce and avoid such defects/failures are also
mentioned at the end.
II. SITE INVESTIGATION
Site 1- This site is at Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Bridge Sagnvi,
Pimpri-Chinchwad.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on the west side
river bank of Pawna River to avoid bank erosion and retain
the earth fill. Average height is
8m and the base width is 7m
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 Failures of Gabion Walls
and length is 500m as shown in Fig. 1 and Photo 1.
Figure 1 Cross Section at site 1
Photo 1 Overall view of a wall at site 1
Observations-
At this site grey Basalt (Igneous) stones of irregular shape
from the quarry are used. Placing of these stones are not
proper there is loose packing of stones are observed at many
locations. Due to this lose packing stones get rearranged
under loading and form a bulging of Gabion wall. Such
bulging is observed at middle and top layers as shown in
Photo 3. Irregular shapes of stone and poor workmanship are
the main reasons.
The stones used for filling in Gabion are having sharp edges,
which cuts the Coating of Gabion mesh, which leads to
Corrosion of Gabion mesh wire, can be seen in following
Photo 2.
Photo 2 Corrosion of Gabion Mesh at site 1
Photo 3 Bulging of Gabion Mesh at site 1
Site 2- This site is at Old Bridge at Narsinha School, Sagnvi,
Pune.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on north side river
embankment of Mula River to avoid bank erosion and retain
the earth fill. Average height is 7m and base width is 7m and
length is 1000m as shown in Fig. 2 and Photo 4.
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DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.J9731.0981119
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Figure 2 Cross Section at site 2
Photo 4 Overall view of a wall at site 2
Observations-
At this site black Basalt (Igneous) stones of irregular shape
from the quarry are used. Stones have a more inclined surface
and stones are getting rearranged under loading due to
slipping on these inclined surfaces of stones. Due to this
bulging about 200-300mm is observed at bottom layers as
shown in Photo 6. In the case of bulging Gabion box expand
in the horizontal direction, and reduction in the vertical
direction, which causes uneven stresses in cross section of
wall, deflection of the wall may lead to the collapse of the
wall. Irregular shape stone and poor workmanship are the
main reasons.
Improper handling of stones and sharp edges of stones cuts
the coating of Gabion mesh, which leads to corrosion of
Gabion mesh wire, can be seen in following Photo 5.
Progression corrosion may break mesh of Gabion box,
escaping of stones form box, ultimately lead to wall collapse.
Photo 5 Corrosion of Gabion Mesh at site 2
Photo 6 Bulging of
Gabion Mesh at site 2
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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019

Site 3- This site is at Dolphin school Madhuban Sagnvi,

Pune.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on north side river
embankment of Mula River to avoid bank erosion and retain
the earth fill. Average height is 7m and base width is 7m and
length is about 600m as shown in Fig. 3 and Photo 7.
Fig. 4 Cross Section at Site 4

Figure 3 Cross Section at site 3

Photo 10 Overall view of a wall at site 4

Photo 7 Overall view of the wall at site 3
Observations-
Due to lose packing of filled basalt stones there is bulging of
Gabion wall is observed at the top layer of the wall as shown
in Photo 9. Sharp edges of stones cut coating, which leads to
Corrosion of Gabion mesh wire, as shown in Photo 8.
Observations-
Due to improper (loose packing) filling of stones and crushing
filled soft stones, there is bulging of Gabion wall at some
locations are observed as shown in Photo 11.
The stones used for filling in Gabion are having sharp edges,
which cuts the coating of Gabion mesh, which leads to
Corrosion of Gabion mesh wire, as shown in Photo 12.
Stone used to fill in the Gabion box is light yellow soft basalt
get crushed and escaping from Gabion Mesh Can as shown in
Photo 13.

Photo 8 Corrosion of Gabion Mesh at site 3

Photo 11 Bulging of Gabion Mesh at site 4

Photo 9 Bulging of Gabion Mesh at site 3

Site 4- This site is at Someshwarwadi, Pune.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on the west side Photo 12 Corrosion of Gabion Mesh at site 4
river bank of Ram river to avoid bank erosion and retain the
earth fill. Average height is 3m and base width is 3m and
length is about 2000m as shown in Fig. 4 and Photo 10.

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 Failures of Gabion Walls
Photo 13 Soft rock fill at site 4
Site 5- This site is at Mutha Village, Lavasa road.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on side of the
mountainous road to retain the earth fill. Average height is 3m
and the base width is 3m and length is 300m as shown in Fig.
5 and Photo 14.
Figure 5 Cross Section at site 5
Photo 14 Overall view of the wall at site 5
Observations-
The stone filled in Gabion Wall is loose packing and size of
stones is also small as shown in Photo 15. This causes bulging
of and tilting of the wall at the top layer as shown in Photo 16.
Photo 15 Loose rock fills at site 5
Photo 16 Tilting of the wall at site 5
Site 6- This site is at Temghar Dam Ghat, Lavasa road.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on side of the
mountainous road to retain the earth fill. Average height is 3m
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and base with is 3m and length is 300m as shown in Fig. 6 and
Photo 17.
Figure 6 Cross Section at site 6
Photo 17 Overall view of the wall at site 6
Observations-
At this site stones of black basalt of proper size and shape are
used. Placing of stones is also proper. Gabion box is in a
straight line, similar to stone masonry. There is no any defect
is observed in this wall.
Site 7- This site is at Lavasa city Ghat-1, Lavasa.
This is a modified type of wall in which RCC columns with
box footing are constructed at the 2.4m interval. Gabion mesh
at backfill side is tied at regular interval to columns with bolts
and stones are placed behind this mesh. Entire structure acts
as a retaining wall. This wall is constructed by metal Gabion
wall on side of the mountainous road to retain the earth fill.
Average height is 3m and the base width is 3m and length is
300m as shown in Photo 18.
Photo 18 Gabion Wall at site 7
Observations-
There is an RCC column footing type structure. Column size
300x600 mm is provided at 2.4 m interval and base footing of
size 0.75x0.6m along the length of the wall. Gabion mesh is
fixed with a column by bolts to form a barrier for rock filling.
Tilting of the column due to the erosion of foundation by
rainfall may take place and hence bulging is observed at the
top layer. As shown in Photo 19.
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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019

Photo 21 Erosion of rocks at site no 9

Photo 19 Failure of Gabion Wall at site 7
Site 8- This site is at Lavasa city Ghat-2, Lavasa.
This is constructed by polymer Gabion wall on side of the
mountainous road to retain the earth fill. Average height is 2m
and the base width is 2m and length is 200m as shown in Fig.
7.
Site 10- This site is at Bhugaon.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on side of the
mountainous road to retain the earth fill. Average height is 4m
and base width is 4m and length is about 1500m as shown in
Fig. 9 and Photo 22.

Figure 9 Cross Section at Site 10

Figure Cross Section at site 8

Photo 22 Overall view of the wall at site 10

Photo 20 Failure of Gabion Wall at site 8

Observations-
This is a polymer type gabion wall. This polymer mesh get
loosen and gabion wall was tilted, bulged may lead to
collapsing even for a small height of 2 m, as shown in Photo
20.
Photo 23 Bulging at Site 10
Site 9- This site is at Lavasa city Ghat-2, Lavasa.
This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on side of the
mountainous road to retain the earth fill. Average height is 2m
and base width is 2m and length is 200m as shown in Fig. 8
and Photo 21.

Photo 24 Crack in backfill at Site 10

Figure 8 Cross Section at site No 9
Observations-
There is an erosion of rock from gabion box is due to
weathering effect observed, as shown in Photo 21.
Observations-
As shown in Photo 23, Bulging of bottom layer Gabion box
due to improper placement of stones (loose packing),
irregular shape and small size of the stone is observed.
Entire backfill is filled with black cotton soil and this is heavy
rainfall area. Due to this cracks 100 to 200 mm wide are
formed in backfill soil, as shown in Photo 24.
Site 11- This site is at
Mumbai- Pune Expressway,
Reliance petrol pump.

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 Failures of Gabion Walls

This is constructed by metal Gabion wall on side of the From field investigation, failure reasons and effects of all sites
mountainous road to retain the earth fill. Average height is 8m are summarized in Table 2.
and base with is 7m and length is 800m as shown in Fig. 9 and Table 2 Failure reasons and effects
Photo 22. Failure % Possible Effects
type failure reasons
The irregular More Voids leads to
shape of the rearrangement of stones causing
stone bulging.
If inclined faced stones are used
especially on the outer side of
the Gabion box get slipped
Bulging 72.7 under loading causing bulging.
Improper or This happens due to the use of
Loose single size stones and poor
Figure 10 Cross Section at Site 11 Packing workmanship leads to more
voids.
Observations- Size of stone If smaller size stones are used it
Bulging of Gabion box but to improper placement of rock fill, may split out from mesh
opening and may bulge more
can see in Photo 25. than stones with all size.
Sharp edges Sharp edges of stone may cut
of a stone Gabion mesh wire. Weathering
action and presence of water
Corrosion 36.4 corrode such cut mesh wire
leads to the breaking of wires.
Splitting of stones from such
opening may cause a collapse of
the wall.
Placing If a sharp edge of the stone is not
direction of nearly parallel to mesh wire,
Photo 25 Bulging at Site 11 the stone there is more possibility that this
sharp edge cut the mesh wire.
Erosion of 18.2 Soft Soft stone or weathering prone
III. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION- stone /weathering stone crushed used applied load
prone stone. leads to bulging.
From the investigation of these existing sites, defects noted Type of Black cotton soil has expansion
can be classified in five categories as Bulging of the wall, backfill and contraction on the
wetting-drying process, which
corrosion of mesh, erosion of soft stone, cracks in backfill and Cracks in 9 may cause cracks in backfill as
erosion of foundation soil. Percentagewise failures of these backfill well as changing the pressure of
categories are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 11. the wall.
Rainfall and If the wall is located in the
Table 1 Failure Summary of all sites drainage rainfall area, with no drainage
Defects Bulgin Corrosion Erosion Backfil foundatio arrangement there is more
g of of mesh of soft l cracks n soil possibility of cracks.
Site No wall stones Erosion Improper If backfill is not filled in a layer
backfilling with proper compaction
1 * * possibility of cracks will
increases.
2 * *
Heavy If the wall is located in rainfall
3 * * Erosion of 9 rainfall and and mountainous area or near
4 * * * foundatio no protection flowing stream, without
5 * n soil to the foundation protecting blanket,
6 foundation soil under foundation get wash
out leads to the collapse of the
7 *
wall.
8 *
Foundation If proper foundation depth is not
9 * depth provided especially wall is
10 * * located in rainfall and
11 * mountainous area or near
Total 8 4 2 1 1 flowing stream, there is more
possibility of wall collapse.
Failure 72.7 % 36.4 % 18.2 % 9.1 % 9.1 %

V. SUGGESTIONS
To avoid bulging-
Stones used in Gabion box should be all in size which
minimizes the voids and increases the self-weight of gabion,
leads to the possible reduction in wall cross-section.
Concrete block [2] may be used
Figure 11 Percentage Failure of Gabion Wall
to replace the stone.
Concrete blocks produced from
IV. DISCUSSIONS AND COMMENTS construction demolition waste

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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019
[25], may prove effective and eco-friendly.
To avoid cutting/corrosion of Gabion wire- 10.
By proper placing of stones (i.e. sharp edge should not
perpendicular/angled) cutting wires and succession corrosion
of Gabion mesh get reduced.
By proper selection of wire mesh based on design and coating 11.
PVC/Zinc to reduce corrosion of Gabion mesh.
By using concrete block the possibility of cutting wires and
succession corrosion of Gabion mesh get reduced. This will 12.
reduce stress concentration on wire mesh.
To avoid erosion of soft stone-
Stones filled in Gabion should be tested not only for strength 13.
but for weathering action also.
Pre-tested concrete block may be a good solution.
14.
To avoid cracks in backfill-
The material used in backfill should not be black cotton soil or
if used it should be mixed with other materials to minimize the
effect of expansion-contraction on Wetting-drying. This will
15.
minimize the effect of alteration of backfill pressure on the
wall. Backfill should be placed in layers and well compacted.
Proper drainage arrangement for percolated water in backfill. 16.
Proper design of wall by considering all forces acting on it.
To avoid erosion of foundation soil- 17.
Wall should be properly embedded in soil (optimum depth of
foundation).
18.
A concrete/stone blanket on the toe side may provide to avoid
foundation soil erosion especially in heavy rainfall and
mountainous region. 19.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Failures observed in site investigation are buldging, 20.
corrosion, erosion of filled stone, backfill crack, and
foundation erosion. Most these failures are due to improper
21.
stones and improper filling of stones in Gabion box. Use of
alternative material like concrete block instead of irregular,
improper shaped stone will be the one of solution to above
22.
failures. Alternative material like Recycled concrete blocks
will be cost effective and ecofriendly solution.
23.
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Ganesh C. Chikute completed his graduation and post
graduation in Civil Engineering and currently pursing in
PhD from College of Engineering (COEP) Pune under
Pune University India.
Dr. Ishwar P. sonar is Assistant professor, Civil
Engineering Department, College of Engineering
(COEP) Pune India. His specialization is in structure
Engineering. His research work is Bamboo
reinforcement, advanced concrete, steel structure.
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