MANIPULATOR ELEMENTSServo Motor: Basics, Theory & Working Principle Servo Motor What is a Servo Motor’ wrant roate ea etic device which can push or cate an object wth great precision. you want f0 rotate and object at some spicific angles or distance, then you use servo motor. Itis just * Feud of simple motor which run though servo mechanism. Ifmotor ie seed ee powered then | Foray aiSetv® moles, and iit's AC powered maior then itis called AC some note: vier | are belay aia seivo motor ina smal and ght weigh packages. Doe to these Iostercs acy are being used in many applications lke toy car, RC helicopters and planes, Robotics, Machine etc. | Servo motors are rated in kgfem (kilogram per centimeter) most hobby | Skalem or ka/om of 12kafem. This kgfem tolls you how much weight your sere motor can lift at 2 Particular distance. For example: A 6kg/om Servo motor should be able to tit 6kq if the load is caeeciys (om away fom the motors shat, the greater the distance the lesser the neigh carrying capacity 7 y Servo motors are rated at The position of a servo motor is decided by electrical ulse and its circuity is placed beside the motor. | Servo Mechanism 63It consists of three parts: Controlled device Output sensor Feedback system Itis a closed loop system where it uses positive feedback system to control motion and final position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a feedback signal generated by comparing output signal and reference input signal. Here reference input signal is compared to reference output signal and the third signal is produces by feedback system, And ths third signal acts as input signal to control device. This signal is present a long as feedback signal is generated or there is cifference between reference input signal and reference cutout signal. So the main task of servomechanism is to maintain output of a system at desired value at presence of noises. Controlling Servo Motor: All motors have three wires coming out of them. Out of which two will be used for Supply (positive and negative) and one will be used for the signal that is to be sent from the MCU. Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation) which is provided by the control wires. ‘There is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse and a repetition rate, Servo motor can turn 90 degree ‘from either direction form its neutral position. The servo motor expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the pulse will determine how far the motor tums. For example, a 1,5ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position, such as if pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft ‘moves to 0° and ifitis longer than 1-5ms than it will urn the servo to 180°. Servo motor works on PWM (Pulse width modulation) principle, means its angle of rotation is controlled by the duration of applied pulse to its Contral PIN, Basically servo motor is made up of DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and some gears. High speed force of DC motor is converted into torque by Gears, We know that WORK= FORCE X DISTANCE, in DC motor Force is less and distance (speed) is high and in Servo, force is High and distance is less. Potentiometer is connected to the output shaft of the Servo, to calculate the angle and stop the DC motor on required angle, 64a * Angular Rotation Servo motor can be rotated from 0 to 180 degree, but it can go up to 210 degree, depending on the manufacturing. This degree of rotation:can be controlled by applying the Electrical Pulse of proper ‘width, to its Control pin. Servo checks the pulse in every 20 milliseconds. Pulse of 1 ms (1 millisecond) width can rotate servo to 0 degree, 1.5ms can rotate to 90 degree (neutral position) and 2 ms pulse can rotate it to 180 degree. All servo motors work directly with your +5V supply rails but we have to be careful on the amount of current the motor would consume, if you are planning to use more than twa servo motors a proper ‘servo shield should be designed. Mechanism A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (elther analogue or digital) representing the position ‘commanded for the output shaft. The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position 's measured. The measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that Fequired, an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops. ‘The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-bang control of their motor; the motor always rotates at full speed (or is stopped), This type of servomotor is not widely used in industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos used for radio-controlled models. More sophisticated servomotays use optical rotary encoders to measure the speed of the output shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the motor speed."! Both cf these enhancements, ustally 6xin combination with a PID control algorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its commanded position more quickly and more precisely, with less overshooting. DC Servo Motors ADC servo motor consists of a small DC motor, feedback potentiometer, gearbox, motor drive electronic circuit and electronic feedback control loop. It is more or less similar to the normal DC motor. The stator of the motor consists of a cylindrical frame and the magnet is attached to the inside of the frame. DC Servo Motor The rotor consists of brush and shaft. A commutator and a rotor metal supporting frame are attached to the outside of the shaft and the armature winding is coiled in the rotor metal supporting frame. A brush is built with an armature coil that supplies the current to the commutator. At the back of the shaff, a detector is built into the rotor in order to detect the rotation speed. With this construction, itis simple to design a controller using simple circuitry because the torque is proportional to the amount of current flow through the armature. And also the instantaneous polarity of the control voltage decides the direction of torque developed by the motor. Types of DC servo motors include series motors, shunt control motor, split series motor, and permanent magnet shunt motor. 66Working Principle of DC Servo Motor ADC servo motor is an assembly of four major components, namely a DC motor, a position sensing device, a gear assembly, and a control circuit. The below figure shows the parts that consisting in RC servo motors in which smalll DC motor is employed for driving the loads at precise speed and position. Potentiomete| ‘Control Electonies Internal diagram, A DC reference voltage is set to the value corresponding to the desired output. This voltage can be applied by using another potentiometer, control pulse width to voltage converter, or through timers depending on the control circuitry. The dial on the potentiometer produces a corresponding voltage which is then applied as one of the inputs to error amplifier. In some circuits, a control pulse is used to produce DC reference voltage corresponding to desired position or speed of the motor and it is applied to a pulse width to voltage converter. In this converter, the capacitor starts charging at a constant rate when the pulse hig Then the charge on the capacitor is fed to the buffer amplifier when the pulse is, low and this charge is further applied to the error amplifier. So the length of the pulse decides the voltage applied at the error amplifier as a desired voltage to produce the desired speed or position In digital’control, microprocessor or microcontroller are used for generating the PWM pluses in terms of duty cycles to produce more accurate control signals. 67Pulse Width to roltage Converter Control Signal ‘The feedback signal corresponding to the present position of the load is obtained by using a position sensor. This sensor is normally @ potentiometer that produces the voltage corresponding to the absolute angle of the motor shaft through gear mechanism. Then the feedback voltage value is applied at the input of error amplifier (comparator), The error amplifier is a negative feedback amplifier and it reduces the difference between its inputs. It compares the voltage related to current position of the motor (obtained by potentiometer) with desired voltage related to desired position of the motor (obtained by pulse width to voltage converter), and produces the error either a positive or negative voltage. This error voltage is applied to the armature of the motor. If the error is more, the more output is applied to the motor armature. As long as error exists, the amplifier amplifies the error voltage and correspondingly powers the armature. The motor rotates till the error becomes zero. If the error is negative, the armature voltage reverses and hence the armature rotetes in the opposite direction. 63Working Principle of AC Servo Motor The schematic diagram of servo system for AC two-phase induction motor is shown in the figure below. In this, the reference input at which the motor shaft has to maintain at a certain position is given to the rotor of synchro generator as mechanical input theta. This rotor is connected to the electrical input at rated voltage at a fixed frequency. |AC Supply Fixed Phase Syn Generator The three stator terminals of a synchro generator are connected correspondingly to the terminals of control transformer. The angular position of the two-phase motor is transmitted to the rotor of control transformer through gear train arrangement and it represents the control condition alpha Initially, there exist a difference between the synchro generator shaft position and control transformer shaft position. This error is reflected as the voltage across the control transformer. This error voltage is applied to the servo amplifier and then to the control phase of the motor. With the control voltage, the rotor of the motor rotates in required direction till the error becomes zero. This is how ihe desired sheft position is ensured in AC servo motors. Alternatively, modem AC servo drives are embedded controllers like PLCs, microprocessors and microcontrollers to achieve variable frequency and v: voltage in order to drive the motor. iable 69