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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views54 pages

    All in One Imp Suevey Book

    Uploaded by

    hrithik agnihotri

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 54
    Fundamental Definitions and Concepts Ll. SURVEYING ; OBJECT . Surveying i the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of tbe earth by means of direct or indirect messurensnts of distance, direction and elevation. Ir also includes the art cf establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. The application of surveying requires skill as well as dhe knowledge of mathematics, physics, and to some extent, aptrofiomy. Levelling is a branch of surveying the object of which is (0 to find the elevations of points with respect to 2 given or assorud datum, and (Gi) wo establish points at a given elevation ot at different cievations with respect to a given or assumed datum. The first operation is required 10 enable the works to be designed while the secowd ¢peration is required in the setting out of all idinds of engimering works. Levelling deals with messurements im a vertical plane. The knowledge of surveying is advanbgeous in many phases of engineering. The earliest surveys were made in connection with land surveying, Practically, every engineering project such as water supply and Irigation schemes, railroads and transmission lines, mines. bridges and buildings ete. require surveys. ‘Before plans and catimares are prepared, boundaries should be determined and the topography of the site should be ascertained. After the plans are made, the structores must be Haked out am the ground. As the work progresses, lines amd grades must be giver Tn surveying, ali measurements of lengths are horizontal, or else are subsequently reduced to horizontal distances. ‘The oOpXE Of a survey I w prepare via or aiap 30" that it may represent the area on a horizontal plane. ‘A plan or map is the borizortel projection of an area and shows only barizowal distances of te points. Vertical distances berween the polus are, however, shown by conaur lines, hackures or some other methods. Vertical distances are usually represeaned by means. ‘of venical sections drawn separately. pin a Te nei an “aresfetewh tbe se rtees sow ee eraTO prin of chs I2' Anwn ret dee ee ‘sity be sen ne et ‘vee. Them Fp, te dou inet pts sa a Se of te es in gh fhe pines ey Sait moe ‘bo echt cies ty a asi ure yous PG and ing ete ths go Te wre wit eagle POR se frm 3 tive sree ta Sth Foe Stevan pp and ote goes ho ing tas pod or of pe we. 1 de pe a Git 2A, 88 fe wit te conan IF Ge pout aw tency tr cone vale wpe ‘Ase wr te cme mat rg ees se ved ot) Rd fe a pe teeth pen te inne an soya ef cry, id apr oe pein teat Tay nay, save ea Ye As aD to cs (0) Pie “ures 2) Gee Sr. Fe nevi i ta ype of RENTAE AY Ne are fe ch w cenit wot ps td Se specu diye bcp, Al Wels aay snr tm ct eg kal er mn one ed of Sete afc tt te ve naepln en 0 te ae ef fat Matte beg of i we 12 moe ey gee tue 9 wa ot tree ean Bese) chr a fr tte flee ees a ef Soe ine pe ange aude mf fo ete ange Fey a ed 15 tang hss ue hein oF 98 Sn. Getes nmeing ete npc sag in vk he she Ue et is ahr an scone ees gi sae anode tle tse fs pis an, ewe we pre Mossy. AK ges sree inate at fe opunte sl gh dager Of pn, The oe eal ney te ame the prc pason an hs sree of te a Wf ohn of 12 rer sf perm 13, CLiscmncaTion ‘Sues ny He sat sake Engr ih dfn he we ox part of the sug ape To CeASSICAMON BASED UPON THEE NATURE OF THE FIELD SURVEY (Land Sarsig —_ 0 Topped Sergn +: Tos cone of tne ac et an of rain pois tier tot niu eawretems td's Mae e dorms omar fare Sir catty nck se svn sca, By mes, ly wy end ch anil Sanat 15 ah ang, sl owas ed lg "i CautolSarnps | Conar sunep re mad inset te aig of oper ee, fe clon ah Se, oF Be GAG Ta progeny flo ee OMA fot, Tey edo made x Doge f tulsa of So ad Pele cies Cah ChyServyng + They ate ao commen vib 2 som OF 0 nue ‘opty ayienn, sever SO Wado Marino Hyde Sues. Make oc acer er dls it be ot war fr pupae of vpn, nar sly, ar wes of br Bo eeemiacn St mem ot teed The work ssi ie wes! of ela of stam mg pepe uy of shoe a te ng oa eaeg somes © darmnne fom ef waar ded coverage Mctacbes of owas We 6) AsrveencalSures Theses Me ees Ue seve ens of eg, tie ebae Menon cf ny pect ot aban eton nk con of ny Tae {8 fre of bean. Th Sn obrnons Be Pen aes st a the “CLASICATION BASED ON THE OWECT OF SURVEY (oy Engng Serve. Tas weit fr We esemimtn of ganas ot ters watorat ra for ep, OC easy wats sah 2 wads an coer hte tome il sone dap eet Ming Suey The ic fr orally pls of engi inporans )Mioe Bonny. he ie eet forte pring ied Se (Gaal Survey. Tie sod fer tcomning eat stam i ears (6) Arctlggal Survey, TOE H tet eA LS OF amy. (© CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED. ‘A sorte sain my Sebel wn Vsrent o° mt emp, ‘he elke ope tony © ("Cas survey @ Texte ney ©) Tare sey (@ Thngisier sey (henna saver 8 flee we wie (7 Ploopammerc saves sa (8) Aeral a. The took my dus wth oe paper and meh of te ahve pes 14, PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING ‘Ts fintoetl pfiip yn wich fe ws made of pe sng se te ie of ery HIE me Eh Ean be stil utr he OOOViNg wo pe 1) Lect of m pot by manrenet fen to pois of free ‘The slsve posts of the print mre hed e eal NY awe tem a eat we pos of ee, he fotos cf we ha, aeay Wes Ea Top ant Q te ue mitrmce pnw on in grated The deste PQ cn be mere’ fewaely ane rane foubes ef Pi Q canbe flowed ce abet so sue (Sie Toe pit a Qwest pte eng evel esas ‘ober pla any ear pam, sec a Rc De ead 09 a 9 he fling ec nets Fg) uhm FR ad OR san te mesued ad gola F can te pov ¥y swiaag wn ene wh ee Th thie ey mah (2) A pepo RS can be cpged ort rfcwre te PQ and brghs PE 96 SP a setied Th fout # ca bes be pol usta se stout, 7M) pple Ped for axing ai (e) Te tleaue GF ani te age 7OR can be mined aot goin is ped fiver by teas of pac OF gional. PME pepe it mel dn era (tats tol, te Gans Ph aol OR so nt mee bet aie BA sd sage ROP ae verre vin am sgonecewy ube Karey we aaa FO yom fis pee tur by mews of prewte or by sivin of tang PQR: Ths ate er mah tani do vy eae (eAagle ROP nk ine FR onli it ater pest sn ae anh swag ane em Per pot promi Ts pope ad E veal. of ir ty pens { | \ { jemee me ere Alene oye [ieawe = | nt em cme j > mmo | 12.) fo ook cn vb nd Ms pit of demain ete vaio of poise, Coasdering tox diagrams 10 te in eta me. mete