Computer Graphics

UNIT-1
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
 Computer Graphics
Definition: Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures, lines, charts,
etc. using computers with the help of programming.
*Computer graphics image is made up of number of pixels.

elt displays the information in the form of graphical objects such as pictures,
charts, diagram and graphs.

*Graphical objects convey more information in less time and_ easily

understandable formats for example statically graph shown in stock exchange.

‘The special procedure determines which pixel will provide the best
approximation to the desired picture or graphics object this process is known
as Rasterization.
Difference between Computer Graphics and Image Processing
Generation Storage and manipulation graphics of objects a”,

* Hardware comprise Monitors Printer ( neg \

Keyboard ~ generation | /
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¢ Software tools =Collection of graphics
routine sia bined

¢ Computer graphics=Data
structure+Graphics Designt+Language
 Computer Graphics
Made Up Of 4 Components

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Pixel: is the smallest addressable graphical unit represented on the
computer screen.
Image: is a visual representation of something. ...
°An image Is a picture that has been created or copied and stored in
electronic form.
°An image can be described in terms of vector graphics or raster graphics.
°An image stored in raster form is sometimes called a bitmap.
‘Object: In computer graphics, an object refers to an item within a graphic,
such as a graphic circle or a square.
Raster Zoom Vectc VS
Pixelated image ehol8
 Raster Graphics Vector Graphics

They are composed of pixels, They are composed of paths.

In Raster Graphics, refresh process is independent Vector displays flicker when the number of
of the complexity of the image. primitives in the image become too large.

Graphic primitives are specified in terms of end

points and must be scan converted Into Scan conversion is not required,
corresponding pixels.

Raster graphics can draw mathematical curves,

polygons and boundaries of curved primitives only Vector graphics draw continuous and smooih lines.
by pixel approximation.

Vector graphics cost more as compared to raster

Raster graphics cost less.
graphics.

They occupy more space which depends on image

They occupy less space.
quality.
File extensions: BMP, .TIF, .GIF, JPG File Extensions: SVG, .EPS, .PDF, .Al, DXF
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Raster Scan System Random Scan System
ARCHITECTURE OF RANDOM SCAN SYSTEM

spsoligy L Display |

Input/Output Devices
J ARCHITECTURE OF RANDOM SCAN SYSTEM
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* Graphics commands from application program translated into display file by graphics
package.

* Display file is stored in system memory.

* Display Processor refreshes Screen using display file.

* Graphics can be drawn by directly directing electron beam along the components of
graphics,
 Basic concept:
* In random scan display the electron beam Is
directed to the area on screen only where the
picture is to be drawn.
* Random scan display are also known as vector
display or stroke-writing or calligraphic display.
* The reason its also called vector display is
because random scan display draws the picture
one line at a time. ;
’ Refresh Buffer: |
¢ Refresh rate on a random-scan system depends
on the number of lines to be displayed.
¢ The picture definition is stored as a set of line
drawing commands in an area of memory called
the refresh display file.
* The refresh display file is also called the display
list or simply the refresh buffer.
 Refresh Buffer:
* To display a specified picture, the system cycles
through the set of commands in the display file,
drawing each component line in turn.
¢ After all line-drawing commands have been
processed, the system cycles back to the first line
command in the list.
* The refresh rate of random scan display is 30 to
60 frames per second(fps).
 Example: |
* For example if we want to display and maintain a
picture of a triangle ABC on the screen then the
display list will have commands like this:
¢ Draw a line from A to B Example
¢ Draw a line from B to C a
¢ Draw aline from C to A. :
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’ Advantages of Random scan display
* Random scan display have higher resolution
compared to raster scan display as the picture is
stored as line drawing instructions rather than
intensity values.
* |t produces smooth line drawing.
* It also requires less memory as we are storing
information about only the picture to be drawn
rather than information about full screen.
 Disadvantages of Random scan
display

* We cannot draw realistic images like with

different shades.
* There is limitation to the colors that can be drawn
for example when we draw images with beam
penetration display its actually random scan
display and we can draw only maximum 4 colors
which are based on how deep the beam
penetrates the phosphor layer.
 BASIC CONCEPT
¢ Raster scan display is the most common type of
display used in CRT televisions and monitors.
¢ In a raster-scan system, the electron beam is
swept across the screen, one row at a time from
top to bottom.
* As the beam is swept across the row, the beam
intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern
of illuminated spots.
J _ ARCHITECTURE OF RASTER SCAN SYSTEM
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ARCHITECTURE OF RASTER SCAN SYSTEM <a

* Raster scan system having CPU with special purpose processor video controller which

is used to control operation of display device.

* Frame buffer is a temporary storage which stores what to display at that time on

monitor.

* Video controller access frame buffer to refresh screen.