Display Technique

Computer Graphics Lectures

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering
Islamic University, Kushtia
RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS
 Interactive raster graphics systems typically employ
several processing units
 Besides of CPU special-purpose processor, called
the video controller or display controller, is used to
control the operation of the display device.
 In addition to the video controller, more
sophisticated raster systems employ other
processors as coprocessors and accelerators to
implement various graphics operations.
RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS
RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS
 Commonly a fixed area of the system memory is
reserved for the frame buffer,
 Video controller can direct access to the frame-buffer
 Frame-buffer locations, and the corresponding screen
positions, are referenced in Cartesian coordinates.
 Some system employ lower-left corner as origin
 But most common system employ upper-left corner
as origin.
 Scan lines are labeled from y
max, at the top of the
screen to 0 at the bottom.
 Along each scan line, screen pixel positions are
labeled from 0 to xmax
RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS
Video-controller
Video-controller
 Initially, the x register is set to 0 and the y register is set to ymax.
 These values are used to retrieved information in the frame
buffer for this pixel position
 Pixel information is used to set the intensity of the CRT beam.
 x register is incremented by 1 and retrieve information for next
pixel
 This procedure repeated for each pixel along the scan line.
 After the last pixel on the top scan line
 x register is reset to 0
 y register is decremented by 1.
 Pixels along this scan line are then processed
 After cycling through all pixels along the bottom scan line (y = 0),
 video controller resets the registers to the first pixel position (x
= 0, ymax = 0) and refresh process starts over.
Video-controller
 Screen must be refreshed at the rate of 60 frames per
second,
 The cycle time is too slow.
 This cannot be accommodated by typical RAM chips.
 To speed up pixel processing, video controllers retrieve
multiple pixel values from the refresh buffer on each pass.
 The multiple pixel intensities are then stored in a separate
register and used to control the CRT beam intensity for a
group of adjacent pixels.
 When that group of pixels has been processed, the next block
of pixel values is retrieved from the frame buffer.
Video-controller
Besides the basic refreshing operations, video controller perform
a number of other operations.
 It can retrieve pixel intensities from different memory areas on
different refresh cycles
 video controller often contains a lookup table, so that pixel
values in the frame buffer are used to access the lookup table
instead of controlling the CRT beam intensity directly
 provides a fast method for changing screen intensity values
 some systems are designed to allow the video controller to
mix the frame-buffer image with an input image from a
television camera or other input device
Raster-Graphics with Display Processor
Raster-Graphics with Display Processor
 Graphic system use a separate display processor, referred to
as a graphics controller or display coprocessor.
 The purpose of the display processor is to free the CPU
from the graphics chores.
 In addition to the system memory, a separate display
processor memory provided.
 A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture
definition given in an application program into a set of pixel-
intensity values for storage in the frame buffer.
 This digitization process is called scan conversion.
Raster-Graphics with Display Processor
 Display processors are also designed to perform a
number of additional operations.
 Generating various line styles (dashed, dotted,or
solid),
 displaying color areas

 Performing certain transformations and manipulations

on displayed objects.
 Interface with interactive input devices, such as a
mouse.
RANDOM-SCAN SYSTEMS
RANDOM-SCAN SYSTEMS
 An application program is input and stored in the system
memory along with a graphics package.
 Graphics commands in the application program are translated
by the graphics package into a display file stored in the
system memory.
 This display file is then accessed by the display processor to
refresh the screen.
 The display processor cycles through each command in the
display file program once during every refresh cycle.
 Sometimes the display processor in a random-scan system is
referred to as display processing unit or a graphics controller
Character Generation Technique
 Letters, numbers and other characters can be displayed in a
variety of sizes and styles.
 The overall design style for a set (or family) of characters is
called typeface.
 The term font referred to a set of cast metal character
forms in a particular size and formats.
 Typefaces can be divided into two broad groups: Serif and
sans serif
 Serif type has small lines or accents (stress) at the ends of
main character strokes,
 Individual characters in sans-serif type are easier to
recognize. For this reason sans-serif type is said to be
more legible.
Character Generation Technique
 Characters are almost always built into the graphics display
device usually as hardware,
 but some times through software.
 There are two primary methods for character generation
1. Dot matrix or Bitmap method
2. Stroke method.
Character Generation Technique
Bitmap method representing the character
of particular typeface / font in
rectangular grid patterns
 The shapes of the characters are
then referred to as a bitmap font.
 Array of 5 dots wide and 7 dots
high is often used, but 7x9, 9x13
array are also found.
 Bitmap fonts are simplest to define and
display. The character grid only needs
to be mapped to a frame-buffer.
 Bitmap fonts require more space
because each variation (size and
format) must be stored in font cache.
Character Generation Technique
 Stroke method -
characters are created
using straight line and
curve sections.
 The stroke method lends
itself to changes of scale