SPECIFICATION SHEET

IDENTIFICATION
Name of Equipment Rotary Vacuum Dryer
Equipment Code D-1
Type Direct-Heat Countercurrent Vacuum Rotary
Dryer
Number of Unit/s Required 1
Function To achieve the desired moisture content of
Lycopene crystals
Materials Handled Wet Lycopene crystals
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Initial Solvent Content  3.06%
Final Solvent Content  0.1%
Capacity 1 m3
Feed Flow Rate 348.20 kg/day
Product Flow Rate 337.88 kg/day
Temperature 30ºC
Pressure 0.98 atm
Heat Transfer Area 4.58 m2
Rate of Drying 7.77 kg Solvent /m2-hr
Retention Time 0.29 hr
Rotation Speed 6 rpm
Horse Power 2 hp
HEATING SYSTEM
Heating Medium Warm Air
Temperature of Warm Air 40ºC
Temperature of Product 30ºC
Rate of Warm Air 794.16 kg/day
Heat Required 337,050.19 kJ/day
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Orientation Horizontal
Shell Design Cylindrical
Material of Construction Stainless Steel (SS-316)
Weld Design Single-butt Welded
Inner Diameter 0.89 m
Shell Thickness 6.94 mm
Length 2.138 m
EQUIPMENT DIAGRAM

2.138 m

0.89 m
 SUMMARY OF DESIGN EQUATIONS

Rate of Drying

dW h
= (T −T w )
dt λ d

Reference: Equation 11-64, Perry’s Handbook 8th Edition.

where:

𝑑𝑊/𝑑𝑡 = rate of water loss (rate of drying), kg/ m2 -s

h = heat transfer coefficient from air to water surface, kW/m2 -K

T – Tw = temperature difference, K

λ = latent heat vaporisation of water per mass, KJ/kg

Rotation Speed
𝑁 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 / 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Reference: Reference: Perry’s Handbook 8th Edition.; p. 5-5, Eq.5-10

where:

N= Rotation speed, rpm

 DETAILED COMPUTATION

ROTARY VACUUM DRYER (D-1)

Feed Mass (kg) Density (kg/m3) Volume (m3)

Lycopene 337.55 889 0.3797
Water 5.70 997 0.0057
Ethanol 4.95 789 0.0063
Total 348.20 0.3917

Average Density:
MassTotal
ρ ave =
Volume Total
348.20 kg
ρ ave =
0.3917 m 3
kg
ρ ave of feed = 888.95
m3

Calculation of Rate of Drying

Feed Temperature: 85°C

λ at 85°C = 2295.38 kJ/kg (Perry’s Handbook 8th Edition, Table 2-317)

For wet lycopene crystals

h = 700.242 𝑊/k (Heat Transfer Enhancement in Thermal Processing of Lycopene by

Dehnad and Shahidi)
Weight of wet solid= 410.76 kg (From Material Balance)
Weight of dried solid= 348.20 kg (From Material Balance)

dW h
= (T −T w )
dt λ d
J 1 kJ
348.20 700.24 x t
sec−K 1000 J
∫ dW = ∫ dt
kJ
337.88 2295.38 0
kg
t=¿1,032 sec ≈ 0.29 hr
Using the equation used to compute for the overall heat transfer coefficient:

U =1.9695+ 1.2057 x 10−2 T b −8.5989 x 10−5 T b2+ 2.565 x 10−7 T b3

where, U is in kW/m2 ̊C and Tb in ̊C (Temperature of the inside the dryer)

U =1.9695+ 1.2057 x 10−2 (30 ° C)−8.5989 x 10−5 (30 ° C)2 +2.565 x 10−7 (30° C)3
𝑼 = 𝟐. 26 𝒌𝑾/𝒎2° C

Q = 337,050.19 kJ/day (From energy balance)

Using the equation,

Q=UA (T d −T w )
kJ day kJ
337,050.19 x =(2.26 )( A)(85−40)
day 1,032 s sec−m 2−° C

A=¿ 4.12 m2

Hence, Hosekawa Micron Model 1000 with an area of 4.58 m2 will be chosen which is taken

from the brochure. The corresponding length of this area is 2,138 mm and the diameter is 890

mm based on the brochure.

Therefore, the Internal Dimensions of the Vacuum Dryer are:

A=¿ 4.58 m2

I.D. = 890 mm

L = 2,138 mm

( 348.20−337.88 ) kg kg
Hence, the drying rate = 2 ¿ 7.77 2
0.29 hr x 4.58 m m −hr
Calculation of Speed of Rotation

Peripheral Speed
N=
Diameter

The typical peripheral speed for rotary vacuum dryers is 0.5 m/s from Perry’s Handbook 8th
Edition; p. 12-56
m s
0.5 x 60
RPM = s min 1 rev
x
0.890 m 2 π rad

RPM = 5.36 rpm ≈ 6 rpm

Based on Erisman, 1998, the revolution of a dryer varies between 2-6 rpm, therefore, the

computed value can be accepted.

Calculation of Vacuum Rotary Dryer Capacity

π 2
V= D L
4

π
V = ( 0.890 m )2 (2.138 m)
4

V =1.33 m3

Hence, Hosekawa Micron Model 1000 with a working capacity of 1 m3 will be chosen which is

taken from the brochure.

The height of the feed that will occupy the Horizontal Cylinder is calculated as:

[
V =L R2 cos−1 ( R−h
R )
−(R−h) √ 2 Rh−h
] 2
 m)−h
[
1 m3 =(2.138 m) (0.445 m)2 cos−1 ( (0.445
(0.445 m) )
−(0.445 m−h) √2(0.445 m) h−h
] 2

h = 4.46 m

Calculation of Operating Pressure inside the Vacuum Dryer

RT β γ σ
P vac= + 2 + 3 + 4 ( Eq .25 Maron∧Lando)
Vm Vm Vm Vm

Rc
β=RTβo− Ao−
T2

Rcβo
γ =−RTβob+ Aoa−
T2

Rβobc
σ=
T2

For Air: (From T. 1-5 Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry by Maron & Lando)

Ao=1.3012 βo=0.04611

a=0.01931 b=−0.01101 c=4.34 x 10−4

( 0.08206 ) ( 4.34 x 10−4 )

β=( 0.08206 )( 40+273.15 ) ( 0.04611 )−1.3012− =−0.1163
( 40+273.15 )2

( 0.08206 ) ( 4.34 x 10−4 ) ( 0.04611 )

γ =− ( 0.08206 ) ( 40+273.15 ) ( 0.04611 ) (−0.01101 ) + ( 1.3012 ) ( 0.01931 )− =0.0382
( 40+273.15 )2

( 0.08206 )( 0.04611 )(−0.01101 ) ( 4.34 x 10−4 )

σ= 2
=−1.8437 x 10−13
( 40+273.15 )

kg
37,086 L(29 )
V kgmol L
Vm= = =17,691.96
n 60.79 kg kmol

( 0.08206 ) ( 313.15 ) −0.1163 0.0382 −1.8437 x 10−13

P vac= + + +
17,705.87 ( 17,705.87 )2 ( 17,705.87 )3 ( 17,705.87 )4

P vac=0.0145 atm
P|¿| P atm−P vac=1−0.0145=0.98 atm

Total Working Pressure in the Vacuum Dryer

PTotal = PAbsolute + PSteam + (ρgh)feed

kg
ρ ave of feed = 888.95
m3
PSteam = 1 atm
kg m
(ρgh)feed = (888.95 ) (9.81 ) (4.46 m)
m3 s2
(ρgh)feed = 38,893.87 Pa = 0.38 atm
PTotal = 0.98 atm + 1 atm + 0.38 atm
PTotal = 2.36 atm ≈ 34.75 psi

Calculation of Shell Thickness

 Reference: Heese and Rushton (1945), Process Equipment Design, Figure 18-1: p. 531.

Checking L/D ratio:

L 2.138 m
= =2.40
D 0.89 m

For the cylindrical shell thickness under the external pressure, using L/D of 2.40 to curve

Pressure of 35 psi

t
=0.008
D

thickness=(0.0078)(890 mm)

thickness=6.94 mm

Outside Diameter:

Do = 2tshell + Di

Do = 2 (6.94mm / 1000 𝑚𝑚) m + 0.890 m

Do = 0.904 m

Calculation of Power required by Blower

P ( kW ) =2.72 x 10−5 Qp

Q kg dry air
air∈¿=
794.16kg dry air 1 day
x ¿ = 2,738.48
day 0.29 hr hr
p=∑ Static Pressure∧Velocity Head

The typical velocity of air is 0.5 m/s, therefore the velocity head is 0.02 cm H2O.
 (Reference: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/velocity-head-d_916.html)

For Centrifugal fan/blowers, static pressure = 20 cm H2O

(Reference: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fan-types-sizes-d_910.html)

PTotal = 20 cm + 0.02 cm = 20.02 cm

Density of air at 40°C= 1.12 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

−5 kg dry air m3
PTheo = 2.72 x 10 ( 2,738.48 )¿ ¿(20.02)
hr 1.12 kg
PTheo = 1.33 kW =1.78 hp

Assume efficiency to be 90%

PTheo
Pactual =
Efficiency
1.78
Pactual =¿ ¿ 1.98 hp
0.90
Pactual =1.98 hp

Reference: Silla (2003), Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics

Choose blower with a power requirement of 2 hp.

Calculation of Power required by Exhaust Fan

P ( kW ) =2.72 x 10−5 Qp

Q kg dry air
air∈¿=
794.16kg dry air 1 day
x ¿ = 2,738.48
day 0.29 hr hr
p=∑ Static Pressure∧Velocity Head

PTotal = 20 cm + 0.02 cm = 20.02 cm

Density of air at 40°C= 1.12 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

−5 kg dry air m3
PTheo = 2.72 x 10 ( 2,738.48 )¿ ¿(20.02)
hr 1.12 kg
PTheo = 1.33 kW =1.78 hp

Assume efficiency to be 90%

PTheo
Pactual =
Efficiency
1.78
Pactual =¿ ¿ 1.98 hp
0.90
Pactual =1.98 hp

Reference: Silla (2003), Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics

Choose blower with a power requirement of 2 hp.