Parameter Unit Value

NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To calculate inlet velocity and outlet pressure at known pipeline diameter and pressure using US Customary System Unit (USCS Unit)
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19 2. To determine maximum/erosional velocity
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6 3. To determine maximum allowable velocity
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 250 4. To check if the velocity meets maximum allowable velocity
Q
scfd 250,000,000 5. To determine velocity at inlet and outlet pressure assuming constant compressibility factor
T1 Inlet Temperature F 60 6. To determine velocity at inlet and outlet pressure if changes in compressibility factor is considered
R 520
P1 Inlet Pressure psig 1000
psia 1014.7
P2 Outlet Pressure psig 850
psia 864.7
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Z Compressibility Factor 1
R Gas Constant ft3 psia/lbmoleR 10.73

Assuming Constant Compressibility Factor

u1 Gas Velocity at Inlet Pressure ft/s 21.29 Eq. 2.26
u2 Gas Velocity at Outlet Pressure ft/s 24.98 Proportional
at Z 0.9
umax Erosional velocity ft/s 53.33 Eq. 2.31
Acceptable operational velocity ft/s 26.67 Usually 50% of erosional velocity

Status OK

Compressibility Factor Changes

z1 Compressibility at inlet pressure 0.8572 Eq. 1.34
z2 Compressibility at outlet pressure 0.8759 Eq. 1.34
u1 Gas Velocity at Inlet Pressure ft/s 18.25 Eq. 2.26
u2 Gas Velocity at Outlet Pressure ft/s 21.88 Eq. 2.26

Applicable Assumption
1. Isothermal flow

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
DN 500 Purpose:
Wall thickness mm 12 1. To calculate inlet velocity and o
D Pipe Inside Diameter mm 476 2. To determine maximum/erosion
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6 3. To determine maximum allowab
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 7.5 4. To check if the velocity meets m
Q
m3/day 7,500,000
T1 Inlet Temperature C 15
K 288.15
P1 Inlet Pressure MPa 7
kPa 7000
P2 Outlet Pressure MPa 6
kPa 6000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.1
kPa 100
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
Z Compressibility Factor 0.95

u1 Gas Velocity at Inlet Pressure m/s 6.62 Eq. 2.29

u2 Gas Velocity at Outlet Pressure m/s 7.72 Proportional

Applicable Assumption
1. Isothermal flow

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
1. To calculate inlet velocity and outlet pressure at known pipeline diameter and pressure using SI unit
2. To determine maximum/erosional velocity
3. To determine maximum allowable velocity
4. To check if the velocity meets maximum allowable velocity
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To determine Reynold Number if parameters are in USCS unit
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06

Reynold Number 5,331,726 Eq. 2.34

Regime Turbulent

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
DN 500 Purpose:
Wall thickness mm 12 1. To determine Reynold Number
D Pipe Inside Diameter mm 476
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 3
Q
m3/day 3,000,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.1
kPa 100
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
Z Viscosity Poise 0.00012

Reynold Number 5,614,635 Eq. 2.35

Regime Turbulent

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
1. To determine Reynold Number if parameters are in SI unit
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To determine friction factor using Colebrook Equation if data presented in USCS unit
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 200
Q
scfd 200,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 600
in 0.0006

Reynold Number 10,663,451 Eq. 2.34

Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0101
Left side of equation 9.93 Eq. 2.39 Calculate Friction
Right side of equation 9.93 Eq. 2.39 Factor

Check if guess is right -0.000428 Goal Seek

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
DN 500 Purpose:
Wall thickness mm 12 1. To determine Reynold Number
D Pipe Inside Diameter mm 476
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 6
Q
m3/day 6,000,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.1
kPa 100
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
Z Viscosity Poise 0.00012
e Absolute pipe roughness mm 0.03

Reynold Number 11,229,270 Eq. 2.35

Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0112
Left side of equation 9.44 Eq. 2.39
Right side of equation 9.44 Eq. 2.39
Check if guess is right -0.000011 Goal Seek

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
1. To determine Reynold Number if parameters are in SI unit
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To determine Transmission Factor if data presented in USCS System
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19 Transmission factor is the opposite of friction factor
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6 2. To check effect of flow rate on Reynold Number, Friction Factor, and Transmission Factor
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 600
in 0.0006

Reynold Number 5,331,726 Eq. 2.34

Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0105
Left side of equation 9.76 Eq. 2.39
Right side of equation 9.76 Eq. 2.39
Check if guess is right 0.000049
F Transmission factor 19.53 Eq. 2.42

Effect of increase flow rate of Reynold Number, Friction Factor, and Transmission Factor
Percent increase in flow rate 50%
Reynold number 7,997,589 Proportional
Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0103
Left side of equation 9.87 Eq. 2.39
Right side of equation 9.87 Eq. 2.39
Check if guess is right 0.000936 Goal Seek
F Transmission factor 19.74 Eq. 2.42

Decrease in friction factor 2.14%

Increase in transmission factor 1.09%

Input
Calculated
 Parameter Unit Value
DN 400 Purpose:
Wall thickness mm 10 1. To determine Reynold Number
D Pipe Inside Diameter mm 380
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 3
Q
m3/day 3,000,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.101
kPa 101
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
Z Viscosity Poise 0.000119
e Absolute pipe roughness mm 0.02

Reynold Number 7,163,093 Eq. 2.35

Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0112
Left side of equation 9.44 Eq. 2.39
Right side of equation 9.51 Eq. 2.39
Check if guess is right -0.076408 Goal seek

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
1. To determine Reynold Number if parameters are in SI unit
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To determine friction factor and transmission factor using Modified Colebrook-White Equation
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 600
in 0.0006

Reynold Number 5,331,726 Eq. 2.34

Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0106
Left side of equation 9.73 Eq. 2.46 (Friction Factor using modified Colebrook-White Equation)
Right side of equation 9.73 Eq. 2.46 (Friction Factor using modified Colebrook-White Equation)
Check if guess is right -0.000070 Goal seek
F Transmission factor guess 19.45
Right side of equation 19.45 Eq. 2.47 (Transmission Factor using modified Colebrook-White Equation)
Check if guess is right 0.00 Goal seek

Effect of increase flow rate of Reynold Number, Friction Factor, and Transmission Factor
Percent increase in flow rate 50%
Reynold number 7,997,589 Proportional
Regime Turbulent
f Friction factor guess 0.0103
Left side of equation 9.87 Eq. 2.39
Right side of equation 9.87 Eq. 2.39
Check if guess is right 0.000936 Goal seek
F Transmission factor 19.74 Eq. 2.42

Input
Calculated
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To determine pressure drop using General Flow Equation from Transmission Factor using USCS unit
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19 2. To determine downstream pressure using USCS unit
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 200
Q
scfd 200,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 600
in 0.0006
L Length of pipe segment mi 50
P1 Upstream pressure psig 1000
psia 1014.7
Z Compressibility factor 0.88

Reynold Number 10,663,451 Eq. 2.34

Regime Turbulent
F Transmission factor guess 19.81
Right side of equation 19.81 Eq. 2.47 (Transmission Factor using modified Colebrook-White Equation)
Check if guess is right 0.00 Goal Seek

P2 Downstream pressure psia 853.91 Eq. 2.4 (General Flow Equation)

psig 839.21

Pressure drop psi 160.79

Input
Calculated
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 20 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.5 1. To determine friction factor and transmission factor using AGA method
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 19 2. Transmission factor using AGA method is conducted by comparing transmission factor for fully turbulent and partially turbulent.
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6 Use the smaller one between two to calculation friction factor
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 200
Q
scfd 200,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 700
in 0.0007
L Length of pipe segment mi 50
P1 Upstream pressure psig 1000
psia 1014.7
Z Compressibility factor 0.88
Bend Index o
60

Reynold Number 10,663,451 Eq. 2.34

Regime Turbulent

Transmission factor for fully turbulent zone (rough pipe law)

F Transmission factor 20.01 Eq. 2.48

Transmission factor for partially turbulent zone (smooth pipe)

Ft Von Karman smooth pipe transmission factor (guess) 22.13 Eq. 2.50 (left side of equation)
Right side of Equation 22 Eq. 2.50 (left side of equation)
Check if guess is right 0.00 Goal seek
Df Drag factor 0.96 Table 2.2
F Transmission factor 21.25 Eq. 2.49

Selected transmission factor

Use smaller number 20.01
f Friction factor 0.01 Eq. 2.42

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
DN 500
Wall thickness mm 12
D Pipe Inside Diameter mm 476
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 6
Q
m3/day 6,000,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.101
kPa 101
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
Z Viscosity Poise 0.00012
e Absolute pipe roughness mm 0.02
BI Bend Index o
60
L Pipe Length km 60
P2 Downstream Pressure MPa (abs) 5
kPa (abs) 5000
Tf Flow Temperature C 20
K 293.15
Z Compressibility factor 0.85

Reynold Number 11,341,563 Eq. 2.35

Regime Turbulent

AGA Transmission Factor for Fully Turbulent (Rough Pipe)

F Transmission Factor 19.78 Eq. 2.48

AGA Transmission Factor for Fully Turbulent (Rough Pipe)

Ft Von Karman smooth pipe transmission factor (guess) 22.23
Right side of Equation 2.50 22.23 Eq. 2.48
Check if guess is right 0.00 Goal Seek

Df Drag factor 0.96 Table 2.2

F Transmission factor 21.34 Eq. 2.50

Selected Transmission Factor

Use smaller transmission factor 19.78

Use General Flow Equation for SI Unit to Check Upstream Pressure

Upstream pressure kPa (abs) 6,129 Eq. 2.6
MPa (abs) 6.13

Assumption:
1. Elevation effects are neglected

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
Purpose:
1. To determine friction factor and trasnmission factor using AGA method
2. To calculate upstream pressure in SI unit
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 12 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.25 1. To determine flow rate using Weymouth equation
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 12.25 2. To compare flow rate from Weymouth equation and General Flow equation
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.59
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100 Weymouth equation is used for high pressure, high flow rate, and large diameter gas gathering systems
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.7
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 700
in 0.0007
L Length miles 15
E Efficiency 0.95
P1 Upstream Pressure psia 1200
P2 Downstream Pressure psia 750
Tf Flowing Temperature F 75
535
Z Compressibility factor 0.94

Flow rate using Weymouth Equation

Elevation difference is neglected
Difference between upstream and
H1 - H2 downstream elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.0 Eq. 2.10
Le Equivalent length 15.0 Eq. 2.9
Q Flow rate (using Weymouth eq) scfd 163,255,982.77 Eq. 2.52
MMscfd 163.26
Reynold Number 13,275,631 Eq. 2.34

Flow rate using General Equation

F Transmission factor (assume) 19.08
Q Flow rate (using Weymouth eq) scfd 192,992,613.59 Eq. 2.4
MMscfd 192.99
Reynold Number 15,693,751 Eq. 2.34
F Calculated Transmission Factor 19.08 Eq. 2.45
Check if assumption is right 0.00 Goal seek

Conclusion
Flow rate from Weymouth MMscfd 163.26
Flow rate from General Equation MMscfd 192.99
General equation is more conservative than Weymouth Equation.

Input
Calculated
 Parameter Unit Value
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.65
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 30
Q
m3/day 30,000,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.101
kPa 101
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
L Pipe Length km 100
P1 Upstream Pressure MPa (abs) 8.5
kPa (abs) 8500
P2 Downstream Pressure MPa (abs) 5.5
kPa (abs) 5500
Tf Flow Temperature C 20
K 293.15
Z Compressibility factor 0.92
E Pipeline Efficiency 0.95

Minimum Diameter Calculation using Weymouth Equation

Elevation difference is neglected
Difference between upstream and downstream
H1 - H2 elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.0 Eq. 2.10
Le Equivalent length 100.0 Eq. 2.9

Diameter (assumed) mm 827.08 Goal seek

Calculated flow rate m3/day 30,000,000.00 Eq. 2.54
Deviation - 0.00

Assumption:
1. Elevation effects are neglected

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
1. To determine minimum diameter of pipe using Weymouth equation in SI unit
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 16 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.25 1. To calculate outlet pressure using Panhandle A
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 15.5 2. To calculate compressibility factor using CNGA method
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.73
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 700
in 0.0007
L Length miles 15
E Efficiency 0.92
P1 Upstream Pressure psia 1000
Tf Flowing Temperature F 80
R 540

Solution
P2 Downstream Pressure (Guess) psia 968.414540634611 Initial downstream pressure guess to calculate Z factor
Pavg Average Gas Pressure psia 984 Equation 2.14. It will be used to estimate compressibility factor
psig 970
Z Compressibility Factor 0.877906095255967 Equation 1.34. Compressibility factor using CNGA method

Elevation difference is neglected

Difference between upstream and
H1 - H2 downstream elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.00 Eq. 2.10
Le Equivalent length 15.0 Eq. 2.9

P2 Downstream Pressure (Guess) psia 968.4 Goal seek until Q is the same as data above
Q scfd 100,000,000

Check goal seek

Goal seek until cell E21 is similar with E31, and E32 is equal to E7.

- 0 I tried four times to get this results. It is because we need to do goal seek twice.

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
D Diameter 300
Wall Thickness mm 6
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 3.5
Q
m3/day 3,500,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.101
kPa 101
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
L Pipe Length km 24
P2 Downstream Pressure MPa (abs) 6
kPa (abs) 6000
Tf Flow Temperature C 20
K 293.15
Z Compressibility factor 0.9
E Pipeline Efficiency 0.92
Viscosity Poise 0.000119

Inlet Pressure Using Panhandle Equation

Elevation difference is neglected
Difference between upstream and downstream
H1 - H2 elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.0 Eq. 2.10
Le Equivalent length 24.0 Eq. 2.9

Inlet Pressure (guess) kPa 7,470.20 Goal seek, must be higher than E13
Calculated flow rate m3/day 3,500,000.00 Equation 2.56
Deviation - 0.00

Assumption:
1. Elevation effects are neglected

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
1. To determine inlet pressure using Panhanle A
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 16 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.25 1. To calculate outlet pressure using Panhandle B
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 15.5 2. To compare result obtained from Panhadle A and Panhandle B
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.73
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 700
in 0.0007
L Length miles 15
E Efficiency 0.92
P1 Upstream Pressure psia 1000
Tf Flowing Temperature F 80
R 540
Z Compressibility Factor 0.9

Solution
P2 Downstream Pressure (Guess) psia 969.13

Elevation difference is neglected

Difference between upstream and
H1 - H2 downstream elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.00 Eq. 2.10
Le Equivalent length 15.0 Eq. 2.9

Q scfd 100,000,000

Check goal seek - Goal seek

Compared with Panhandle A equation, Panhandle B equation gives higher outlet pressure than Panhandle A (example 15). In other words, Panhandle A results in higher pressure drop
than Panhable B, therefore Panhandle A is more convervative.
If Z factor is the same, Panhandle B results in 969.9 psia outlet pressure (Example 17b), therefore it is slightly higher than that of Panhandle A.

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
NPS in 16 Purpose:
Wall thickness in 0.25 1. To calculate outlet pressure using Panhandle B
D Pipe Inside Diameter in 15.5
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate MMscfd 100
Q
scfd 100,000,000
Pb Base Pressure psia 14.73
Tb Base Temperature F 60
R 520
Viscosity lb/ft-s 8E-06
e Absolute pipe roughness micro in 700
in 0.0007
L Length miles 15
E Efficiency 0.92
P1 Upstream Pressure psia 1000
Tf Flowing Temperature F 80
R 540
Z Compressibility Factor 0.877906095255967

Solution
P2 Downstream Pressure (Guess) psia 969.90

Elevation difference is neglected

Difference between upstream and
H1 - H2 downstream elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.00 Eq. 2.10
Le Equivalent length 15.0 Eq. 2.9

Q scfd 100,000,000

Check goal seek 0 Goal seek

Compared with Panhandle A equation, Panhandle B equation gives higher outlet pressure than Panhandle A (example 15). In other words, Panhandle A results in higher pressure drop
than Panhable B, therefore Panhandle A is more convervative.
If Z factor is the same, Panhandle B results in

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 Parameter Unit Value
D Diameter 300
Wall Thickness mm 6
G Gas Specific Gravity 0.6
Gas Flow Rate Mm3/day 3.5
Q
m3/day 3,500,000
Pb Base Pressure MPa 0.101
kPa 101
Tb Base Temperature C 15
K 288.15
L Pipe Length km 24
P2 Downstream Pressure MPa (abs) 6
kPa (abs) 6000
Tf Flow Temperature C 20
K 293.15
Z Compressibility factor 0.9
E Pipeline Efficiency 0.92
Viscosity Poise 0.000119

Inlet Pressure Using Panhandle Equation

Elevation difference is neglected
Difference between upstream and downstream
H1 - H2 elevation 1E-06
s Elevation adjustment parameter 0.0
Le Equivalent length 24.0

Inlet Pressure (guess) kPa 7,478.96

Calculated flow rate m3/day 3,500,000.00
Deviation - 0.00

Assumption:
1. Elevation effects are neglected

Input
Calculated
What we're looking for
 1. To determine inlet pressure using Panhanle B
2. To compared result obtained from Panhandle A and Panhandle B

Eq. 2.10
Eq. 2.9

Goal seek, must be higher than E13

Calculate inlet
Equation 2.60 Pressure
Pressure
List of Equation

2 26

2 29

2 31

1 34
2 34

2 35

2 39

2 46 Modified Colebrook-White Equation (Friction Factor)

2 47 Modified Colebrook-White Equation (Transmission Factor)

2 4 General Flow Equation

2 42 Relationship between friction factor and transmission factor

2 48 Transmission Factor for Fully Turbulent (Rough Pipe) - Von Karman Rough Pipe Flow Equation

2 49 Transmission Factor for Partially Turbulent Zone (Smooth Pipe)

2 50 Von Karman Smooth Pipe Flow Equation

2 50 General Flow Equation for SI Units

2 52 Weymouth Equation in USCS Unit

2 10 Elevation adjustment parameter

2 9 Equivalent Length
2 54 Weymouth Equation in USCS Unit

2 14 Average Pressure in Pipe Segment

1 34 Compressibility Factor using CNGA Method

2 55 Panhandle A Equation

2 59 Panhandle B Equation