Source:

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

submitted to
BENEFITS AND RISKS OF USING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND FOR AGRICULTURAL AND
HORTICULTURAL APPLICATIONS

Sponsoring Institution Agricultural Research Project Status TERMINATED

Service/USDA Funding Source USDA INHOUSE
Reporting Frequency Annual Accession No. 0409580
Grant No. (N/A) Project No. 1265-12000-035-00D
Proposal No. (N/A) Multistate No. (N/A)
Program Code (N/A) Project Start Date May 17, 2005
Project End Date May 16, 2010 Grant Year (N/A)

Project Director
CODLING E E

Recipient Organization Performing Department

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
(N/A)

RM 331, BLDG 003, BARC-W

BELTSVILLE,MD 20705-2351

Non Technical Summary

(N/A)

Animal Health Component (N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic 50%
Applied 50%
Developmental 0%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA) Subject of Investigation (SOI) Field of Science (FOS) Percent

403 5299 2000 50%

403 0199 1150 50%

Knowledge Area
403 - Waste Disposal, Recycling, and Reuse;

Subject Of Investigation
5299 - Agricultural supplies, general/other; 0199 - Soil and land, general;

Field Of Science
2000 - Chemistry; 1150 - Toxicology;

Keywords
organic blending biosolids leachate
foundry sands by-products manure
Goals / Objectives
Each year, foundries in the U.S. landfill several million tons of waste sand that can no longer be used to make
metalcasting molds and cores. These waste foundry sands are potentially useful as a soil amendment and
ingredient in manufactured soils; however, potentially harmful organics and trace metals in the sands may
adversely impact the health of humans and the environment. The objective of this project is to ensure that
waste foundry sands can be safely used in manufactured soils and related applications.
Project Methods
The first part of this study will focus on the identification and quantification of potentially hazardous organics
and trace metals in waste sands from ferrous and non-ferrous foundries. As organics and/or trace metals of
environmental concern are identified, studies will be conducted to determine their movement potential. Major
routes of transport will be investigated and lead to management practices to reduce or eliminate their
transport. Blending waste sands with organic amendments will be investigated as a potential means to mitigate
these constituents. Investigations will also be conducted to determine if waste foundry sands present a risk to
commonly used biological indicators, including soil microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. Bioaccessible trace
metals in waste foundry sands, associated with human exposure, will be assessed using an in vitro
gastrointestinal method. Finally, to assess the suitability of using waste foundry sands in horticultural and
agricultural settings, data from the above mentioned studies will be used to develop a comprehensive risk
assessment.
Progress 05/17/05 to 05/16/10

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Each year, foundries in the U.S. landfill several million tons of
waste sand that can no longer be used to make metalcasting molds and cores. These waste foundry sands
are potentially useful as a soil amendment and ingredient in manufactured soils; however, potentially harmful
organics and trace metals in the sands may adversely impact the health of humans and the environment. The
objective of this project is to ensure that waste foundry sands can be safely used in manufactured soils and
related applications. Approach (from AD-416) The first part of this study will focus on the identification and
quantification of potentially hazardous organics and trace metals in waste sands from ferrous and non-ferrous
foundries. As organics and/or trace metals of environmental concern are identified, studies will be conducted
to determine their movement potential. Major routes of transport will be investigated and lead to
management practices to reduce or eliminate their transport. Blending waste sands with organic amendments
will be investigated as a potential means to mitigate these constituents. Investigations will also be conducted
to determine if waste foundry sands present a risk to commonly used biological indicators, including soil
microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. Bioaccessible trace metals in waste foundry sands, associated with
human exposure, will be assessed using an in vitro gastrointestinal method. Finally, to assess the suitability
of using waste foundry sands in horticultural and agricultural settings, data from the above mentioned studies
will be used to develop a comprehensive risk assessment. This is a final report on the benefits and risks of
using waste foundry sand for agricultural and horticultural applications. Completed the risk guideline
document for the use of foundry sand in horticulture and presented to USEPA for approval. Published two
peer reviewed papers on the beneficial use of foundry sand as a soil amendment. Soil formulations which
included poultry feathers were evaluated as a media for growth and flowering of ornamental plants. A specific
cooperative agreement between ARS and Purdue University was completed which resulted in the publication
of two scientific journal articles. Accomplishments 01 Completed greenhouse experiment evaluating potting
soil formulations whi included feathers for growth and flowering of ornamental plant productio Completed the
risk guideline document for the use of foundry sand in horticulture and presented to USEPA for approval.
Published two peer reviewed papers on the beneficial use of foundry sand as a soil amendmen Soil
formulation did not negatively affect crop growth. In some cases, soil formulation stimulated growth.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications
De Koff, J.P., Lee, B.D., Dungan, R.S., Santini, J.B. 2010. Effect of Compost-, Sand-, or Gypsum-
amended Waste Foundry Sands on Turfgrass Yield and Nutrient Content. Journal of Environmental
Quality. 39:375-383.
Dayton, E.A., Whitacre, S.D., Dungan, R.S., Basta, N.T. 2010. Characterization of Physical and Chemical
Properties of Spent Foundry Sands Pertinent to Beneficial Use in Manufactured Soils. Plant and Soil
Journal. 329:27-33.

Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Each year, foundries in the U.S. landfill several million tons of
waste sand that can no longer be used to make metalcasting molds and cores. These waste foundry sands
are potentially useful as a soil amendment and ingredient in manufactured soils; however, potentially harmful
organics and trace metals in the sands may adversely impact the health of humans and the environment. The
objective of this project is to ensure that waste foundry sands can be safely used in manufactured soils and
related applications. Approach (from AD-416) The first part of this study will focus on the identification and
quantification of potentially hazardous organics and trace metals in waste sands from ferrous and non-ferrous
foundries. As organics and/or trace metals of environmental concern are identified, studies will be conducted
to determine their movement potential. Major routes of transport will be investigated and lead to
management practices to reduce or eliminate their transport. Blending waste sands with organic amendments
will be investigated as a potential means to mitigate these constituents. Investigations will also be conducted
to determine if waste foundry sands present a risk to commonly used biological indicators, including soil
microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. Bioaccessible trace metals in waste foundry sands, associated with
human exposure, will be assessed using an in vitro gastrointestinal method. Finally, to assess the suitability
of using waste foundry sands in horticultural and agricultural settings, data from the above mentioned studies
will be used to develop a comprehensive risk assessment. Significant Activities that Support Special Target
Populations The beneficial use of spent foundry sands (SFS) preserves natural resources by decreasing the
demand for virgin materials, conserves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions through reduced mining
activities, and decreases the economic burdens of disposal. A collection of SFS was analyzed for nutrients,
trace elements, and xenobiotics. Potential risks to humans and other environmental receptors when spent
sands from iron, steel, and aluminum foundries are used in soil-related applications (e.g. manufactured soils)
were determined. A complete risk assessment for use of spent foundry sands in soil-related applications was
conducted in collaboration with U.S. EPA. This risk assessment is currently undergoing peer review. As a
result of the risk assessment and the efforts of the American Foundry Society to use 50% of SFS by 2015,
the foundry industry has the potential to save $200 million in disposal costs each year.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications
Dungan, R.S. 2008. The characterization of trace metals and organics in spent foundry sands over a
one-year period. Journal of Residuals Science & Technology. 5(3):111-125.
Dungan, R.S., Huwe, J.K., Chaney, R.L. 2009. Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in spent
foundry sands. Chemosphere. 75:1232-1235.
De Koff, J.P., Lee, B.D., Dungan, R.S. 2008. Amelioration of physical strength in waste foundry green
sands for reuse as a soil amendment. Journal of Environmental Quality. 37:2332-2338.

Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Each year, foundries in the U.S. landfill several million tons of
waste sand that can no longer be used to make metalcasting molds and cores. These waste foundry sands
are potentially useful as a soil amendment and ingredient in manufactured soils; however, potentially harmful
organics and trace metals in the sands may adversely impact the health of humans and the environment. The
objective of this project is to ensure that waste foundry sands can be safely used in manufactured soils and
related applications. Approach (from AD-416) The first part of this study will focus on the identification and
quantification of potentially hazardous organics and trace metals in waste sands from ferrous and non-ferrous
foundries. As organics and/or trace metals of environmental concern are identified, studies will be conducted
to determine their movement potential. Major routes of transport will be investigated and lead to
management practices to reduce or eliminate their transport. Blending waste sands with organic amendments
will be investigated as a potential means to mitigate these constituents. Investigations will also be conducted
to determine if waste foundry sands present a risk to commonly used biological indicators, including soil
microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. Bioaccessible trace metals in waste foundry sands, associated with
human exposure, will be assessed using an in vitro gastrointestinal method. Finally, to assess the suitability
of using waste foundry sands in horticultural and agricultural settings, data from the above mentioned studies
will be used to develop a comprehensive risk assessment. Significant Activities that Support Special Target
Populations A National study was performed to characterize waste foundry sands. Concerns from the
regulatory community are being addressed that ferrous and non-ferrous waste foundry sands contain
elevated levels of potentially toxic organics and trace metals. Total levels of trace metals, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, and phenolics were determined, along with a determination of the leaching potential of trace
metals. Our results showed that the majority of waste sands from iron, aluminum, and steel foundries contain
low levels of organics, and trace metals levels are like those found in native soils. A report was provided to
and the data are currently being utilized by the USDA and USEPA to assess the risk of using waste foundry
sands in agricultural and horticultural applications. If the waste sands are determined to be safe for
agronomic applications this could save the foundry industry millions of dollars in disposal fees annually.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Each year, foundries in the U.S. landfill several million tons of
waste sand that can no longer be used to make metalcasting molds and cores. These waste foundry sands
are potentially useful as a soil amendment and ingredient in manufactured soils; however, potentially harmful
organics and trace metals in the sands may adversely impact the health of humans and the environment. The
objective of this project is to ensure that waste foundry sands can be safely used in manufactured soils and
related applications. Approach (from AD-416) The first part of this study will focus on the identification and
quantification of potentially hazardous organics in green sands from ferrous and aluminum foundries (the
background concentration of metals will also be determined in these samples). Once potential organics of
environmental concern are identified, studies will be conducted to determine their extractability and
movement potential from waste green sands and blended products. Major routes of transport of the organics
will be investigated and lead to management practices to reduce or eliminate their transport. Blending the
green sands with manures, biosolids or composts will be investigated as a potential means to mitigate these
constituents. Lastly, investigations will be conducted to determine if green sand products present a risk to soil
organisms and plants. Information obtained in these studies will help state and federal regulators in
developing, reviewing and/or improving regulatory structures that simultaneously ensure environmental
protection and encourage beneficial use of green sands. Accomplishments A National study was performed to
characterize waste foundry sands. Concerns from the regulatory community are being addressed that ferrous
and non-ferrous waste foundry sands contain elevated levels of potentially toxic organics and trace metals.
Total levels of trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolics were determined, along with a
determination of the leaching potential of trace metals. Our results showed that the majority of waste sands
from iron, aluminum, and steel foundries contain low levels of organics, and trace metals levels are like those
found in native soils. The data is currently being utilized by the USDA and USEPA to assess the risk of using
waste foundry sands in agricultural and horticultural applications. If the waste sands are determined to be
safe for agronomic applications this could save the foundry industry millions of dollars in disposal fees
annually. NP 206 Byproducts component Problem Area 1. Phytoavailability and Bioavailability of Nutrients,
Trace Elements, and Xenobiotics in Byproducts Considered for Beneficial Use Product 1. Analysis of nutrients,
trace elements and xenobiotics in byproducts being considered for beneficial use. Technology Transfer
Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 1

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications
Dungan, R.S., Dees, N.H. 2007. Use of Spinach, Radish, and Perennial Ryegrass to Assess the
Availability of Metals in Waste Foundry Sands. Journal Of Water Air And Soil Pollution. 183:213-223.
Dungan, R.S., Reeves III, J.B. 2007. Near Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Foundry Moulding and
Core Sands. Near Infrared Spectroscopy Journal. 15(3):189-194.
Dungan, R.S. 2006. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolics in ferrous and non-ferrous waste
foundry sands. Journal of Residuals Science & Technology. 3:203-208.
Dungan, R.S., Reeves III, J.B. 2007. Pyrolysis of Carbonaceous Foundry Sand Additives: Seacoal and
Gilsonite. Thermochimica Acta. 183:213-223.

Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06

Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize
project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The foundry industry in the
United States generates as much as 10 million tons of waste sand annually, with 90% being discarded in
municipal and private landfills. The foundries use the sands to produce molds and cores for metal casting; the
bulk of the waste foundry sand (WFS) is molding sand. The most commonly used molding material is green
sand, which is largely made of finely graded silica sand and lesser quantities of bentonite clay and other
carbonaceous additives. In an effort to divert WFSs from landfills, there is interest in beneficially using the
sands in value-added agricultural and horticultural products. However, trace metals and organics in WFSs
may present a risk to humans if used to grow food crops. The overall objective of this project is to identify
the benefits and
risks of using WFSs in agricultural and horticultural applications. Specific goals are to 1)
characterize trace metals and organics in WFSs from foundries throughout the U.S., 2) determine if WFSs
present a risk to soil microorganisms, earthworms, and plants, 3) determine if treatment or blending of WFSs
with other byproducts such as manures, biosolids or composts will reduce the movement potential of harmful
constituents, and 4) develop beneficial use guidelines for distribution to state regulatory agencies. 2. List by
year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Months of study from project
initiation (project initiated May 2005): May 2007 National study to characterize trace metals and organics in
waste foundry sands. October 2008 Greenhouse studies to assess the risk of foundry sands to soil
microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. May 2009 Studies to assess the leaching potential of foundry sand
constituents. May 2010 Final evaluation of results and
complete beneficial use guidelines. 4a List the single
most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Metal availability data are needed before many
states will consider allowing the use of waste foundry sands (WFSs) in manufactured soils and composts. We
conducted a 28-day experiment with the earthworm Eisenia fetida and 6 different WFSs to assess the
bioavailability of metals in blends containing 10, 30, and 50% WFS. After 28 days, the number of adult
earthworms across all treatments and blending ratios was not significantly different from the control, except
in blends containing 30% and 50% WFS from a brass foundry. The high earthworm mortality in the brass
sand blends correlated well with the high total and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable
concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of earthworms from iron,
aluminum and steel WFS blends did not exceed those in the control. The Cu and Zn levels in worm tissue
from
the 10% brass blend were about 10 and 2 times higher than the control, respectively. Based upon our
results, the iron, aluminum and steel WFSs tested in this study do not appear to pose a toxicity and metal
transfer risk. 4d Progress report. see sibling projects. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and
their predicted or actual impact. No major accomplishments have been completed so far. However, several
significant research experiments have been initiated and completed since the inception of the project. In the
next two years the data collected from this project will be used to assist state regulatory agencies in
developing beneficial use guidelines for waste foundry sands. Successful beneficial use of foundry sands will
help divert millions of tons of waste sand from landfills and potentially save the foundry industry millions of
dollars in disposal costs. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is
the science and/or technology
likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)?
What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? No science
and/or technologies have been transferred during FY 2006. 7. List your most important publications in the
popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer
reviewed publications below). Presentations: The USDA-ARS Foundry Sand Project. U.S. EPA, National
Foundry Sand Stakeholder meeting. Philadelphia, PA, December 1, 2005. The Characterization of Potential
Contaminants in Waste Foundry Sands. Wisconsin Workshop on Pulp and Paper Residuals, Foundry Sand and
Composts. Sponsored by the Great Lakes Management Byproducts Association, Fond Du Lac, WI, June 20,
2006.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications
Dungan, R.S. 2005. Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzenes, and xylenes in foundry molding sand. Analytical Letters. 38:2393-2405.
Dungan, R.S., Kukier, U., Lee, B. 2006. Blending foundry sands with soil: effect on dehydrogenase
activity. Science of the Total Environment. 357(1- 3):221-230.
Dungan, R.S., Reeves III, J.B. 2006. Mid-infrared analysis of foundry green sands and chemically
bonded cores. Journal of Residuals Science & Technology. 3(1):61-66.
Dungan, R.S., Dees, N.H. 2006. Metals in waste foundry sands: assessment with earthworms. Journal
of Residuals Science & Technology. 3:177-184.
De Koff, J.P., Lee, B.D., Dungan, R.S. 2006. Composting waste foundry sand with leaves to amend
adverse physical properties [abstract]. World Congress of Soil Science. [CD-ROM] 143-6.

Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05

Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and
objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Each year metal casting foundries in the
United States generate several million tons of foundry sand (FS) that is no longer usable in their metalcasting
processes. Beneficial use of FSs can make a significant contribution towards meeting the national goal of
maximizing the use of remaining landfill capacity. Commercial soil blending operations can use foundry sand
to produce horticultural soils, topsoil, potting soil and turf mixes. However, chemically bonded sands are used
by foundries in their core making operations and, therefore, waste FSs may contain a number of residual
organic compounds of environmental concern. In addition to organics, FSs are known to contain a number of
metals. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to fully characterize FSs and blended FS products before
they can be
used beneficially and safely in the environment. The overall objective of the Foundry Sand Project
is to identify the benefits and risks of using FS in agricultural and horticultural applications. Specific goals are
to 1) characterize green sands from foundries throughout the U.S. and determine if a relationship between
the foundry process, core binder type and presence of organic residuals can be established, 2) determine if
treatment or blending of waste foundry sands with other byproducts such as manures, biosolids or composts
will reduce the extractability and movement potential of harmful constituents, and 3) determine if various
foundry sand blends present a risk to soil microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. 2. List the milestones
(indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Months of study from project initiation (CRIS initiated May
2005): 12 months - National study to characterize organics and metals in foundry green sands. 24 months -
Column studies to assess the
leaching potential of foundry sand constituents. 42 months - Greenhouse
studies to assess the risk of foundry sand blends to soil microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. 60 months
- Final evaluation of results and complete beneficial use guidelines. 3a List the milestones that were
scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met,
or not met. If not met, why. 1. Assessed the impact of foundry sand blends on soil microorganisms. Milestone
Fully Met 2. Initiated work on national study to characterize foundry green sands. Milestone Substantially Met
3. Initiated work to assess the risk of foundry blends to earthworms and plants. Milestone Substantially Met
4. Initiated studies to assess the saturated hydraulic conductivity of various foundry sand blends. Milestone
Substantially Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007,
and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year,
over the next 3 years under each milestone? FY
2006: Complete national foundry sand characterization study and greenhouse studies. Results from these
studies is critical to the development of beneficial use guidelines. This information is of extreme importance
to state regulators since they do not have the resources to conduct such studies. FY 2007: Complete column
leaching studies. Studies will help determine the extractability and movement potential of any harmful
organic constituents in waste foundry sands and in sands blended with organic byproducts. FY 2008: Initiate
writing of beneficial use guidelines. The guidelines will help state and federal regulators in developing,
reviewing and/or improving regulatory structures that simultaneously ensure environmental protection and
encourage beneficial use of green sands. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past
year? A possible use of waste foundry sands is as an ingredient in manufactured soils; however,
potentially
harmful metals and resin binders (used to make cores) may adversely impact the soil microbial community.
Stress on the microbial community can indicate a potential threat to plant, animal and human health. In this
study, the microbial activity of soil amended various amounts of molding sand (clay-coated sand known as
green sand) or core sands was determined. The green sands were obtained from iron, aluminum and brass
foundries; the core sands were made with various organic polymers typically used by the foundry industry.
Overall, incremental additions of these sands resulted in a decrease in the microbial activity. A brass green
sand, which contained high concentrations of the heavy metals copper, lead and zinc, severely impacted the
microbial activity. In contrast, the microbial activity in soil amended with an aluminum green sand was much
higher than soil alone. In core sand-amended soil, the microbial activity generally decreased as the blending
ratio was
increased; however, by the end of the experiment the microbial activities were generally found to
be higher than in green sand-amended soil. The microbial activity is a sensitive indicator of environmental
stress caused foundry sand constituents and may be useful to assess which foundry sands are suitable for
beneficial use in the environment. 4d Progress report. This new project is a continuation of the expired
project (1265-12000-030- 00D), so this information reflects that. Standards, knowledge of sand limitations,
and guidelines are needed for developing soil blends using waste foundry sand that perform as safe growth
medium and that are environmentally safe. All collaborators agree that meeting the objectives of the
following Specific Cooperative Agreements (SCAs) will strengthen and enhance ongoing research within the
scope of these agreements and within the USDA-ARS foundry sand research program. The following SCAs are
associated with project no. 1265-12000-035-00D: The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH (project no.
1265-12000-030-01S) . Completed a foundry sand inventory of the Great Lakes region. This inventory was
designed to address many of the factors affecting the beneficial reuse of foundry sand as identified in a
review of state practices and regulations. The concept of the foundry sand inventory was developed in part to
help potential users make contact with foundry sand generators. Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, PA (project no. 1265- 12000-030-02S). Completed a greenhouse column experiment entitled Use of
Spent foundry Sands in Manufactured Topsoils: Assessment of Transport and Availability of Trace Metal and
Organic Contaminants and Nutrient Dynamics in the Topsoil Environment. The results indicated that there
were no potential environmental concerns from the spent foundry sands utilized in the experiment. Foundry
Industry Recycling Starts Today, Inc. (FIRST), Mill River, MA (project no. 1265-12000-030-03S). FIRST acts
as a liaison between the foundry industry and USDA-ARS. FIRST was instrumental in coordinating the
national foundry sand characterization study that was initiated in June 2005. Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN (project no. 1265-12000-030-05S). This is a new SCA added to investigate three key issues
that are fundamental to the use of foundry sands in agricultural and urban soil applications. The first issue
relates to the physical and mineralogical properties of the foundry sand particle size separates. The second
and third issues relate to erosion characteristics of land-applied foundry sand and blended products and their
ability to support plant growth, respectively. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the
project, including their predicted or actual impact. No major accomplishments have been completed over the
life of this project since it is a new project starting FY 2005. However, several significant research
experiments have been completed or initiated
since the inception of the project. In the next three years the
data collected from this project will be used to assist state regulatory agencies in developing beneficial use
guidelines for waste foundry sands. Successful beneficial use of foundry sands will help divert millions of tons
of waste sand from landfills and potentially save the foundry industry millions of dollars in disposal costs. 6.
What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or
technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? No science and/or
technologies have been transferred during FY 2005. 7. List your most important publications in the popular
press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer
reviewed publications below). Presentations: Guidelines on the Beneficial Use of
Foundry Sands for
Agriculture and Horticulture are Needed. 4th Annual Conference of the Great Lakes Byproducts Management
Association. Chicago, IL, December 2-3, 2004. An Overview of the USDA-ARS Foundry Sand Initiative. 17th
AFS Environmental, Health & Safety Conference. Dearborn, MI, August 21-24, 2005.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications
Dungan, R.S., Reeves III, J.B. 2005. Pyrolysis of foundry sand resins: a determination of organic
products by mass spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 40:1557-1567.