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Use of waste foundry sand as fine Aggregates for

structural
aggregates for structural concrete

concrete – A review
Manjunatha M. and Rakshith S.G.K.
Department of Civil Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, India
Received 28 September 2020
Revised 16 December 2020
Accepted 4 March 2021
Abstract
Purpose – Waste foundry sand (WFS) is a by-product of the metal casting industries and is used for land
filling purposes. Disposing of waste creates problems to environment and increases disposal values. To
reduce environmental pollutions and solving disposal problems, several authors in worldwide are carried out
research work by partial and complete replacing of natural sand with WFS in concrete mixtures. It is found
that WFS can be used for production of structural grade concrete. The mechanical characteristics and flexural
properties of RC beams has been reviewed in this paper. From this literature review, it has been noticed that
there are improvements in concrete strength properties with WFS.
Design/methodology/approach – The results of various properties of concrete have been discussed in
this review articles such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of
elasticity, SEM micro-structures and flexural strength properties of RC beams.
Findings – From the literature review, it is found that there is gap of research on flexural behavior of
reinforced concrete beam with WFS.
Originality/value – By using WFS effectively, the environmental pollutions and dumping of waste can be
reduced. WFS can be successfully used in structural concrete members.
Keywords Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Modulus of elasticity, Waste foundry sand,
Micro-structure, Split tensile strength
Paper type Literature review

1. Introduction
Foundry sand is a by-product of ferrous and nonferrous metal casting industries. Foundry
industries efficaciously reprocess and reclaim the sand several times. Whenever the sand is not
suitable and cannot be reused after several repetitions, it can be discarded from the foundry
industry and it is known as waste foundry sand (WFS). The physical and chemical properties of
WFS varying with casting process and depending on foundry sectors. The automobile
manufacturing sectors are the main producers of foundry waste sand and its foundries purchases
high quality silica sand for molding and casting process. The WFS are mainly categorized as
green sand and chemically bonded sand which mainly depends on types of binders used in metal
casting but its physical properties and environmental characteristics are dissimilar. Green sand is
comprises of high quality silica sand (85%–95%) bentonite clay (4%–10%) as a binder, a
carbonaceous additive (2%–10%) to improve finishing casting surfaces of metal and water (2%–
5%). It is black in color because of presences of carbon content. Chemically bonded sands are
used in core making where high strengths are necessary to with stand heat of molten metal and
in mold making. It consists of an organic binder and activated by catalyst. Chemically bonded
sands are light in color when compared to clay bonded sands (Siddique et al., 2009).
In India, around 2 million tons of WFS is produced every year. The benefits of using Journal of Engineering, Design
and Technology
WFS as alternative to river sand in concrete reduces the landfill problem and related © Emerald Publishing Limited
1726-0531
disposal charges. The viable source of revenue from waste transmuted to a valuable DOI 10.1108/JEDT-09-2020-0390
JEDT derivative or raw material for another process which reduces the demand for natural
aggregates and mining resources. The concrete comprises of various ingredients like binder,
fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. For several decades, a river sand has been used in
concrete production as a fine aggregates. Because of increase in population and development
of country, the demand for natural resources has increased. The extraction of natural
aggregates from quarry site (including both coarse and fine aggregates) and productions
has been reached about 40 billion tones in 2014. Now, many researcher have taken up the
research work to overcome the burden and demand for natural aggregates by using the
industrial wastes which leads to substantial development in whole energy efficiency and
environmental performance. Effective utilizations of foundry products in concrete not only
reduces the dumping problems and but also concrete cost.

1.1 Physical properties of waste foundry sand

The physical properties of WSF are reported by various authors are presented in Table 1.

1.2 Chemical composition of waste foundry sand

Chemical compositions of WFS reported by various authors are tabulated in Table 2.
Depending upon the variety of metal, binder and flammable used, the chemical composition
of WFS might be varying and it is more influences on its performance. The sand materials
obtained from a foundry shows significant variation over time. WFS comprises of higher
silicon oxide content and is coated with skinny layer of burnt carbon, dirt and residual
bentonite binder, soft coal or chemicals or resins. Because of existence of silicon oxide
content and its deliquescent property it draws water to its surface. The natural sand is
having higher percentage of silicon oxide content than WFS (Basar and Deveci Aksoy,
2012).

1.3 Water absorption and workability

Water absorption is one of parameters which influence the workability and concrete
strength. Eknath et al. has made comparative studies on fresh properties and hardened
properties of concrete with ferrous and non-ferrous WFS at proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%
and 30% and assessments were carried on M20 grade concrete. The concrete mixes with
ferrous and nonferrous WFS shows lower values of slump because of impurities, binder
materials and higher water absorption (Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al., 2018; Salokhe and
Desai, 2014; Monosi et al., 2010). Khatib et al. (2013) observed that there is increase in water
absorption with increase in WFS contents and indicates rise in volumes of pores. It is also
observed that WFS contents and curing age is also increases water absorption Khatib et al.
(2013) and Khatib et al. (2010). Janardhanan and Ramasamy (2015) reported that geo-
polymer concrete is manufactured by using GGBFS and bottom ash and 50% of WFS shows
lower water absorption values. Water absorption of different grades of geo-polymer concrete
of M30, M35, M40, M50 and M55 is lower when compared to specified limit for good concrete
is 3%. All the geo-polymer mixes has lower water absorption rates and decreases with
respect to concrete grade. It also found that by using fungal treated WFS added as a sand
replacement at proportions of 10%, 15% and 20%. There is decrease in porosity of about
45.9% and water absorption of about 68.8% of referral concrete. Fungal treated WFS show
less water absorption than untreated WFS (Kaur et al., 2012).
 Prabhu Thiruvenkitam
Physical properties Siddique et al. (2011) Siddique et al. (2012) et al. (2014) Siddique et al. (2009) Manoharan et al. (2018) Aggarwal (2014)
3
Density kg/m 1,638 2 1,576 1,520 1,811 1,638
Specific gravity 2.61 2.18 2.24 2.2 2.36 2.61
Moisture content (%) – 0.11 – 0.60 –
Water absorption (%) 1.3 0.42 1.13 1.3 0.9 –
Fineness modulus 1.78 1.89 – 1.6 2.37 1.78
Particles below 75 mm (%) 18 2 8 8 – –
Clay and friable particles (%) 0.90 0.80 – 0.9–3 1.4 –

various authors
of WFS reported by
concrete

Physical properties
Table 1.
structural
Aggregates for
JEDT Sahmaran Basar and Deveci Singh and Siddique Prabhu Aggarwal
Constituents et al. (2011) Aksoy (2012) (2012a, 2012b) et al. (2014) (2014)

SiO2 76.0 81.85 83.8 87.48 78.81

Al2O3 4.45 10.41 0.81 4.93 6.32
Fe2O3 5.06 1.82 539 1.31 4.83
CaO 3.56 1.21 1.42 0.22 1.88
MgO 1.98 1.97 0.86 0.18 1.95
SO3 – 0.84 0.21 0.07 0.05
MnO 0.46 – 0.047 – –
Table 2.
TiO2 0.17 – 0.22 – –
Chemical K2O 1.20 0.494 1.14 – –
composition of WFS P2O5 0.04 – – – –
reported by various Na2O 0.38 0.764 0.87 – –
authors LOI 5.85 6.93 – 5.81 2.15

2. Results and discussions

2.1 Effect of waste foundry sand on compressive strength
Many authors are reported the properties of concrete specimen’s compressive strength with
various percentage of WFS are presented in Figure 1. Siddique and Sandhu (2009), reported
the effect of WFS content in concrete at proportions of 10%, 20% and 30%. It is observed
that compressive strength increases in the range of 8% and 19%, it depends on WFS content
and age factor. As the age of curing and WFS content increases, the compressive strength is
increases up to 30% WFS content. It is observed that when treated used foundry sand
(TUFS) were partially replaced with natural fine aggregates, there is increase in strength

Gurpreet Singh et al., 2012 G. Ganesh Prabhu et al., 2014

Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al., 2018 Gurumoorthy et al., 2018
Y. Aggarwal et al., 2014 R. Siddique et al., 2013
H.M. Basar et al., 2012 G. Kaur et al., 2012
Rafat Siddique et al., 2009
60

50
Compressive strength N/mm2

40

30

20

Figure 1. 10
Compressive strength
of concrete mixtures 0
with various levels of 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
WFS content
Percentage of WFS
between 4% and 11% at 28 days and 9% and 17% at 90 days. For 30% TUFS, the Aggregates for
compressive strength is maximum than the control mix (Gurumoorthy and Arunachalam structural
(2016). Singh and Siddique (2012a, 2012b), reported that compressive strength increases
with increase in WFS content at the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. It shows that
concrete
concrete specimens with WFS content the 28-days compressive strength increases by 8.3%–
17%. Compressive strength is maximum with 15% WFS at 28 days, 91 days and 365 days.
Beyond 15% WFS content, the compressive strength starts declining (Siddique et al., 2009
and Singh and Siddique, 2012a, 2012b). Compressive strength is observed to be increases by
replacing the river sand by WFS up to 15% in SCC. The results also shows that it gains high
early age strength at 7 days and 28 days for 15% WFS contents when compared to the
control mix (Siddique, 2013).
Kaur et al. (2012), studied the effect of used fungal treated WFS at proportions of 10%,
15% and 20% and reported that there is 15.6% increase in compressive strength at 28 days.
It is found that 10% fungal treated WFS shows higher compressive strength than that of
untreated WFS. Beyond 10%, there is slight decrease in compressive strength of both fungal
treated and untreated WFS when compare to control mix (Kaur et al., 2012 and Prabhu et al.,
2014). Basar and Deveci Aksoy (2012), found that compressive strength of ready mix
concrete by using WFS with various proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. RMC with
10% and 20% WFS exhibits similar results with that of referral mix. Beyond 20% WFS in
RMC shows slight decrease in strength when compared to referral mix (Basar and Deveci
Aksoy, 2012 and Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al., 2018). Khatib et al. (2010) replaced fine
aggregates by WFS in different proportion of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, it is
observed a systematic decrease in compressive strength in all WFS replacement. Aggarwal
and Siddique (2014), observed the effect of BA and WFS in equal quantities as fine sand in
different proportions, i.e. 0%–60% in concrete mixtures. Concrete with inclusion of 15%
WFS and 15% bottom ash, it shows good results among all other replacement levels of 0%–
60%. It is found that there is 13.29% increase in strength from 28 days to 90 days for control
mix, whereas for WFS and BA mixes shows incremental in strength from 14.5% to 23.90%.
There is 6.76% increase in strength in control mix at the ages of 90 and 365 days.

2.2 Effect of waste foundry sand on splitting tensile strength

The results of split tensile strength (STS) of concrete specimens with WFS reported by
various authors are presented in Figure 2. Siddique et al. (2007), reported the effect of WFS
on STS at proportions of 10%, 20% and 30%. It is found that there is consistent increases in
STS when compared to referral mix up to 12%, 14% and 20% at respective replacement
levels. Split tensile strength is higher at 30% WFS content when compared to control mix.
There is marginal increase in 28 days splitting tensile strength between 3.6% and 9% as
WFS content increases. STS increases between 6.5% and 14.5% with WFS content it
depends on testing age (Siddique et al., 2009). It is found that there is increase in STS
between 4% and 11% depending upon TUFS content at 28 days and 5% and 14% at
90 days. STS is higher at 30% TUFS contents when compared to control mix (Gurumoorthy
and Arunachalam, 2016). Singh and Siddique (2012a, 2012b), reported that increase in STS
of concrete with increase in WFS contents at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. It
shows that the specimens with WFS increases the 28-days STS by 3.6%–10.4%.
Compressive strength is maximum with 15% WFS at 28, 91 and 365 days. After 15%, it
starts decreasing in compressive strength (Siddique and Sandhu, 2012 and Singh and
Siddique, 2012a, 2012b). Similarly, by replacing river sand by WFS in self-compacting
concrete (SCC) shows increase in compressive strength up to 15% WFS content. The result
JEDT Rafat Siddique et al., 2009
G. Ganesh Prabhu et al., 2014
Gurumoorthy et al., 2018
R. Siddique et al., 2013
5
Gurpreet Singh et al., 2012
Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al., 2018
Y. Aggarwal et al., 2014
H.M. Basar et al., 2012

4
Split tensile strength N/mm2

1
Figure 2.
Split tensile strength
of concrete mixtures
0
with various levels of
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
WFS content
Percentage of WFS

also shows that it gains high early age strength at 7 and 28 days for 15% WFS content,
when compared to control mix (Siddique and Sandhu, 2013).
Basar and Deveci Aksoy (2012), reported that the STS of concrete by using WFS in ready
mix concrete (RMC) at various proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. RMC with 10%
WFS exhibited slightly lower results than that of referral mix. There is constant decrease in
STS with increase in WFS content (Basar and Deveci Aksoy, 2012; Pathariya et al., 2013 and
Prabhu et al., 2014). Similarly, there is decrease in STS up to 19.32% as compared to control
mix at 50% WFS content (Prabhu et al., 2014). Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al. (2010)
reported the effect of WFS on split tensile strength of concrete at proportions of 5%, 10%,
15%, 20% and 25%. It is found that STS is decreased after 20% addition of WFS and also
affects other concrete properties. For 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% WFS replacement levels, it
shows increase in STS than that of referral mix and STS is higher at 20% WFS content.
Aggarwal and Siddique (2014), studied the effect of BA and WFS in equal quantities as
partial replacement of natural sand in various percentages, i.e. 0%–60% in concrete
mixtures. Variation of STS is 0.062 to 0.080, 0.062 to 0.078, 0.061 to 0.076 and 0.052 to 0.075
times the compressive strength at ages of 7, 28, 90 and 365 days, respectively. Similar
studies made by Siddique et al. (2011), the results of STS without bottom ash and with WFS
in concrete mixes, it shows that with 30%, 40% and 50% WFS content, STS will be
increases by 24.03%, 19.23% and 14.42% at 28 days. Further increases with increase in
curing age. Whereas, at 10%, 20% and 60% WFS, it shows decrease in STS by 11.5%, 4.8%
and 17.30%, respectively, when compare to control mix.

2.3 Effect of waste foundry sand on flexural strength

Results of flexural strength (FS) of concrete mixtures with WFS reported by various authors
are presented in Figure 3. Siddique and Sandhu (2009), studied the effect of WFS in concrete
 Rafat Siddique et al., 2009 Aggregates for
G. Ganesh Prabhu et al., 2014
structural
Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al., 2018
Gurumoorthy et al., 2018
concrete
Y. Aggarwal et al., 2014
6
Flexural strength N/mm2

Figure 3.
2 Flexural strength of
concrete mixtures
1 with various levels of
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
WFS content
Percentage of WFS

at proportions of 10%, 20% and 30%. It is found that there is increase in FS in the range of
7% and 12%, it depends on WFS content and testing age. With curing age and WFS content
FS increases up to 30% replacement level. When TUFS used as fine aggregate, FS increases
in the range of 5% and 13% at 28 days and 8% and 17% at 90 days (Gurumoorthy and
Arunachalam, 2016).For 30% TUFS level, it shows higher compressive strength than
control mix and other TUFS replacement levels (Gurumoorthy and Arunachalam, 2016) [9].
Ganesh Prabhu et al. (2014) reported that the effect of WFS from aluminum casting industry
on FS of concrete. It is observed that the strength rate decreases after 20% TUFS. At
28 days, control mix shows the FS of 4.087 N/mm2, whereas foundry sand replaced at levels
of 10%, 20% and 30%, the strength gain is 3.986, 3.988 and 3.879 N/mm2 respectively, it is
2.47%, 2.42% and 5.08% lesser values when compared to control mix. Aggarwal and
Siddique (2014), reported the effect of WFS and BA in equal quantities as fine aggregates
(0–60%) in concrete mixtures, it is found that, the FS for 30% WFS mixture is 4.34 N/mm2
and its result is comparable to control mix is 4.44 N/mm2. Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al.
(2018) studied the effect of WFS on STS at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. It
is found that as WFS content increases flexural strength also increases .Flexural strength is
maximum at 20% WFS at 28 days and decreases with further addition of WFS.

2.4 Effect of waste foundry sand on modulus of elasticity

Results of MOE of specimens with WFS were reported by various authors are presented in
Figure 4. Siddique and Sandhu (2009) reported the effect of WFS at different proportion of
10%, 20% and 30%. It is found that MOE increases in the range of 5% and 12%. MOE is
also increases with curing age. Concrete mixture with 30% WFS content shows higher
modulus of elasticity. Singh and Siddique (2012a, 2012b), reported that increase in MOE of
concrete with increase in WFS content at proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. It is found
that MOE of concrete is maximum at 15% WFS at 28, 91 and 365 days. There is increase in
MOE by 1.7%–6.4% which depends content of WFS. After 15% WFS, there is decline in
MOE irrespective of curing age (Siddique and Sandhu, 2012 and Singh and Siddique, 2012a,
2012b). Similarly tests were conducted on two mixes M20 and M30 grade of concrete with
various WFS content. However, M20 grade concrete shows higher MOE value than M30
JEDT Rafat Siddique et al., 2009
G. Ganesh Prabhu et al., 2014
Thiruvenkitam Manoharan et al., 2018
Gurpreet Singh et al., 2012
40

30
Modulu of elascity N/mm2

20

Figure 4. 10
Modulus of elasticity
of concrete mixes
0
with various levels of
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
WFS content
Percentage of WFS

grade for all replacement levels of WFS content. For 5, 10 and 15% WFS content it shows
increase in MOE than that of control mix (Siddique and Sandhu, 2012). Prabhu et al.,
reported that there is decrease in the MOE of specimens with WFS and consistent to
compressive strength.

3. Observation by scanning electron microscopy

3.1 Effect of waste foundry sand on microstructure of concrete mixes
Monosi et al. (2010) and Sahmaran et al. (2011) observed themicrostructures of WFS
particles, it reveals that WFS is sub-angular to round in shape. Aggarwal and Siddique
(2014) studied the micro-structures of concrete with WFS and BA as fine aggregates up to
60% levels. By addition of BA and WFS in equal quantities of 10%, it reduces the pore
structures of specimens and CSH gel is not extensively distributed than referral mix.
Microstructure of specimens with 60% (BA and WFS) indicates the crumbling of specimens
because of presence of BA and WFS particles, less and uneven CSH gel formation also
occurred, leading to lower strength of mix. Gurumoorthy and Arunachalam (2016) studied
the microstructures of treated WFS (TUFS). From microstructure observations, the
specimens with TUFS indicates the reduction of pores and CSH gel is distributed finely and
uniformly across the mixture which leads to a decrease in porosity and hence strength is
improved. Better CSH gel spread and nodule formation have been observed to increase in the
range of 10% to 40% TUFS mix and to a maximum of 30% TUFS mix. Mavroulidou and
Lawrence (2019) reported that WFS provides good quality concrete with sufficient strength
and appropriate consistency.

4. Flexural behavior of RC beam

The results of various authors about flexural behavior of RC beams are presented in Table 3.

4.1 Summary of literature review

Most of the authors reported an increase in compressive strength, STS, FS and MOE with
WFS content up to 20%. Micro-structure studies reveals that the voids decreases with WFS
Authors Type of materials Beam dimensions in mm Reinforcement Result

Rashid and Mansur Ready mix concrete 250  400  3,400 Tensile reinforcement  Maximum crack width is not much
(2005) percentage affected by the tensile reinforcement ratio at
1.25% to 4.7%. service load, but as concrete strength
Compression increases crack width also increases
reinforcement percentage  The ductility of beam increases with an
0.3% to 0.94% increase in concrete strength for a fixed
amount of reinforcement
Kumar et al. (2007) Crushed sandstone is used 150  235  3,000 Tensile reinforcement  The crushed sandstone with SF increased
as coarse and fine 1.34–3.14% compression the compressive strength and MOE. But
aggregate together with reinforcement ratio is higher fines reduced the FS of concrete
silica fume (SF) fixed 0.33% for all beams  Ultimate moment capacity was increased
by 14%–30% of controlled concrete beam
 Under service load, the determined crack
width for durability specifications indicated
by codes was well within permissible limit
Ryoichhi Sato et al. Recycled aggregate 200  150  2,800 Longitudinal  Deflection of beam made with recycle
(2007) reinforcement aggregate is higher than reference beam.
Ratio is 0.59%–1.65%  Compression strength is 0.55–0.8 times
than that of referral beam.
 Crack width was greater in beam made
with recycle aggregate
Zaki et al. (2011) Steel slag as coarse 150  150  1,850 Tension reinforcement  Shows good ductile behavior of RC beam
aggregate and silica fume ratio beams were casted, i. with steel slag and tension reinforcement
in cement (13%) e. 0.9%, 1.95%, 3.6% and ratio up to 3.6%
4.3%  Beam made with these aggregate shows
approximately equal concrete strengths that
of referral beam
Adom-Asamoah and Phyllite coarse aggregates 225  110 depth and wide Tension reinforcement  Early shear cracks and higher flexural
Afrifa (2011) produced as by-product of four different beam ratio 1% (2 of 12 bars), crack width formed in beam at service load,
underground gold mining lengths (1,400mm, 1.5% (3 of 12 bars) 2% (4 which was higher than the permissible limit
activity 1,700mm, 2,000mm and of 12 bars)  Deflections are within the code
2,400mm) requirement, but the ductility is low
(continued)

by various authors
concrete

Table 3.
structural

behavior of RC
Summary of flexural
Aggregates for

beams are reported

 JEDT

Table 3.
Authors Type of materials Beam dimensions in mm Reinforcement Result

Arivalagan (2013) Replacement of Copper 150  150  900 2–12 mm diameter bars  Replacement of copper slag shows
Slag as Fine Aggregate bottom and top 6 mm increase in FS of beam by 21% to 51%
stirrups @180mm c/c  Beam shows increase in deflection with
copper slag
Ignjatovic et al. (2013) Recycled aggregate (RA) 300  200  3,500 Tension reinforcement  Comparison to reference beams,
0.28, 1.46, and 2.54% theflexural behavior of RA beam is
satisfactory
 Deflection is slight higher
than referral beam
Sagar and GGBS as cement and slag 200  130  1,400 Longitudinal  The flexural test results shows that
Balakrishna (2014) sand as fine aggregate reinforcement cracking moment increases by 23.38% for
0.72%–1.03% 0.72% tensile reinforcement and increases
by 34.90% for 1.03% tensile reinforcement
 In accordance with IS: 456 – 2,000 the
estimated service load crack width is
0.1212 mm and 0.127 mm and the average
beam experimental crack width is
0.2081 mm and 0.176 mm. This indicates
that the crack width of the tested beams
was within the permissible limits
Mohammed et al. Palm oil clinker (POC) 300  150  2,400 Longitudinal  Reinforced concrete palm oil clinker (POC)
(2014) aggregates Reinforcement 0.34%– beam flexural behavior shows equivalent
2.21% results with other forms of light weight
concrete and indicates that POC can be used
as an aggregate for manufacture of LW
structural concrete
 The crack width under service loads for
POC concrete beam is 0.24 mm to 0.3 mm
and within the allowable limit as stated by
BS8110 for durability
(continued)
Authors Type of materials Beam dimensions in mm Reinforcement Result

Arezoumandi et al. 100% recycled concrete 460  300  3,300 Longitudinal  Recycled concrete aggregate beams
(2015) aggregate(RCA) reinforcement 0.47% and exhibits equal ultimate flexural strength to
0.64% that of reference beams and shows around
13% greater deflection compared to referral
beams’ ultimate FS
 In terms of crack progression and crack
morphology, the recycled concrete
aggregate beams shows cracks whose
spacing closer than referral beam
Jayaranjini and Fly-ash, silica fume and 1.  125  3,200 Longitudinal steel ratio  Inclusion of 10% silica fume and 10%
Vidivelli (2017) metakaolin as a binder to was metakaolin and 20% bottom ash as fine
cement and bottom ash as 1.23% aggregates exhibits 60% increase in load
sand 3 no. of 12 mm diameter at carrying capacity
the tension side
3no. of 10 mm as hanger
bars and 8 mm two
Legged stirrups at
150 mm c/c
Raju and Dharmar Partially replacing cement 250  150  3,200 10mm dia of 3no. and 2no.  With 80 to 100% Cu slag as fine
(2019) by fly ash from 0 to 30% are used as tension bars aggregates and 30% FA as binder materials
with 10% increment and as well as hanger bar shows increase in compressive strength and
natural sand is replaced load bearing capacity of RCB
by Cu slag from 0 to
100% at the rate of 20%
increment
concrete

Table 3.
structural
Aggregates for
JEDT in concrete. TUFS in concrete decreases the porous and CSH-gel paste is distributed finely
and uniformly across the concrete mixes and hence the strength is improved. Many authors
are conducted research work to study the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams
with different types of aggregates like crushed sandstone, recycled aggregate, steel slag,
phyllite aggregates, copper slag and GGBS as fine aggregate. From the literature review, it
is found that there is gap of research and lack of information on flexural behavior of
reinforced concrete beam with WFS.

5. Conclusion
From the literature review, it is concluded that by using WFS in the place of natural sand
partially will shows very good compressive strength, STS, FS and MOE of concrete. It has
come to know that concrete with WFS content between 10% and 30% shows comparable
and good results when compared to control concrete. It is found that concrete produced with
WFS shows increasing in compressive strength and STS upto 5%–20%. By properly using
the WFS in concrete solves the disposal problems and dumping over the open land.
However, the reviewed results suggests that WFS can appropriately be used in production
of structural grade concrete.

References
Adom-Asamoah, M. and Afrifa, R.O. (2011), “Investigation on the flexural behavior of reinforced
concrete beams using phyllite aggregates from mining waste”, Materials and Design, Vol. 32
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Aggarwal, Y. and Siddique, R. (2014), “Microstructure and properties of concrete using bottom ash and
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Arezoumandi, M., Smith, A., Volz, J.S. and Khayat, K.H. (2015), “An experimental study on flexural
strength of reinforced concrete beams with 100% recycled concrete aggregate”, Engineering
Structures, Vol. 88, pp. 154-162.
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Corresponding author
Manjunatha M. can be contacted at: manjunath.rkn@gmail.com

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