The OSI-Model

By. Eng. Ayman Boghdady

 OSI-Model

• logical model describe the communication between the

source and destination
• The OSI-model is a model to make networks compatible
• it's one of the BEST ways to teach people about networks
• Why need it
❑ OSI help troubleshooter to discover where is the problem or where is the
error
❑ OSI help developer to develop and update a new product

• Types of communication in OSI model

❑ Between different layers in the same OSI model
❑ Between same layers in different OSI models

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 OSI-Model

• No sending data pure

• Must add some header to data
• At Source - ->> add header to data = = encapsulation
• At Destination - ->> remove header = =de-encapsulation
• Sending data in several stages called layers
• Each layer add its own header and be input to the next layer

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OSI-Model

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

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 OSI-Model

• Physical Layer
– Physical connectors
– Provides access to the cables
– Everything you can “touch” since it's physical

• Data Link
– Add MAC Addresses (Physical Address)
– Ensure data is delivered reliably “error detection”

• Network
– Add IPv4 and IPv6
– Path selection (routing)

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 OSI-Model

• Transport
– Describe how data is sent
– Define Port # used
– TCP : it's a protocol which send data in a reliable way
– UDP : it's a protocol which sends data in an unreliable way

Networking

Applications

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 OSI-Model

• Transport

– Reliable - -> every thing I sent is acknowledge ‘delivery report “

- -> when a pc did not receive an acknowledge, will sent the
packet again

– UnReliable - -> will not resend the dropped packets again

- -> real time application “Voice , Video”

– Port Number : the server need to know the received fame application
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 OSI-Model

• Session
– Enable end-to-end bidirectional flow between endpoints
– Start & end sessions
– Keep sessions separate

• Presentation
– Convert data to standard format before transmission
– Data Compression, decompression, encryption & decryption

• Application
– Interface that allow application
– E-mail, browsing the web (HTTP), FTP and many others

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 OSI-Model

• on your computer and you want to access a website

1. Open your web browser and type in the URL of that website
2. Presentation layer will Format the data in a standard format
3. Session layer will make sure to separate all the different sessions
4. Transport Layer will use a TCP and add “ source and destination port ”
5. Network Layer will add “ source and the destination IP address “
6. Data Link Layer will add “ source and destination MAC address “
7. Physical layer will convert everything into bits and sent down the cable
using electric signals

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 OSI-Model

Source Destination
encapsulation.

de-encapsulation
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 OSI-Model

Source Destination

Segments Port Number

Packet IP Address

Frame MAC Address

Bits

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TCP/IP Model

Designed and implemented by DOD “Department of Defence”,USA

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TCP/IP Model

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TCP/IP Model

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 Port Numbers
Port numbers 0 65535

• 0 - - > > 1023 • 1024 - - > > 65535

• Well Known • Dynamic port
• Run at the server • Run at client

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 Port Numbers

Well Known

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 The Transport Layer: TCP and UDP

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

• TCP is connection-oriented which means it will “setup” a

connection and then start transferring data

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 TCP

• Reliable protocol
– It will “setup” a connection before we start sending any data

❑ Computer A wants to send data to computer B in a reliable way

❑ setup the connection by using a 3-way handshake

1- Computer A will send a TCP SYN

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 TCP

• Reliable protocol
– It will “setup” a connection before we start sending any data

❑ Computer A wants to send data to computer B in a reliable way

❑ setup the connection by using a 3-way handshake

2- Computer B will respond to computer A by sending a SYN,ACK

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 TCP

• Reliable protocol
– It will “setup” a connection before we start sending any data

❑ Computer A wants to send data to computer B in a reliable way

❑ setup the connection by using a 3-way handshake

3- computer A will send an acknowledgement

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 TCP

• Computer A sends a TCP SYN. (I want to talk to you)

• Computer B sends a TCP SYN,ACK. (I accept that you want to talk to

me, and I want to talk to you as well)

• Computer A sends a TCP ACK. ( I accept that you want to talk to me)

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 TCP

TCP Header

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 UDP

• It operates on the transport layer of the OSI model

• Is a connectionless protocol, does not setup a
connection…just sends data
• Limited error correction because we have a checksum
• unreliable protocol
• No data-recovery features

UDP Header

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 TCP & UDP

• TCP • UDP
– Acknowledge – No Acknowledge
– No errors – Errors
– Slow – Fast
– Real time application
– No sequence numbers

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