3- Definitions

LAN & WAN

• LAN
– Single building or perhaps a campus area with multiple buildings is
what we call “local” area network or LAN
– Your own cables = = LAN

• WAN
– If you would have a connection to an ISP to connect your
headquarters network to a branch office
– The ISP is a carrier
Your own Cables
– PC1+ PC2 LAN
Carrier Cables
– LAN1+ LAN2 WAN

2
 Ethernet

• Ethernet describes the Data link layer but it has been split
up in two pieces

“LLC” which stands for Logical Link

Control
“MAC” which stands for “Media Access Control”

MAC sub layer :

- Here is our “MAC address”
- Taking care of channel access

3
 Half & Full Duplex

• full-duplex which means all devices can send and receive

at the same time
• half-duplex which means that only 1 computer was able
to send traffic and the others had to wait
– If two computers would start sending data at the exact same
moment? - - >> you get a collision!
– How we solve it = = >> CSMA/CD
– we need to make sure that whenever there's a collision
on the network we have a solution

4
 CSMA/CD

• CS = Carrier Sense
– Carrier sense means we can “listen” on the cable to hear if any other
computer is sending data at this moment

• MA = Multi Access
– Multi access means everyone can access our physical medium but it
has to be clear…

• CD = Collision Detection
– In case 2 computers send at the same time we have a collision,
since we can detect this (its Carrier sense)

5
 CSMA/CD

Sense
Jamming Signal

Is
Yes Collision Yes
Wait Media Sent
Happen
Free

No No

Sent

6
 CSMA/CD

• If a collision occurs - - > All currently sending nodes do the

following :
1. They send a jamming signal that tells all nodes that a collision
happened
2. They independently start a random time
3. When the random time elapses they retransmit

7
 Ethernet Addressing

• Media Access Control (MAC) addresses

• 6 Byte (48-bit)
• 12-digit hexadecimal numbers

8
 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cabling

• Devices Transmit on 1,2 & • Devices Transmit on 3,6 &

receive on 3,6 receive on 1,2
1. PC NIC 1. Hub
2. Router 2. Switches
3. Wireless Access Point
4. Network Printers