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1
 ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2017-2018)
M.E.C-4
o`f¼ ,oa fodkl dk vFkZ'kkL=k
(Economics of Growth and Development)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the

m
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100%

o
accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment.

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As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private Teacher/Tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be

.
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/

t
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date and exact

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r
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

in
uksVµlHkh iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,A Hkkx ^d* osQ lHkh iz'u 20 vadksa osQ gS (izR;sd dk mÙkj yxHkx 500 'kCnksa esa)] Hkkx ^[k* osQ

a
lHkh iz'u 12 vadksa osQ gSa (izR;sd dk mÙkj yxHkx 300 'kCnksa esa) nhft,A
Hkkx&d
ad
O;kikj&pØ dh mRifÙk dh O;k[;k djrk gSa\

ym e
iz'u 1- vkfFkZd o`f¼ esa gSjM&Mksekj ekWMy osQ cqfu;knh lq=khdj.kksa dh vkykspukRed tk¡p dhft,A gSjM ekWMy fdl izdkj
R
mÙkjµizksisQlj gSjkWM vius ekWMy esa ;g fn[kkus dk ;Ru djrs gS fd fdl izdkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa lrr o`f¼ ikbZ tk ldrh gSA
e
u d in s
tc ,d ckj lrr o`f¼ esa ck/k iM+ tkrh gS rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk vlarqfyr gks tkrh gS rks lap;h 'kfDr;k¡ bl fopyu dks cuk, j[kus

l
esa yxh jgrh gSa] ftlls nh?kZdkyhu voLiQhfr ;k LiQhfr gks ldrh gSA gSjkWM dk ekWMy o`f¼ dh rhu fHkUu njksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
n ok
t
izFke] G }kjk O;Dr okLrfod o`f¼ nj] ftls cpr vuqikr rFkk iw¡th&mRiknu vuqikr fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA ;g o`f¼ dh nj vYidkyhu
O bo
pØh; ifjorZuksa dks izdV djrh gSA nwljs] Gw }kjk O;Dr izekf.kr ifjo/Zu nj gS] tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vk; dh iw.kZ {kerk

iw.kZ jkstxkj nj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA s for -

o`f¼ nj gksrh gSA rhljs] Gn }kjk O;Dr LokHkkfod ifjo/Zu nj gS ftls gSjkWM ^dY;k.k&b"Vre* ekurk gSA bls o`f¼ dh laHkkO; vFkok

e E
.
1- okLrfod ifjo/Zu njµgSjkWM osQ ekWMy esa igyk lehdj.k gSµGC = s tgk¡ G nh gqbZ vof/ esa mRiknu dh o`f¼ dh nj
b d
gS rFkk ∆Y/Y }kjk O;Dr dh tk ldrh gS] c iw¡th esa fd;k x;k 'kq¼ ;ksx gS rFkk fuos'k dk vk; esa o`f¼ ls vuqikr osQ :i esa
n
we u a
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] vFkkZr I/∆Y rFkk s vkSlr cpr&izo`fÙk gS] vFkkZr s/YA
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2- izekf.kr ifjo/Zu njµgSjkWM dk nwljk vk/kjHkwr lehdj.k lrr mUufr osQ fy, larqyu fLFkfr;ksa dks O;Dr djrk gSSA

w Th
gSjkWM osQ vuqlkj] vHkh"V o`f¼&nj og nj gS] ftl ij tks oqQN Hkh mRiknd dj jgs gSa] larq"V gksaxsA vr% ;g o`f¼&nj eq[;r%
O;kikjh oxZ osQ O;ogkj ls lacaf/r gSA izekf.kr ifjo/Zu nj ij ek¡x bruh m¡Qph gksrh gS fd O;kikjh yksxkas us ftruk mRiknu fd;k

w
gksrk gS] csp ldrs gSa rFkk os mlh o`f¼ dh izfr'kr nj ls yxkrkj mRiknu djrs jgsaxsA bl izdkj lrr o`f¼ nj dk lehdj.k
gSµGwCr = s tgk¡] Gw, vHkh"V o`f¼&nj vFkok vk; dh o`f¼ dh iw.kZ {kerk nj gSA ;g ∆Y/Y dk ewY; gksrh gSA Cr ^iw¡th
vko';drk,¡* gSa tks o`f¼ dh vHkh"V nj dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, vko';d iw¡th dh ek=kk dks izdV djrh gSA
nh?kZdkyhu vlarqyuksa dk ewy :iµiw.kZ jkstxkj larqyu osQ fy, okLrfod o`f¼ nj (G) rFkk izekf.kr ifjo/Zu nj (Gw)
vo'; cjkcj gksuh pkfg, rFkk okLrfod iw¡th inkFkZ (c) bfPNr iw¡th inkFkZ (Cr) osQ cjkcj vo'; gksus pkfg, rHkh lrr o`f¼ lEHko
gSA G rFkk Gw osQ cjkcj ugha gksus ls vFkZO;oLFkk vlarqfyr jgsxhA nwljh vksj] ;fn G Gw ls de gS rks C Cr ls vf/d gksxkA ,slh
fLFkfr nh?kZdkyhu eanh ykrh gS D;ksafd vk; vFkZO;oLFkk] mRikndh; {kerk dh vis{kk /hjs&/hjs c<+rh gS] ifj.kker% iw¡th oLrqvksa
dh vf/drk (C > Cr) gks tkrh gSA vr% G vkSj Gw esa larqyu] Nqjh&/kj larqyu gS] D;ksafd tc ;g ,d ckj Hkax gks tkrk gS rks Lo;a
larqyu esa ugha vkrkA

2
 Gn. Cr ≅ s, Gn

Gn = Gw= G , G > Gw Gw
G < Gw Gw
Gw > Gn G Gw
(G) (Gn) GW

Gw <
Gn G Gw

o m
t . c g
a r d i n
a
s I Is
Re
e s Is
y m Iσ
I

∆Y = Iσ, σ=
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∆I I/α
s t r O
- b
∆Y

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I = αY I =Y
α
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u a ∴Y=I
1
α
∆Y = ∆I
1
α
.

w Th (∆ K/K) (∆ N/N)
∆ N/N=∆ K/K

3
 T
P

Per Capital Output

(çfr O;fDr mRiknu)
G
A

W α
E

N
B
Growth
rate of labour
(Je iwfrZ dh o`f¼)
O Capital-Labour
Ratio
(iw¡th&Je vuqikr)
K

o m
K
/N θ

t . c g
O

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OP
gSA iw¡th&Je vuqikr rFkk etnwjh&ykHk laca/ tkuus fy, ge fcanq N NT
i n OP α

OA OW
a d a WA EG
OK

(∆ K/K)
OW
ON ∆ N
N

e
Re EG
=
OW

y m
(∆ /K)
K

tan α=tan β
(∆ /N)
N
EG/EW

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EW ON

l in ks
t O
n oo u
∆ N/N>∆ K/K

s r - b
∆ K/K>∆ N/N

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fo E
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4
 vr% vkfFkZd o`f¼ dk laca/ ns'k dh izfr O;fDr vk; ;k mRiknu esa ,d ek=kkRed fujarj o`f¼ ls gS tks fd mldh Je 'kfDr]
miHkksx] iw¡th vkSj O;kikj dh ek=kk esa izlkj osQ lkFk gksrh gSA nwljh vksj] vkfFkZd fodkl ,d foLr`r /kj.kk gS] ;g vkfFkZd
vko';drkvksa] oLrqvksa] izsj.kkvkssa rFkk laLFkkvksa esa xq.kkRed ifjorZuksa ls lacaf/r gSA ;g izkS|ksfxdh rFkk lajpukRed ifjorZuksa] tSls
o`f¼ osQ varfuZfgr fu/kZjdksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA fodkl esa o`f¼ rFkk ßkl nksuksa lfEefyr gksrs gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk o`f¼ dj ldrh gS
ijarq fodkl ugha dj ldrh] D;ksafd izkS|ksfxdh vkSj lajpukRed ifjorZuksa osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k xjhch] csjkstxkjh rFkk vlekurk,¡
fujarj fo|eku jgrh gSa] ijarq izfr O;fDr mRiknu esa o`f¼ esa vHkko osQ dkj.k] fo'ks"kdj tc tula[;k rhoz xfr ls c<+ jgh gks] rks
vkfFkZd o`f¼ osQ fcuk fodkl osQ ckjs esa lkspuk Hkh dfBu gSA
vkfFkZd ifjo/Zu osQ rhu ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
1- vkfFkZd ifjo/Zu }kjk euq"; dks vf/d yksdksidkjokn dk lq[k iznku djus dk lqvolj izkIr gksrk gSA
2- vkfFkZd ifjo/Zu }kjk gesa vf/d vodk'k rFkk vf/d HkkSfrd laink vFkok nksuksa dk oqQN la;kstu Hkksxus dh Lora=krk izkIr
gksrh gSA vkfFkZd ifjo/Zu yksxksa dks osQoy [kk| mRiknu osQ ewyHkwr dk;Z ls eqDr djosQ vf/d tfVy ,oa jkspd vkfFkZd
fØ;kdykiksa esa Hkkx ysus dk lqvolj Hkh iznku djrk gSA

o m
3- vkfFkZd ifjo/Zu }kjk euq"; dk vius ifjos'k ij fu;a=k.k c<+rk gS rFkk mldh Lora=krk ,oa dk;Z{ks=k dk foLrkj gksrk gSA
iz'u 4- oS'ohdj.k dh ladYiuk ,oa fufgrkFkks± dks Li"V dhft,A blosQ ykHk ,oa nks"kksa dh Hkh ppkZ dhft,A

gSµ
a
g t . c
mÙkjµoS'ohdj.k ,d yksdfiz; 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gSµ¶leLr fo'o dks izHkkfor djuk¸A blosQ fufgrkFkZ fuEufyf[kr

r
1. varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk izlkjA
2. yksxksa dk LFkk;h iyk;uA
in
d a
3. c<+rs iSekus ij ns'kksa dh chp Hkqxrku osQ lkèkuksa dk vknku&iznkuA

a
4. ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa iw¡th izokg oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa esa enn djus gsrqA
5. foÙk fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp izokfgr gksrk gSA
6. ijaijkxr fuxeksa dk mn; gks jgk gSA
7. fizaV rFkk bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k dk izlkjA
e
Re
ym
u l n
8. fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp izkS|ksfxdh dk vknku&iznkuA
i ks
9. lHkh izdkj dh lsokvksa osQ mRiknu ,oa O;kikj esa lao`f¼A

n o
d
oS'ohdj.k osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSaµ
s t
la{ksi esa oS'ohdj.k osQ fufgrkFkZ gSaµlexz fo'o dks ,d gh cktkj ekudj O;kikj djuk] fo'o esa dgha Hkh lLrs lzksr ls

r
O bo
dPpk eky izkIr djus esa l{ke gksuk rFkk fo'o esa dgha Hkh laHko lokZfèkd ykxr lkFkZd rjhosQ ls fofuekZ.k esa l{ke gksukA

-
.e o E
1. oS'ohdj.k Je&xgu oLrqvksa rFkk Je&xgu rduhdksa osQ i{k esa ,d iw¡th vYi Je izpqj vFkZO;oLFkk esa] mRiknu ,oa
f
O;kikj izfreku dh iqul±jpuk esa enn djrk gSA
b d
2. cSafoaQx ,oa foÙkh; {ks=k dh oqQ'kyrk fons'kh iw¡th ,oa fons'kh cSadksa osQ fy, [kqy tkus osQ lkFk gh c<+ tk,xhA
n
we u a
3. ns'kh m|ksx fons'kh izfrLi¼kZ osQ izos'k rFkk vk;kr 'kqYd vojksèk gVk, tkus osQ lkFk gh vius ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa

H
ewY;&ßkleku ,oa ewY;&o¼u izHkkoksa osQ vèkhu gks tk,xkA

w Th
4. oS'ohdj.k osQ vHkko esa] ns'kh; m|ksx osQ nh?kZdkyhu laj{k.k osQ ykxr izkèkkjksa ij xaHkhj fo#i.kdkjh izHkko iM+rs gSa]
D;ksafd oS'ohdj.k vKkr vn{krk gVkus esa lgk;rk gksrk gSA

w 5. oS'ohdj.k ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa izfrLi¼kZ dk Lrj c<+krk gS] vkS|ksfxd ,oa fofufeZr oLrqvksa osQ lkis{k ewY; dks
?kVkrk gS] o`Qf"k esa O;kikj 'krks± dks lqèkkjus esa lgk;rk djrk gS] iw¡th&iznk vuqikr ?kVkus rFkk Je mRikndrk c<+kus esa
enn djrk gS] fu;kZr {ks=kksa ,oa fu;kZr osQ laLo`Qfr osQ fodkl esa lg;ksx nsrk gS rFkk vkus okys o"kks± esa vFkZO;oLFkk dh
vkSlr o`f¼ nj dks lgkjk nsdj Åij ys tkrk gSA
6. fons'kh i¡wth osQ izos'k osQ lkFk gh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa oqQy] ldy ,oa okLrfod fuos'k c<+ tk,xk rFkk ?kVs
iw¡th&iznk vuqikr osQ lkFk gh o`f¼ nj c<+ tk,xhA
oS'ohdj.k dh gkfu;k¡µ
1. fo'o dh oS'ohdj.k voLFkk,¡ O;aX;kRed :i ls ikl vkus dh ctk, ,d&nwljs ls nwj gks jgh gSa] ftlls nqcksZèk
vfLFkjdkjh izHkko mRiUu gksrk gSA
5
 2. oS'ohdj.k izfØ;k fo'o Lrj ij vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk ,d fo'kky iqu²orj.k gS tks mÙkjksÙkj jktuhfrd lÙkk osQ iqufoZrj.k
esa :ikarfjr gksrk gSA
3. oS'ohdj.k izfØ;k oqQN tkuh ekuh voèkkj.kkvksa dks pqukSrh nsrh gSA rFkk
4. oS'ohdj.k izfØ;k dh ekuoh; ,oa lkekftd ykxrs bl Lrj rd c<+ tkrh gS fd ogk¡ yksdra=k osQ lkekftd rarqvksa
dks vHkwriwoZ rjhosQ ls ij[kk tkrk gSA
iz'u 5- Økafrd U;wure iz;kl osQ fl¼kar dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A bldh lhekvksa dks Hkh mtkxj
dhft,A
mÙkjµØkafrd U;wure iz;Ru dk fl¼karµ;g fl¼kar rhu dkjdksaµizfr O;fDr vk;] tula[;k o`f¼ rFkk fuos'k osQ
eè; lacaèk ij vkèkkfjr gS rFkk gkosZ yhcsuLVhu osQ uke ls tqM+k gSA vk; l`tudkjh dkjd osQ vk; eUnu dkjd ls T;knk
'kfDr'kkyh gksus ij gh vFkZO;oLFkk esa o`f¼ laHko gSA izkjafHkd iz;Ru dh izkjafHkd Ük`a[kyk ,d U;wure vkdkj ls vfèkd gksuh

o m
pkfg,A yhcsuLVhu dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd ,ddLVªksd esa Økafrd U;wure dksf'k'k vko';d ugha gSA rFkk ^Økafrd* 'kCn bl
rF; dk lwpd gS fd fuos'k dks de&ls&de brus Lrj dk gksuk pkfg, fd nh?khZo`Qr lao`f¼ izkIr djus osQ fy, izfr O;fDr
vk; dks c<+k;k tk losQA
Økafrd U;wure ps"Vk osQ fy,µfuEufyf[kr dkjdksa }kjk Økafrd U;wure iz;Ru vko';d gks tkrk gSµ
1. mRiknu osQ oqQN dkjd vfoHkkT; gksrs gSaA

t .g
c
2. ckgjh ferO;f;rk dbZ m|ksxksa osQ chp ,d izdkj dh ikjLifjdrk rFkk var£uHkjrk fodflr gksus ij mRiUu gksrh gSA

a r
3. oqQN U;wure fuos'k dh vko';drk nh?khZo`Qr lao`f¼ vkjaHk djus osQ fy, gksrh gSA
in
4. lao`f¼ osQ oqQN egÙoiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.kksa dks fodflr djuk vko';d gksrk gS_ tSlsµykHk dk 'kfDr'kkyh izksRlkgu]
d
a
oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh izfØ;k dks izksUur djus dh rFkk m|e'khyrk osQ tksf[ke dks Lohdkj djus dh rRijrkA

m
mi;qZDr dkjdksa ls irk yxrk gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQN U;wure Lrj dk fuos'k vko';d gSA
Re
fl¼kar dh vkykspuk,¡µØkafrd U;wure iz;Ru dks NksVs iz;Ruksa esa [kafMr djuk ljy gS blfy, ;g fl¼kar ^fcx iq'k*

y
fl¼kar dh rqyuk esa vfèkd okLrfod gSA ijarq fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij bl fl¼kar dh vkykspuk dh tk ldrh gSµ
e
vkrh gSA

u
n ok
d in s
1. vk; esa o`f¼ dk tula[;k esa o`f¼ ij lhèks izHkko iM+rk gSA ijarq ,d fo'ks"k Lrj dh vk; osQ ckn tula[;k esa deh

l
t
2. ehUV oQk dFku gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; rFkk vk; lao`f¼ nj osQ chp iQyukRed lacaèk dh nks voLFkk,¡ gSaA igyh izfr

O bo
O;fDr vk; dk Lrj cpr rFkk fuos'k dh nj dks izHkkfor djrk gS rFkk nwljh foÙkh; voLFkk esa fuos'k rFkk iQyhHkwr

s for -
mRiknu osQ chp lEcUèk ns'k osQ vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

e
3. vYifodflr ns'kksa esa fodkl osQ fy, ckgjh 'kfDr;k¡] tSlsµfons'kh iw¡th] fons'kh O;kikj] varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd lacaèk vkfn
E
. cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSaA
b d
mi;qZDr dfe;ksa osQ i'pkr Hkh nh?khZo`Qr lao`f¼ gh fodkl dh j.kuhfr dk vafre mís'; gSA
n
we u a
izksisQlj gkosZ yhcULVhu us ;g fl¼kar izLrqr fd;k fd vYifodflr ns'kksa esa nfjnzrk dk nq"pØ ik;k tkrk gS] tks mUgsa izfr
H
O;fDr fuEu vk; larqyu fLFkfr osQ fxnZ j[krk gSA bl nyny ls fudyus dk ,d fuf'pr ekxZ Økafrd U;wure iz;Ru] tks izfr

w Th
O;fDr vk; dks ml Lrj rd c<+k ns ftl ij lrr fodkl dk;e jg losQA ¶fiNM+siu dh fLFkfr ls vfèkd fodflr fLFkfr
esa] tgk¡ ge lrr nh?kZdkyhu o`f¼ dh vk'kk dj losaQ] laØe.k djus osQ fy, ;g ,d vko';d fLFkfr gS] Hkys gh lnk ;g

w
i;kZIr fLFkfr u gks fd fdlh fcanq ij vFkok fdlh vofèk esa vFkZO;oLFkk o`f¼ osQ fy, ,slk izksRlkgu izkIr djs tks ,d
fuf'pr ØkafrdµU;wure vkdkj ls vfèkd gksA¸ ijUrq vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa oqQN izHkko ifjorZu osQ fo#¼ gksrs gSa]
tks izfr O;fDr vk; dks de djrs gSa] os gSaµ(i) laHkkO;rkiwoZd foLrkj'khy vkfFkZd voljksa dh #dkoVsa rFkk mUgsa de djus osQ
ekè;e ls orZeku vkfFkZd fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks cuk, j[kus esa yxh 'kwU; jkf'k m|eh; fØ;k,a] (ii) ifjorZu osQ fo#¼ yxh laxfBr
rFkk vlaxfBr Je dh ijaijkxr fØ;k,¡] (iii) u, Kku rFkk iqjkus fopkjksa dk fojksèk rFkk lkFk gh Dykfldh Kku rFkk iqjkus
fopkjksa dk ,d lkFk vkd"kZ.k] (iv) vko';d :i ls vuqRiknd lkoZtfud ;k futh izn'kZu miHkksx O;;ksa esa o`f¼;k¡] tks mu
lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ftudk vU;Fkk iz;ksx iw¡th&lap; osQ fy, gks ldrk gSA (v) tula[;k o`f¼ rFkk ifj.kker% Je
'kfDr o`f¼ tks vU; ckrksa osQ leku jgus ij] izfr O;fDr miyCèk iw¡th dh ek=kk dks de djrh gS rFkk vafre Å¡pk
iw¡th&mRiknu vuqikrA ØkfUrd U;wure iz;Ru osQ ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDrxr vk; c<+sxh rFkk cpr rFkk fuos'k osQ Lrj dks
c<+k,xh] ftlosQ vkxs fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke gksaxsµ(i) o`f¼ dkjdksa dk foLrkj] (ii) iw¡th dh izfr bdkbZ esa mudks ;ksxnku dh
6
o`f¼] D;ksafd iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr ?kV tkrk gS] (iii) o`f¼ de djus okys dkjdksa dh izHkko'khyrk esa deh] (iv) lkekftd rFkk
vkfFkZd xfr'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus okyh lkekftd rFkk okrkoj.k lacaèkh fLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k] (v) vfèkd fo'ks"khdj.k rFkk
f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d {ks=kksa dk foLrkj rFkk vafre ,sls okrkoj.k dk fodkl tks ifjorZu yk, rFkk vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd
ifjorZuksa osQ fy, vfèkd izsjd gks rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls ,sls okrkoj.k dk fodkl] ftlls var esa tuu {kerk esa deh rFkk
tula[;k o`f¼ dh nj esa laHkkfor deh gksA
y
{ks=k III
D iw¡th U;wure
m
C C çfr O;fDr vk;
çfr O;fDr
{ks=k II f
vkk;
F
{ks=k I

m
A R
e
E larqyu çfr

O T le;
O;fDr vk;
X

c o
t .
izLrqr fp=k esa js[kk Ee izfr O;fDr vk; osQ fuEu Lrj dks O;Dr djrh gS rFkk js[k Mm Økafrd u;wure izfr O;fDr vk;
dksA nksuksa osQ chp dk varjky {ks=k I rFkk {ks=k II esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA js[kk Mm ls Åij dk {ks=k III vkRetud o`f¼ dk gSA ;fn
g
in r
izkjaHk esa OA izfr O;fDr vk; gS rks fuos'k dk izkjafHkd batsD'ku izfr O;fDr vk; dks OB Lrj ij c<+k nsxkA rc T le; ij
fuos'k nwljk batsD'ku izfr O;fDr vk; dks CD }kjk c<+k nsxk rkfd Økafrd U;wure Lrj Mm igq¡p tkrk gSA ;fn fuos'k b"Vre
d a
le; ij ugha fd;k tkrk rks izfr O;fDr vk; BCR oØ osQ CR iFk ij fuEu larqyu EC dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA
a
Økafrd U;wure fl¼kar dh lhferrk,¡µ1. ;g fl¼kar bl ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd tula[;k o`f¼ dh nj ,d fcanq

tkrh gS rFkk tula[;k dh o`f¼ nj ls vkxs c<+ tkrh gSA

e
e
ym
rd rks izfr O;fDr vk; osQ Lrj dk c<+rk iQyu gS ijarq mlosQ ckn ;g izfr O;fDr vk; dk ?kVrk iQyu gSA
R
2. yhcULVhu le>rk gS fd tUe&nj esa deh blfy, gksrh gS fd izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f¼ Økafrd&U;wure Lrj ij igq¡p

u l n
i ks d
3. dksbZ vYifodflr ns'k bl ckr dh izrh{kk ugha dj ldrk fd izfr O;fDr vk; Økafr U;wure Lrj ls Åij c<+s rkfd
tUe nj vius vki fxjuh 'kq: gks tk,A ,slh fLFkfr esa og ns'k tula[;k foLiQksV dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p ldrk gS rFkk bl izdkj
n o
s t
muls vfèkd leL;k,¡ [kM+h dj ysa ftruh og izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f¼ ls gy dj ldrk gSA
O bo
4. izksisQlj feUV osQ vuqlkj] izfr O;fDr vk; osQ Lrj rFkk oqQy vk; dh o`f¼ osQ nj osQ chp iQyukRed lacaèk
r -
vis{kko`Qr vfèkd tfVy gS rFkk mruk ljy ugha gS ftruk yhcULVhu us izdV fd;k gSA

.e fo E
5. ;g fl¼kar vk;] cpr rFkk fuos'k osQ Lrjksa ij fons'kh iw¡th rFkk vU; ckg~; 'kfDr osQ izHkko dh O;k[;k ugha djrkA

b n d
bl izdkj ;g can vFkZO;oLFkk ij ykxw gksus osQ dkj.k vokLrfod gSA

weiz'u 6- fu;kstu osQ vFkZ dh lalkèku vkcaVu osQ lkèku osQ :i osQ Li"V dhft,A fodkl izfØ;k esa ;kstuk
cukuk D;ksa vko';d gSa\
H
u a
w Th
mÙkjµfu;kstu ;k vk;kstuk dk vFkZ gS iwoZfu/kZfjr y{;ksa rFkk mUgsa ikus osQ iwoZ fu/kZfjr lk/uksa osQ lkFk ,d vfHkKrk:i
fn'kk&funsZf'kr fØ;kdykiA
blosQ nks ewy ?kVd gSaµ

w 1- y{;µy{; fofHkUu ;kstukvksa osQ fy, fHkUu gksrs gSaA D;ksafd vk;kstuk dk lw=kikr fofHkUu ns'kksa esa fHkUu lkekftd]
jktuhfrd ,oa vk£Fkd fodkl Lrj ij gksrk gSA
2- lk/uµlk/u osQ nks ?kVd gksrs gSaµ
(i) uhfr;k¡µpquh xbZ uhfr;ksa dks y{;ksa osQ vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A
(ii) midj.kµxq.kkRed ,oa ek=kkRed :i ls ,sls dk;Z lalk/u ftuosQ }kjk ;kstuk y{;ksa dks çkIr djus dk xarO; j[kk tkrk
gSA tSlsµdj ,oa ifjnku] ewY;] osru] C;kt nj dk fu/kZj.k vkfn midj.k gSaA
1- vuk£Fkd dkjdµvkSifuos'kd 'kklu ls eqDr gq, yksxksa dh vfHkyk"kkvksa dh iw£r osQ fy, ç;kljr ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g cgqr
lqfo/ktud FksA

7
 laçHkqrk dk çrhdµfu;kstu esa ns'kksa us viuh Lora=krk ,oa laçHkqrk oS;fDrdj.k dk çrhd ns[kkA
vrhr ls iyk;uµmPprj o`f¼ nj ,oa rhoz m|ksxhdj.k tSlh ;kstukvksa us ns'kksa dks vrhr dh nqnZ'kk rFkk mlls tqM+s vieku
ls ekufld :i ls futkr fnykbZA
2- vk£Fkd dkjdµ
(i) vk£Fkd lao`f¼ n`f"Vdks.k ls lcls vf/d è;ku nsus ;ksX; fu;kstu vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk lkekftd çdkj dh dfe;ksa dks
igpkuus esa enn djrk gSA
(ii) çkÑfrd] HkkSfrd] iw¡thxr ,oa ekuo lalk/u csgn lhfer gSaA
(iii) lalk/u ,oa cpr lqyHk djkus osQ fy, ;kstuk] fuos'k ;kstuk dk ,d vko';d vax gksrk gSA
(iv) fu;kstu ,oa ;kstukvksa osQ fØ;kU;ou ls tqM+h furkar çfØ;k,¡ tu] Hkkxhnkjh ,oa lg;ksx gsrq dk;Z{ks=k dks foLrkj çnku
djrh gaSA
(v) cktkj ls dgha vf/d tksj Hkkoh ih<+h osQ fgr ij fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

m
(vi) fu;kstu rduhdksa osQ mUur :i ys ysus ij rFkk vf/d lVhd lkaf[;dh; vk¡dM+s miyC/ gks tkus ij jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ Hkhrj varl±ca/ dks vf/d Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
o
c
,d vYifodflr ns'k esa vk£Fkd vk;kstu osQ fy, iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr dh /kj.kk egÙoiw.kZ rFkk mi;ksxh gSA ^^;g ckr ml

.
le; fof'k"V :i ls lR; gS] tc pkyw cprksa rFkk fons'kh fuos'k ls çkIr gks ldus okyh vfrfjDr iw¡th dh rqyuk esa jk"Vªh; vk;

t
dh o`f¼ osQ y{;ksa dh vuq:irk dh tk¡p djuk vko';d gksA¸ o`f¼ dh foÙkh; vko';drkvksa dh x.kuk djus osQ fy, ;g
g
r
vko';d gS fd mRiknu osQ fuf'pr y{; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, t:jh vk;kstu dh ek=kk dk vkx.ku fd;k tk,A bl çdkj]
in
vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f¼&nj fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA o`f¼ osQ gSjkWM&Mksej ekWMy bl

a d
fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk esa iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr rFkk cpr&vk; vuqikr fn, gq, gksus ij mldh o`f¼&nj fu/kZfjr dh
a
tk ldrh gSA blosQ foijhr] iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr osQ fn, gq, gksus ij ;g tkuk tk ldrk gS fd fof'k"V o`f¼ nj miyC/ djus

ym e
osQ fy, cpr vk; dk vuqikr D;k gksA mnkgj.kr% eku yhft, fd oqQy iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr 4 gS rFkk cpr vk; vuqikr 12%
R
gSA gSjkWt lw=k osQ vuqlkj o`f¼ nj 3 çfr'kr gksxh vFkkZr GW = S/CR = 12/4 = 3% iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr osQ 4 rFkk o`f¼ dh nj
e
3» fn, gq, gksus ij cpr vk; vuqikr 12% gksxk vFkkZr~ GW.CR = 3/1 × 4/1 = 12% fiQj iw¡th mRiknu vuqikr dk egÙo bl

un ok
d in s
ckr esa fufgr gS fd og vYifodflr ns'kksa }kjk fuos'k osQ fy, vf/d cM+h ek=kk esa fons'kh lgk;rk çkIr djus dk i{k leFkZu
l
djrk gSA D;ksafd vYifodflr ns'kksa esa ?kjsyw cpr vk; vuqikr de gksrk gS] blfy, ijEijkxr iw¡th mRiknu] vuqikr 3 ;k 4 eku

t
ysus ij o`f¼ dh vf/d Å¡ph nj miyC/ djus osQ fy, fons'kh lgk;rk dh vf/d Å¡ph nj gksuh pkfg,A bl çdkj iw¡th&mRiknu
O bo
vuqikr dk fl¼kar ,d ,slk mi;ksxh vkStkj gS] tks fodkl vk;kstuk esa iw¡th osQ egÙo dks fof'k"Vrk çnku djrk gS rFkk

s r -
vYifodflr ns'k dh okafNr o`f¼ nj rFkk lk/uksa dh vuq:irk dh tk¡p djus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA

. e o E
iz'u 7- mtkok f}&{ks=kh; lao`f¼ ekWMy dh isQYMeSu ekWMy ls rqyuk dhft,A
f
mÙkjµiSQYMeSu dk fun'kZ mtkok fun'kZ ls fHkUu gS fd mRiknu fu;r&xq.kkad mRiknu iQyuksa dh lgk;rk ls djok;k tkrk gSA
b d
th-Mh- iSQYMeSu tks ,d lksfo;r vFkZ'kkL=kh Fks] mUgksaus 1927 esa ifjo/Zu laca/h ,d nh?kkZof/ fl¼kar rS;kj fd;kA bl fun'kZ esa
n
we u a
mRiknu o`f¼ osQoy iw¡th dh miyC/rk ls fuckf/r gksrh gSA bl fun'kZ dh vo/kj.kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
H
vFkZO;oLFkk dks {ks=k 1 rFkk {ks=k 2 esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ

w Th
1- iw¡thxr oLrqvksa osQ laLFkkfir gksus osQ i'pkr mudk LFkkukarj.k laHko ughaA
2- mRiknu fu;r&xq.kkad çkS|ksfxdh osQ lkFk nksuksa gh {ks=kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

w 3- iw¡th dk voewY;u ugha gksrk ftlls iw¡th lap; fuos'k osQ cjkcj gks tkrk gSA
4- iw¡thxr eky dk vk;kr laHko ugha] D;kasfd ;g ,d can vFkZO;oLFkk gSA
5- {ks=k 1 esa oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fdlh Hkh vU; ns'k esa mRiknu ls Lora=k gksrk gSA
iSQYMeSu dh fuos'k dh vkuqikfrd ifjo/Zu nj rFkk α osQ w1 ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkk α osQ c<+us ls fuos'k dh vkuqikfrd
o`f¼ nj Hkh c<+rh gSA bl fun'kZ us ih-lh- egkySuksfcl osQ fun'kZ dks çHkkfor fd;k FkkA vr% ;g Hkkjrh; vk£Fkd fodkl osQ vè;;u
esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA iSQYMeSu fun'kZ osQ nks fufgrkFkZ gSaµ
1- miHkksx dh nj rFkk fuos'k dh nj ,d&nwljs ls vyx gksaxhA fuos'k dh o`f¼ nj dks α/W1 ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
2- bl fun'kZ dk ,d uhfr fu/kZj.k gSµigys ls vf/d iw¡thxr oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa yxh orZeku iw¡thxr oLrqvksa dk mRiknu
c<+kuk ftlls miHkksx] fuos'k rFkk mRiknu dh nj c<+sxhA
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