o m

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c
ar din
a
yme
Re

u d
l
n o
n
i ks
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O bo
-
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fo
n d
E
we H
u a
w Th
w

1
 ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2017-2018)
M.E.C-2
(Macro Economic Analysis)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the

m
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100%

o
accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment.

c
As these solutions and answers are prepared by the Private Teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be

.
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/

t
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date and exact

g
r
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

i n
a da
y m e
Re

u d l in ks
n oo
r1 = f ′ (Kt) wt = f (kt) – Kt f’ (kt)

W = ∫ u ( Ct ) exp–ρt dt
s t r O
- b
.e fo E
0

da
b n d
Ct =
dt
+ ndt = wt + rt at

we H
u a (Ct)

w Th ∞
(at)

w ∫ u ( c ) exp –ρt
Maximise W = t dt
0

da
= wt + (rt – n) at – Ct (ct), (at)
dt
(λt)
H = u (ct) exp–ρt + λt [wt + (rt – n) at – ct]
(ib) u' (ct) exp–ρt = λt
dλ
(iib) =– (rt – n)
dt t

2
 da
(iiib) = wt + (rt – n) at – Ct
dt

(ivb) lim λ a=0

t →∞ t t

∫
− ( rt − n ) d
(vb) lim a exp
t
0
≥0
t →0

(vb) (ib) – (vb)

(ib) t (iib) λt
o m
− cu "( c )
u '(c )
=σ

dc  ct 
=   (r – n – p)
t . c g
r
(vib) w r
dt  σ  t
w r
i n
a t = kt (iiib) (vib)
a
rt = f ' (kt), wt = (f kt) – kt f'(kt)

a
a t = kt
d
Re
e s y m
l
u
n oo
d
n
i k
(A) Y
s t r O
- b
(K), (L)

Y (t) = F (K (t). A(t). L(t))

t
.e b
fo E
n d
...(1)

we
(Constant Returns to Scale, CRS)
H
u a AL

w Th
F = (aK, aAL) = aF (K, AL) ...(2)

w
a=
1
a=
AL
 K  1
F  ,1 = F (K, AL) ...(3)
 AL  AL

 K  Y K Y
F  ,1 = =k =Y
 AL  AL AL AL
f(k) = F(k, 1)

3
 y = f(k) ...(4)

f(k)
y MPK
1

K OX-
O

Y OY-
K
X

(K)
o m (AL)
(K)

(MPK)
K
AL
t . c g
MPK = f(k + 1) – f(k)
MPK

d a r i n ... (5)

a
(1) (a) k = 0, f(k) = 0
(b) f ′(k) > 0
(c) k
(2)
MPK
MPK f n(k) < 0.

e
Re
y m
(a) lim
k →0
f ′(k) = ∞,
l
u d
in ks
n oo
MPK

(b) klim
→∞
f(k) = 0,

s t r O
- b
MPK

Y=C+I
.e b
fo E
n d
... (6)

we u a 1
AL
H
w Th
y=c+i ... (7)

w y

x
O
mRikn ,oa cpr

4
 = sy
c = (1 – s) y
⇒ y = (1 – s) y + i ... (8)
⇒ y – (1 – s) y = i
⇒ y – y + sy = i
⇒ sy = i ... (9)

BP
IS–LM BP
r*
o mr = r*

t . c g
r
IS
LM

a r d in
a
r
*

Re
e s y m BP

l
n oo
n
i k
u d Y

t
*
Y
<k¡pk
O
IS-LM

s r - b LM BP

.e fo E
* *
r y LM LM

b n d
we r

H
u a IS
LM

w Th LM1

w
BP
BP ?kkVk

Y
eqæk vkiwfrZ esa o`f¼ dk çHkko

(MS)

5
gksus ij BoP esa ?kkVk gksrk gS] ftlls fons'kh eqæk vkjf{kr fuf/ esa deh vkrh gS vFkkZr eqæk vkiwfrZ esa fxjkoV vkrh gSA vr%
foLrkjoknh ekSfæd uhfr fLFkj fofue; nj voLFkk esa vçHkkoh gksrh gSA

fLFkj fofue; njksa osQ varxZr ekSfæd uhfr dk vçHkkoh gksuk

o m
jktdks"kh; uhfr

t . c
jktdks"kh; uhfr ls vfHkçk; fLFkjhdj.k ;k o`f¼ osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk djk/ku rFkk lkoZtfud O;; dk ç;ksx gSA jktdks"kh;
g
uhfr esa ge ljdkj osQ mu dk;ks± dk mYys[k djrs gSa] tks ljdkj dh çkfIr;ksa rFkk O;;ksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSa] ftUgsa ge lkekU;

a r in
:i ls ljdkj dh 'kq¼ çkfIr;k¡ mlosQ vkf/D; vFkok ?kkVs }kjk ekfir eku ysrs gSaA futh miHkksx rFkk fuos'k esa vokaNuh; ifjorZuksa
dks ljdkj lkoZtfud O;;ksa rFkk djksa osQ çfr pØh; ifjorZuksa }kjk larqfyr dj ldrh gSA ;g ,slh uhfr gS] ftlosQ varxZr ljdkj
d
a
vius O;; rFkk jktLo dk;ZØeksa dks jk"Vªh; vk;] mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj ij visf{kr çHkko mRiUu djus rFkk vuisf{kr çHkko jksdus

1- iw.kZ jkstxkj çkIr djuk rFkk dk;e djukA

ym e
osQ fy, ç;ksx djrh gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr dk vafre y{; vFkZO;oLFkk dk nh?kZdkyhu fLFkjhdj.k gS] fiQj Hkh ;g y{; osQoy
R
vYidkyhu vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+koksa dks laHkkyus ls gh iwjk gks ldrk gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr osQ fuEukafdr mís'; gSaµ

e
2- dher Lrj dks fLFkj djukA
3- vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f¼ nj dks fLFkj djukA

ul
n ok
d in s
4- Hkqxrku 'ks"k esa larqyu dk;e djukA
t
O bo
5- vYifodflr ns'kksa osQ vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kukA

s r -
ljdkjh O;; rFkk djk/ku esa ifjorZu osQ ekè;e ls jktdks"kh; uhfr çcy :i ls jk"Vªh; vk;] jkstxkj] mRiknu rFkk dherksa

. e o
dks çHkkfor djrh gSA eanh osQ nkSjku lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f¼ oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa osQ fy, oqQy ek¡x dks c<+krh gSA vr% O;; rFkk
f E
djk/ku dk;ZØeksa osQ ;qfDr la;ksx }kjk ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa voLiQhfrdkjh rFkk LiQhfrdkjh nckoksa dks fu;af=kr dj ldrh gSA
b d
ljdkjh O;; esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k IS oØ Åij dh rjiQ IS ls nkb± vksj f[klddj IS gks tkrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k ?kjsyw C;kt nj
n
we u a
esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] tks iw¡th osQ vf/d çokg dks çsfjr djrs gSaA
H
w Th
r
IS 1 LM
IS LM 1

w r* BP

Y* Y *1 Y
oØ dk f[klduk

6
 fLFkj fofue; nj esa jktdks"kh; uhfr dk çHkko

o m
t . c g
(W)
a r(Ls)

d i n
 w
  a
m
(P)
P

Re
d
n
i k
e s y
l
t O u
n oo
s r - b
.e fo E
AD = C + I + G

b n d
we u a AD = AS
Y C+I+G
C

H C+I+G
′

w Th
C
lexz ek¡x

w C

O
45o

Y2 Y1 X
lexz iwfrZ

AD = AS

7
 ;gk¡ fuos'k vkSj ljdkjh O;; cfgtkZr pj gSa] ftlls lexz ek¡x izHkkfor gksrk gSA vr% fuos'k vkSj ljdkjh O;; c<+us ls Lkexz
ek¡x esa o`f¼ gksxh rFkk larqyu LFkkfir gksxkA ljdkjh O;; rFkk O;kolkf;d fuos'k esa deh vkus ls larqyu mRikn esa Hkh deh vk,xhA
iz'u 4- vartkZr o`f¼ fl¼kar dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A
mÙkjµvLlh osQ n'kd esa osaQloknh vkSj uo&Dykfldh; vkfFkZd fopkjksa ij xgu vè;;u o 'kks/ gq,A uo&Dykfldh; fl¼kar
fofHkUu ns'kksa ls izkIr vkuqHkfod izek.k osQ vk/kj ij Hkzked yxus yxsA [kkldj bl fl¼kar esa rduhdh Lrj dks cfgtkZr pj osQ
:i esa j[kuk rFkk ljdkjh uhfr;ksa ,oa ekuo iw¡th osQ izHkko dh vogsyuk djuk ;qfDrlaxr ugha FkkA vartkZr lao`f¼ fl¼karksa esa bUgha
pj osQ izHkkoksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vartkZr fl¼karksa dh eq[; ifjHkkf"kr fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
1- ßkleku izfriQy fu;eµbu fl¼karksa esa iw¡th osQ ßkleku izfriQy fu;e dh mis{kk dh xbZ gSA iw¡th dks ;gk¡ foLr`r vFkZ
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA iw¡th osQ varxZr HkkSfrd iw¡th rFkk ekuoh; iw¡th dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vartkZr fl¼karksa osQ izfrikndksa
dk ekuuk gS fd ekuo Je dks rS;kj djus esa mldh f'k{kk] jkstxkj dh izf'k{k.k] LokLF; izca/u bR;kfn ij fofu;ksx dh vko';drk

iw¡th esa ßkleku izfriQy dk fu;e ykxw ugha gksxkA

2- rduhdh fodkl dk LrjµvartkZr lao`f¼ fl¼karksa esa rduhdh fodkl dh nj dks vkUrfjd pj osQ :i esa bLrseky fd;k
o m
gksrh gSA vr% bls ekuoh; iw¡th dh Hkkafr O;oâr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekuoh; iw¡th dks HkkSfrd iw¡th osQ lkFk 'kkfey fd, tkus ij

c
tkrk gSA rduhdh fodkl] 'kks/ ,oa fodkl dk;ZØeksa dk urhtk gSA 'kks/ ,oa fodkl ij ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk O;kid vlj iM+rk

.
gSA u, vkfo"dkj ;k 'kks/ dk m|ksx txr ij nwjxkeh izHkko iM+rk gSA fdlh ,d iQeZ ;k laxBu osQ }kjk fd, x, u, vkfo"dkj

t g
;k rduhdh lq/kj nwljs iQeZ] laxBu ;k mRiknd osQ fy, izsj.kk Ïksr gksrs gSaA fdlh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh izxfr osQ fy, 'kks/
rFkk fodkl dk mUur gksuk vko';d gSA

a r in
vartkZr lao`f¼ ekWMy vkuqHkfod izek.kksa ls izsfjr gSa] blfy, bu fl¼karksa dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ vkfFkZd pj
d
a
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSaA vkuqHkfod izek.kksa ls Li"V gS fd fofHkUu ns'kksa esa rduhdh fodkl dk Lrj ,dleku ugha gksrkA blosQ vykok

m e
iw¡th&Je vuqikr] cpr dh izo`fÙk rFkk izfr O;fDr mRikn ;k vk; esa Hkh fHkUurk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA vr% vkfFkZd pjksa esa fHkUurk osQ
R
dkj.k lao`f¼ dh nj Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gS rFkk blesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vfHkeq[krk ;k vfHklj.k ugha gksrkA

y
vartkZr lao`f¼ ekWMyksa esa rduhdh Iyou] ckárk,¡ rFkk o/Zeku izfriQy dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA lao`f¼ osQ bu fl¼karksa esa
e
d in s
mu lHkh dkjdksa dks 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS] tks fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fodkl dks dkiQh gn rd izHkkfor djrs gSa

l
rFkk lao`f¼ dks vartkZr pjksa osQ vk/kj ij fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA

u
n ok
t
vr% vartkZr lao`f¼ fl¼karksa dh nks eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaµ

O bo
igyh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;s fl¼kar vkfFkZd lao`f¼ osQ fy, ekuoh; iw¡th osQ lap; dh vko';drk ij cy nsrk gSA nwljh 'kks/ ,oa

dh izfØ;k tkjh j[kus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSAs for -

fodkl dks egÙo nsrk gSA bu fl¼karksa esa fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ nj dks fujarj cuk, j[kus osQ fy, 'kks/ ,oa fodkl

e E
.
iz'u 5- lfoLrkj Li"V dhft, fd ekbdy dysLdh osQ vuqlkj dkSu&ls fofoèk ?kVd ldy :i ls O;olk; pØ
dks tfur djrs gSa\
b nd
we u a
mÙkjµçks- dysLdh us forj.k osQ ,d fl¼kUr dk fodkl fd;k gS tks yuZj osQ ^,dkf/dkj dksfV* osQ fl¼kUr ij
H
vk/kfjr gSA ;g fl¼kUr crkrk gS fd ^leLr vkorZ* esa ldy iw¡thifr vk; rFkk osruksa dk lkis{k Hkkx vR;Ur lfUudVu ls

w Th
^,dkf/dkj dh vkSlr dksfV* osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
yuZj dh ,dkf/dkj eki dh O;f"V dksfV dks ysrs gq,] dysLdh mldks vius lef"V ekWMy ij ykxw djrk gSA yuZj dh ,d

w
,dy iQeZ dh ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV dks bl çdkj ekik tkrk gSµ
µ = P – m/p
tgk¡ µ ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV] P dher rFkk a lhekar ykxr gSA dysLdh lhekar ykxr (m) rFkk vkSlr ykxr (a) esa lekurk ekurk
...(1)

gSA vr% Åij osQ lehdj.k esa a dks m osQ LFkku ij LFkkukiUu djus ls] µ = P –a/p ;k Pµ = (P – a) ...(2)
tgk¡ (P–a) C;kt] ykHkksa] ewY;ßkl rFkk osruksa dk tksM+ gSA ekfyd dh oqQy ifjLifÙk ls vk; dks fudkyus osQ fy,] iQeZ osQ
oqQy mRiknu x dks lehdj.k (2) osQ nksuksa Hkkxksa ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj x Pµ = Σx (P – a) ...(3)
tgk¡ izkIr Σx (P – a) ,d iQeZ osQ ekfyd dh oqQy ifjlaifÙk ls vk; gSA dysLdh osQ vuqlkj] ldy jk"Vªh; vk; esa etnwjh
dk lkis{k Hkkx nh?kZdky esa ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV] etnwjh bdkbZ ykxr osQ vuqikr esa] dPps ekyksa dh dherksa rFkk vkS|ksfxd lajpuk
}kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV esa o`f¼ jk"Vªh; vk; esa etnwjh osQ lkis{k Hkkx dks de djrh gSA etnwjh osQ vuqikr
esa vk/kjHkwr dPps ekyksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ jk"Vªh; vk; esa etnwjh osQ lkis{k Hkkx dks de djrh gS] ysfdu cgqr de vuqikr
8
esaA vr% ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV vkSj dPps ekyksa dh dhersa foijhr fn'kk esa pyrh gSaA rsth esa dPps ekyksa dh dherksa esa o`f¼ dks
,dkf/dkjh dks dksfV esa deh {kfriwfrZ djrh gSa] tcfd eanhdky esa dPps ekyksa dh dherksa esa fxjkoV dks ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV
esa o`f¼ {kfriwfrZ djrh gSA
vkS|ksfxd lajpuk rFkk dPps eky dh dherksa dh bdkbZ etnwjh ykxrksa osQ laca/ osQ ckjs esa fuf'pr rkSj ls dguk dfBu gS]
ijarq O;kikd pØ esa fuf'pr rkSj ij dgk tk ldrk gSA eanh osQ nkSjku etnwjh osQ vuqikr esa dPps eky dh dhersa fxjrh gSa rFkk
os jk"Vªh; vk; esa etnwjh osQ lkis{k Hkkx dks c<+krh gSaA tcfd vkS|ksfxd lajpuk esa ifjorZu etnwjh osQ lkis{k Hkkx ij mYVk izHkko
Mkyrk gS rFkk foykser%A vr% dPps eky dh dhersa] ,dkf/dkj dh dksfV rFkk vkS|ksfxd lajpuk dh ijLij fØ;k rFkk izfrfØ;k
vYidky rFkk nh?kZdky nksuksa eas gksrh jgrh gS] ftlls jk"Vªh; vk; esa etnwjh dk Hkkx fLFkj jgrk gSA
iz'u 6- crkb, fd fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa dhersa vkSj osru yphys D;ksa ugha gks ldrs\ o.kZu dhft,A
mÙkjµlexz ek¡x vk; osQ leku gksus ij gh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ okLrfod {ks=k esa larqyu LFkkfir gksrk gSA lexz miHkksx ek¡x rFkk
lexz fuos'k ek¡x ls lexz ek¡x dk fu/kZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA C;kt nj dh fuos'k osQ fu/kZj.k esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA C;kt dh
nj Å¡ph jgus ij fuos'k de gksrk gS] tcfd C;kt dh nj fxjus ij fuos'k dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA C;kt dh nj de jgus ij

o m
fuos'kdÙkkZ osQ fy, cSad ls Í.k ysdj mRiknu dk foLrkj djuk ykHkizn gksrk gSA fuos'k eas o`f¼ ls lexz ek¡x esa o`f¼ ls gksrh gS]
ftlls vk; osQ larqyu Lrj esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl rjg IS oØ jk"Vªh; vk; osQ fofHkUu larqyu Lrjksa ij C;kt dh njkas osQ chp laca/
dks n'kkZrk gSA
okLrfod {ks=k ;k oLrq cktkj {ks=k esa larqyu dks fuEukafdr js[kkfp=k }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
g t . c
Y

din
ar AE=Y

AD2

a E2
(miHkksx$fuos'k)
lexz ek¡x (C + I)

AD1

e
Re
ym E1

u l
n o
n
i ks O d Y1 Y2 X

s t r
O bo
-
Y
fp=k (i)

.e fo E
C;kt dh nj

b n d
we u a r1 E′1

H r2 E′2

w Th O
vk;
Y1 Y2
Is

w fp=k (ii)

js[kkfp=k dks nks Lrjksa ij fn[kk;k x;k gSA fp=k (i) esa OX-v{k ij jk"Vªh; vk; (Y) dks rFkk Y-v{k ij lexz ek¡x (AD) dks n'kkZ;k
x;k gS] tcfd fp=k (ii) esa OY&v{k ij C;kt nj (r) dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA C;kt dh nj (r1) ij lexz ek¡x (AD) mRikn oØ (AE)
dks E1 ij dkVrk gSA bl izdkj Y1 vk; dk fu/kZj.k gksrk gSA
fp=k (ii) esa SI oØ osQ E′1 fcUnq ij vk; rFkk C;kt dk la;kstu (Y1 r1) izkIr gksrk gS] tgk¡ oLrq cktkj larqyu dh fLFkfr esa
gksrh gSA
C;kt dh nj esa fxjkoV vkus ij fuos'k ek¡x esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k lexz ek¡x esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA lexz ek¡x oØ AD1 ls f[kld
dj AD2 gks tkrk gSA lexz ek¡x esa o`f¼ ls lexz vkiw£r (mRikn@vk;) esa Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA lexz ek¡x oØ AD2 vk; oØ AE

9
dks E2 fcUnq ij dkVrk gS] tgk¡ vk; Y2 gSA Y2 ij lexz ek¡x rFkk lexz vkiw£r osQ chp larqyu gksrk gSA ;g larqyu C;kt nj
esa ifjorZu ls O;qRiUu gksrk gSA vr% C;kt nj R2 ij oLrq cktkj esa E2 ij larqyu LFkkfir gksrk gSA bl izdkj IS oØ ij fcUnq E′2 vk;
rFkk C;kt nj (Y2 r2) osQ la;kstu dks n'kkZrk gSA IS oØ dk Í.kkRed <ky izn£'kr djrk gS fd C;kt nj esa deh gksus ij jk"Vªh;
vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] ijUrq ;g osQoy fu;ksftr fuos'k O;; osQ ekeys esa gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA Lora=k ;k Lok;Ùk fuos'k O;;
vk; osQ Lrj rFkk C;kt nj ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA Lora=k ;k Lok;Ùk O;; osQ varxZr ljdkjh fofu;ksx ;k miHkksx O;; vkrs gSaA osaQl
us vius fo'ys"k.k esa fuos'k O;; osQ fu/kZj.k osQ fy, C;kt dh nj rFkk iw¡th dh lhekar mRikndrk dks vk/kj ekuk gSA Lora=k ;k
Lok;Ùk fuos'k vFkok ljdkjh fuos'k O;; dks c<+kdj vFkZO;OkLFkk esa vkèkkjHkwr lajpukvksa esa fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh O;;
esa o`f¼ ls C;kt nj esa ifjorZu ugha gksrk] ysfdu vk; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] blfy, IS oØ esa Åij dh vksj f[kldko gksrk gSA bls
fp=k uhps esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSµ
iz'u 7- la{ksi esa uksV fyf[k,
(d) Y;wdl leh{kk
m
mÙkjµjkWcVZ yqdkl us uhfr ewY;kadu osQ fy, vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vFkZferh; lef"V vk£Fkd ekWMyksa osQ fuekZ.k dh vkykpsuk dh

o
gSA yqdkl osQ vuqlkj] ,sls ekWMy fof'k"V uhfr;ksa osQ varxZr ,df=kr fd, x, fiNys vk¡dM+ksa ls fudkys x, izkpyksa ij vk/kfjr

t . c
gksrs gSaA oSdfYid uhfr;ksa osQ ifj.kkeksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh osQ fy, ,sls lef"Vxr vk£Fkd ekWMyksa osQ iz;ksx dk dksbZ iz;kl xyr gks
ldrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ,sls ekWMyksa osQ izkpy ifjofrZr gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd vk£Fkd vfHkdÙkkZ vius O;ogkj rFkk
g
a r
izR;k'kkvksa dks ubZ uhfr osQ vuqlkj lek;ksftr djrs gSaA yqdkl ekurs gSa fd ;|fi vk£Fkd vfHkdÙkkZ ,d fuf'pr rjhosQ ls dke
in
djrs gSa] fiQj Hkh ;fn vk£Fkd uhfr ifjofrZr gksrh gS rks ;g ekuuk xyr gksxk fd os mlh <ax ls dke djrs jgsaxsA eku yks fd
d
Jfed vxys o"kZ es 5» LiQhfr gksus dh izR;k'kk djrs gSa rFkk os etnwjh esa 5» dh o`f¼ dh ek¡x djrs gSaA bldk vuqeku djrs
a
ym e
gq, ;fn ekSfæd vf/dkjh eqæk iwfrZ esa o`f¼ djrk gS rks] LiQhfr 10» rd c<+ tkrh gSA ;g Jfedksa dh okLrfod vk; dks ?kVk

R
nsrh gS rFkk iQes± lLrk Je izkIr djrh gSa rFkk vf/d oLrq,¡ rS;kj djus osQ fy, vf/d Jfedksa dks dke esa yxkrh gSaA blls Jfedksa

e
dh okLrfod etnwjh ?kVkus ls mRiknu c<+sxk] D;ksafd mudh 5» dh izR;k'kk,¡ xyr lkfcr gqbZ gSaA yqdkl osQ vuqlkj] ,slh uhfr

u
n ok
d in s
,d ;k nks ckj liQy gks ldrh gS] ijUrq ;fn ekSfæd vf/dkjh ,slh uhfr dks tkjh j[krs gSa] rks yksx Hkfo"; esa vf/d LiQhfr dh
l
izR;k'kk djsaxs rFkk uhfr vliQy gks tk,xhA ekSfæd vf/dkjh yksxksa dks lnSo ew[kZ ugha cuk ldrkA

s t
bl izdkj yqdkl dh lekykspuk ;g crkrh gS fd dkexkjksa ,oa iQeks± ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os pkyw uhfr;ksa osQ lanHkZ
O bo
esa viuh fØ;kvksa dk pquko djsaA ;fn uhfr esa eq[; ifjorZu gksrk gS] rks ;g yksxksa osQ O;ogkj ,oa izR;k'kkvksa dks cny nsxkA yqdkl
r -
.
bls vuqHko }kjk gh lh[k ldrs gSaA e b
o
osQ vuqlkj] lekykspuk dk lkekU; vFkZ ;g gS fd uhfr ifjorZuksa osQ izHkkoksa dk Bhd&Bhd iwokZuqeku djuk dfBu gksrk gS rFkk os
f
nd
E
we
([k) fujis{k vkSj l'kZr vfHklj.k

H
u a
mÙkjµfujis{k rFkk l'krZ vfHklj.kµfoxr o"kks± esa fofHkUu ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ njksa osQ vè;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd

w Th
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ osQ pjksa esa lekurk ;k vlekurk osQ gksus ij fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lao`f¼ njksa esa ,d [kkl rjg osQ >qdko dh izo`fÙk
gksrh gSA vkuqHkfod vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ij fd, x, bl fo'ys"k.k vfHklj.k iwoZ ladYiuk osQ nks :i crk, x, gSaµfujis{k vfHklj.k

w
(Absolute Convergence) rFkk l'krZ vfHklj.k (Conditional Convergence)A
fujis{k vfHklj.k (Absolute Canvergence)
,sls ns'kksa dk lewg ftudh tula[;k o`f¼ nj (n), rduhdh fodkl (L) rFkk leku cpr izo`fÙk (s) leku gSa] fdUrq osQoy vius
iw¡th&Je vuqikr (K) dh bdkb;ksa esa ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA mu ns'kksa esa lksyks ekWMy dh fujis{k vfHklj.k dh iwoZ&ladYiuk osQ
eqrkfcd iw¡th&Je vuqikr] izfr O;fDr mRikn] izfr O;fDr miHkksx rFkk lao`f¼ nj dk vfHklj.k leku lqfLFkj voLFkk dh vksj gksxkA
izLrqr fp=k esa /uh ,oa fu/Zu ns'kksa osQ lewgksa esa izfr O;fDr vk; rFkk iw¡th&Je vuqikr dks Øe'k% Y1, K1 rFkk Y2, K2 ls n'kkZ;k
x;k gSA fp=k esa E larqyu fcanq gS] tks n'kkZrk gS fd nh?kZdky esa xjhc ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh nj /uh ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa T;knk
gksrh gS] ysfdu izR;sd lewg osQ lHkh ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dh nj esa lekurk gksrh gSA

10
 y= y
L
/uh ns'kksa dh
vk; y dk y2
y = f(k)
izkjafHkd y*
Lrj
sf(k)
E
y1

xjhc ns'kksa
dh vk;
(y) dk
izkjafHkd Lrj
O k1 k* k2 K
fujis{k vfHklj.k

l'krZ vfHklj.k (Conditional Convergence)

m
lksyks ekWMy dk l'krZ vfHklj.k fofHkUu ns'kksa esa rduhdh fodkl] cpr dh nj rFkk tula[;k o`f¼ ;k ßkl dh fLFkfr easa

o
vk£Fkd lao`f¼ dh nj dks n'kkZrk gSA l'krZ vfHklj.k n'kkZrk gS fd lewg osQ gj ns'k esa o`f¼ nj dk >qdko lkekU; lqfLFkj voLFkk
osQ LFkku ij viuh lqfLFkj voLFkk dh vksj gksrk gSA

g t . c ■■

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