UNIT GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES - OF SECTIONS 3.1_INTRODUCTION The earth attracts every particle of the body towards its centre with a force proportional to the mass of the particle. The resultant of the forces of all particles of the body acts vertically downwards and is known as weight of the body. The distance between different particles of the body and the centre of the earth is assumed to be same; hence these forces may be act along parallel lines. The point at which the whole mass of the body is assumed to be concentrated is called the centre of mass. 3.1.1 Need for finding Centroid and Centre of Gravity Centre of Gravity or Centroid is a geometrical property of the plane and solid sections. Centre of gravity indicates the center of mass of a uniform solid. The object will be in perfect balancing if it is lifted by a Pivot at its centre of gravity. For a solid body there exists one and only one centre of gravity. Centroid plays an important role in the following engineering and constructional applications for maintaining the bodies in. equilibrium. Balancing the objects on a point. Balancing two people on a see-saw. © Locating the Centroid of the automobile to increase the stability. Centroid of the parts in the construction of the buildings, dams ensures their stability.3.2_Engineering Mechanics © The centre of gravity plays an important role in astronomy and astrophysics where two objects balance each other in their orbits. © In engineering applications, minimum stress and energy is sufficient to stabilize the de! signed components. In deflection analysis of beams, the location of Centroid is very much important. 3.2_ CENTRE OF GRAVITY Centre of Gravity of a body is defined as the point through which the entire weight of the body may be assumed to be concentrated Centre of Gravity is briefly written as C.G and is denoted by the letter "G". It is expressed in coordinate system as G (%,¥). The x- coordinate of center of gravity is written as Z. The y-coordinate of center of gravity is written as y. only areas but no mass or weight. The centre of area of plane known as centroid. d of a plane figure is defined as the point through which the assumed to be concentrated. is denoted by the letter "G". It is expressed in coordinate '(%,¥). The x-coordinate of centroid is written as ¥. The of Centroid is written as 7. is common practice by authors to use centre of gravity forGeometrical Properties of Sections 3.3 3.4 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID The main differences betw re of gravity and centroid are as shown in th S.No Centre of Gravity Centroid be: ot a body is defined as the | The Centroid of a plane figure P¢ a through which the entire | is defined as the point through | weight of the body may be | which the entire area is | L __assumed to be concentrated. _| assumed to be concentrated. | C.G applies to solid bodies | Centroid applies to plane | | having mass and weight. figures having areas. | Examples: Cylinder, Cone, | Examples: Rectangle, Circle, Sphere. ‘Triangle. 3.5 METHODS OF DETERMINING THE CENTROID OF PLANE FIGURES For simple plane figures, the centroid is calculated by the following methods. 1. Geometrical considerations. 2. Method of moments. 3.5.1 Deter “ing the Centroid by Geometrical Considerations The centroid (G) of simple plane sections may be identified from the geometry of the section as shown in the table. S.No.| Geometric Geometric Area | Centroid (G) Coordinates Section Shape x y b d 1. | Rectangle bd . b= width d= depth3.4 Engineering Mechanics 34 Engineering Mechanic S.No.| Geometric] Geometric Area |Centroid (G) Coordinates) Section Shape z + fi 4 b b @ Square ' b ; : Soca (b= side) leah | - — h at xbxh Q 3 (from base} 1 1 1 = e aks gxexh| ib 3 (from base} d_ a = sat $7 n a “ Ry a ar 8 2 3n (from base} ae | 4 ar a 3m 3m (from base)Geometrical Properties of Sections 3.5 ‘Area S.No.] Geometric | Geometric old ( | Section Shape z y ae ee | b h ( 2a+b | 8 | Trapezium farP)s, - 3\ aan [veces a) andes parallel sides from side ‘b) | Sand b) lin Centre of Gravity of Solid Figures | Volume ie | Right circular , a | cone i (3) mh | _ 4 (from its base) (r= radius of Se base) ¥ | Garis ot 10. | Hemisphere z (from its base) (r= radius of base) 3.5.2 Determining the Centroid by Method of Moments The centroid of a plane geometrical figure may also be determined by the method of moments by applying principle of moments. According to principle of moments, the algebraic sum of moments of all elemental area about the centroid must be zero. Explanation: Consider a plane geometric figure of a total area 'A’ whose centroid is to be determined with Tespect to reference axes OX and OY. Let this area "A" be divided into number of small elemental areas 4) a, and a, whose distances from X-axis are Y, Y, and y, and Y-axis are %, X, and x, as shown in the Fig. 3.1,3.6 Engineering Mechanics Y) Total Area of Figure DR Aes, +8, +4, ah Fig. 3.1 Centroid of Plane Figure i Let, (%,¥) be the two co-ordinates of the Centroid 'G' of the figure from the reference axes OY and OX respectively Applying principles of moments / (i) Equating moments of all elemental areas about Y-axis at G, we get AR =a,x, +a, Where, A=%a~a, + a, +a, is Total area of the figure 3.1. (i) Equating moments of all elemental areas about X-axis at G, we get AY ~a,y¥,+a,y,+a,y, ~ 8, + a, + a, is Total area of the figure 3.1. Note: If the given Plane figure is divided into "n" number of small elementalGeometrical Properties of Sections 3.7 ‘sed by its two co-ordinates 8 expr 2. Centroid of the given section as C with respect to the reference %Y) 3. The axis of reference is e ly taken as bottom side of the section for calculating ¥, and left side of the section for calculating x 4. A section can be divided or folded into half so that the two halves match exactly (mirror image), then the section is said to be a symmetric section ® The dotted or folded line which divides the section into tw qual halves is called axis of symmetry. © A given section may be symmetrical about any one of the axis (x- Sas or Y-axis), or both the axes (X-axis and Y-axis) or may not be symmetrical about the two axes, The centroid of the section will lie on the axis of symmetry. represented by X-X, 10. The centroidal axis parallel to vertical reference line is represented by Y-Y. 3.6 DETERMINATION OF CENTROID OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS Composite sections are single plane figures which can be conveniently divided into two or more simple geometrical shapes for calculating its geometrical properties like centroid and moment of inertia as shown in the Fig, 3.2. Examples: I-section, T- section, Channel or C-section, Angle or L-section, Z-section ete., Bes (@) section ©) T-section (©) Channel or C-section3.8 Engineering Mechanics Az Equal L-section Unrequal L-section (4) Angle- section ~ wt \& Hollow section Solid section Hollow section (9 Revimular Section (@ Circular Section Fig. 3.2 Composite Sections Centroid of a composite section is calculated as per the following steps: 1. Draw the reference lines touching bottom side (AB) and left side {AC) of the given section. _ 2. Observe the symmetry of the given section. 3. If the section is symmetrical about horizontal (X-axis), the Centroid lies on X-axis. Calculate X from the method of moments. 4, If the section is symmetrical about vertical (Y-axis), the Centroid lies on Y-axis. Calculate y from the method of moments. € section is symmetrical about both the axes, the Centroid lies e intersection point of the two axes. e ‘Section is Un-symmetrical about both the axes, calculate both from the method of moments. - section shown in the Fig. 3.3.Engineering Mechanics Important Points; y be divided into two individual 1 fo a T - Section and Angle (L)-Section The vertical portion is called as web and the rectangular areas horizontal portion is called as flange. Section (Channel) and Z-section may be divided intg three individual rectangular The top portion is called as top flange, middle portion is called as web and the bottom portion jg called as bottom flange section and I-section are symmetrical about Y-axis, ction is symmetrical about X-axis as shown in the I-Section, ¢ al, In gen Channel s Fig. 3.4. Angle (L)-section and Z-section are un-symmetrical about both the axes The solution figure contains all details for understanding of the students. In the examination, student may draw with important points. Flange Ss fe tee Fens f}— wien —o y y x (a) Equal Fsection (4) Equal Lsectios () Un-equal Lsection (6) T-section y | top Flangete 3.12 _ Engineering Mechanics Calculation of y-coordinate: f the section from the bottom ; id of Distance of centro i commene™t | Area | component from the line AB bxd (mm) oa y (mm) 100 i oI 50, a, = 3000 y, = 70 i rs ot Be 115 | 30 a, = 3600 4 z ay, ta,y, _ (3000 x50) + (36001 85.45 mm a, +a 3000 + 3600 Centroid of the T-sectio n G (60, 5.45) mm, is 60 mm from the line AC and 85.45 mm fron ne AB as shown in the solution figure, Problem 3.2 : Determine the centroid of I-section shown in the Figure. All dimensions are in mm. Solution: Fr Solution Figurea Ta Geometrical Properties of Sections 3.13 ct AB and AC be the reference tine: Divide the lesectior ice the Esection into three components as rectangle-1, rectangle and ctangle-3 as shown in the solution figure: et, G. and @ ‘ ‘ : G, are centroids of rectangle-1, rectangle-2 and G (Ry ) be thi Ac cea ¢ Centroid of the I-section from the reference section is symmetri ical about Y- section Iles 6h. em ut Y-axis. Hence, the centroid of the By symmetry, x-coordinate of the centroid is x= 22° = 100 mm calculation of y-coordinate: y is the distance of centroid of the I-section from the bottom reference line AB. Component Distance of centroid of bxd pie component from the line AB (mm) y (mm) Rectangle-1 20 200 x 20 eee gn Rectangle-2 150 20 x 150 Oe. Sag? tiga Rectangle-3 20 = =20+150+20 = 100 x 20 ee a 3 BP LY: + 8:¥o + a5¥s _ (4 10) +(3000x95) + (200018) a, +a,+ a 4000 + 3000 + 2000 76.11mm Centroid of the I- section G ( 100, 76.11) mm, is 100 mm from the line AC 76.11 mm from the line AB as shown in the solution figure.3.14 Engineering Mechanics : e. Problem 3.3 : annel-section shown in the figus AL Find the centroid of Ch dimensions are in mm. Solution: }—25mn—| \ foal Seen rm P25 mm Froblens Figere Solution Figure 1. Let AB and AC be the reference lines. 2. Divide the Channel section into three components as rectangle-1, rectangle-2 and rectangle-3 as shown in the solution figure. 3. Let G (X,¥) be the Centroid of the channel section fromthe reference lines AC and AB. 4. Channel section is symmetrical about X-axis. Hence, the centroid of the section lies on X-axis. Ty, y-coordinate of the centroid is == 40mm centroid'of the Channel section from the A iatee AS «nH 3.15 Geometrical Properties of Sections Component | Distance of centroid of bxd Area —_| component from the line AC (inst (om) | x (mm) Rectangle-1 2 aoe a,=125 | > ONS tangle-2 5x70 a, =350 Rectangle-3 25x5 a,= 125 1X, +.%; + asx, _ (125x12.5) + (3502.5) + (125x12.5) a, +a, +s 125 +350 +125 Centroid of the Channel section ° (6.67, 40) mm, is 6.67 mm from the line AC and 40 mm from the line AB as shown in the solution figure. = 6.67 mm Problem 3.4 : Find the centroid of angle (L)-section shown in the Fig. All dimensions are in mm. Solution:3.16 Engineering Mechanics 1. Let AB and AC be the reference lines. 2. Divide the angle section into two components as rectangle-1 Fectangle-2 as shown in the solution figure. and G, are centroids of rectangle-1 and rectangle-2. . Let, G, - Let G (X,¥) be the Centroid of the angle section from the references lines AC and AB. 5. Angle section is un-symmetrical about both the axes. ©. Calculate both (x, ¥) from the method of moments. Calculation of coordinates: let, X is the distance of the centroid of the channel section from the: left side reference line AC. ¥ be the distance of the centroid of the channel section from the bottom reference line AB. : = | Distance of centroid of the component from the line AC (x) mm AB (y) mm 80 x =—=40 ae t= > w== = 10 Component bxd (mm) Area 100 ¥2 = 20+ +00 _7, 2 ae id (160040) + (2000 x10) 1600 + 2000 = 23.33 mm (1600x10) + (200070 > 1600 + 2000 =- —— Geometrical Properties of Sections 3.17 4 F100 nm 4 20 men ‘ t 160 men 140 mm Lae Solution:3.18 Engineering Mechanics — 1. Let AB and AC be the reference lines. 2. Divide the Z-section into three components as rectangle-] rectangle-2 and rectangle-3 as shown in the solution figure. f 3. Let G (X,¥) be the Centroid of the Z-section from the tetera lines AC and AB 4. Z- Section is un-symmetrical about both the axes. 5. Calculate both (x,y) from the method of moments. Calculation of coordinates: Let, X be the distance of the centroid of the Z-section from the left side reference line AC. ¥ be the distance of the centroid of the Z-section from the bottom reference line AB. Area__| Distance of centroid of the component ne Loe from the line | (mm?) AC (x) mm AB (y) mm Rectangle-1 _ _ 120 20 6356 a, = 2400 = 80+" =140 y= =10 Rectangle-2 2 = 2 10 14 Bi ei40) 9 || 2 ~ 2800) | = 60+ 00 y. = “$2420 =90 Rectangle-3 ze 100 0 59/220) 97) * 7 2000 | =, === 50 ¥s= 22 +160 = 170 = Bh +.ApK, +.04x, De 95.55 mm 2000 x 170) +2800 + 2000 = 85.56 mmof Sections 3.19 centroid of the ge 35.56 mm foie 7 nt | it 95.55 mm from the line nensions are im: golutiont Let G (zy) b the given cut section from the reference lin The section Y-axis. Hence, the centroid of the section 4 ortion, subtract the moment of3.20 Engineering Mechanics it Calculation of y-coordinate : e cut section from the Let, ¥ is the distance of the centroid of th reference line AB | Distance of centroid of | A Component bra component from the line AB a) | (mm?) (y) mm Rectangle-1 | 40. b=30 ie d=40 Rectangle-2 a b= 20 a, = 240 y= 84+ =11 d=15 From, nace? ae = 21V1 = BaVo _ eae ey) = 22.25 mm AG. abo Centroid ofthe cut section G(15, 22.25) mm, is 15mm from the line AC 22.25 mm from the line AB as shown in the solution figure. Problem 3.7 : Find the centroid of the composite section shown in the Figure. (C-16-Apr-2018, 2019) Solution:2. - The section is un- 3:22 Engineering Mechanics Problem 3.8 : Determine the centroid of the shaded portion of the shape s} in the Figure. Solution: Problem Figure 1. Let AB and AC be the reference lines. Divide the section into three components as right angle triangle-1, semi-circle-2 Let G (x, 7) be the Centroid of the shaded lines AC and AB. and rectangle-3 as shown in the solution figure. portion from the refe symmetrical about both the axes. Calculate both (%, 7) from the method of moments. Since the section is a cut portion, s ubtract the moment of semi- circle-2 from right angle triangle- 1 and rectangle-3,—— EN AI RA Geometrical Properties of Sections 3.23 mponent Area Distan, (mm) ance of centroid of componen be from the ling" AE tn) mum AB (y) mm (2400 x 40) - (1413.72x110 + (8000x110) 2400 -1413.72+ 8000 =a a, —a, +a, (2400 x 26.67) = (1413.72x12.73) + (8000 40) = 40.73 mm 2400 —1413.72 + 8000 Centroid of the section G (91.3, 40.73) mm, is 91.3 mm from the line AC 73 mm from the line ABas shown in the solution figure.eo Ue INERTIA 3.7_MOMENT OF INERTIA a The moment of force about any point is the product of the force andi the perpendicular distance between them. This is called the first momen of force. If the first moment of force is again multiplied by the perpendiculas distance, then the product is called second moment of force or moment area or mass is to be considered ertia’. But for plane sections, where then the second moment is termed as second moment of area of second moment of mass. The second moment of area is also known as Moment of Inertia of plane area. Moment of Inertia of an area with respect to any axis lying in its lane is defined as the sum of the products of elementary areas and the square of their distances from that axis. Moment of Inertia is abbreviated as M.I and is denoted by the letter Ty it: m* or mm? Moment of Inertia of a plane section with respect to its centroid is denoted by I,. Moment of Inertia of a plane section is calculated with respect to X-axis and Y-axis. 1. Moment of Inertia of a plane section calculated about its X-axis passing through its centroid ie., |, about X-axis is denoted by 1. 2. Moment of Inertia of a plane section calculated about its Y-axis passing through its centroid i.e., I, about Y-axis is denoted by I. 3.7.1 Necessity of finding Moment of Inertia for Plane Sections Moment of inertia is an important geometrical property of two ensional plane sections which characterizes its deflection under Moment of Inertia is very much essential in understanding the of beam and column in the field of structural engineering. ‘aspects of finding the moment of inertia are: inertia is a property of a cross section that can be used to stance offered by the beams subjected to bending.