Chimera Virus

Name: Alaa Mohamed Nageeb Zeid

Team: 6

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Table of contents :

1-Abstract. Page 3

2- Definition of CHIMERA. Page 3

3- What does the chimera occur. Page 4

4- Cases with chimera. Page 4

5- What doctors say. Page 5

6-Medical theories. Page 5

7-The percentage of the presence of chimera

in humans. Page 6

7-Conclusion. Page 6

8-References. Page 7

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Abstract:
Lydia Fairchild is an American woman who exhibits chimerism, in having two
distinct populations of DNA among the cells of her body. She was pregnant with
her third child when she and the father of her children, Jamie Townsend, separated.
When Fairchild applied for enforcement of child support in 2002, providing DNA
evidence of Townsend's paternity was a routine requirement. While the results
showed Townsend to be certainly their father, they seemed to rule out her being
their mother.Fairchild stood accused of fraud by either claiming benefits for other
people's children, or taking part in a surrogacy scam, and records of her prior births
were put similarly in doubt. Prosecutors called for her two children to be taken
away from her.As time came for her to give birth to her third child, the judge
ordered that an observer be present at the birth, ensure that blood samples were
immediately taken from both the child and Fairchild, and be available to testify.
Two weeks later, DNA tests seemed to indicate that she was also not the mother
of that child.

Definition of CHIMERA:
Chimera, in genetics, an organism or tissue that contains at least two different
sets of DNA, most often originating from the fusion of as many different zygotes
(fertilized eggs). The term is derived from the Chimera of Greek mythology, a fire-
breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part dragon. Chimeras are
distinguished from mosaics, organisms that contain genetically different
populations of cells originating.from a single zygote, and from hybrids, organisms
containing genetically identical populations of originating from a cross of two
different species. Included among the different known types of animal chimeras
are dispermic and twin chimeras, microchimeras, and parthenogenetic and
androgenetic chimeras

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How does the chimera occur?
In dispermic chimeras, two eggs that have been fertilized by two sperm fuse
together, producing a so-called tetragametic individual—an individual originating
from four gametes, or sex cells. (Under normal circumstances, in the absence of
zygote fusion, two fertilized eggs result in the production of dizygotic, or fraternal,
twins.) Dispermic chimerism can also occur when a zygote fuses with a fertilized
polar body (a small degenerative cell produced by egg cell division). The different
tissues of tetragametic chimeras are made up of cells derived from one or both
zygotes

Cases with chimera:

Foekje Dillema:Dillema was named "athlete of the match" in 1949 after
winning the 100 metres and 200 metres race during a tournament in London. She
was an important rival for another Dutch athlete Fanny Blankers-Koen, who won
four gold medals during the 1948 Summer Olympics and who was voted "Female
Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations
(IAAF) in 1999.In 1950 Dillema was banned from competition for life by the IAAF.
Dillema had refused to go to a mandatory sex test for the European
championships in Brussels in August 1950. Dillema was the first subject of a
mandatory gender verification. The IAAF introduced mandatory sex verification in
1950 and continued this practice until 1992. Dillema’s national record of 24.1
seconds for the 200 metres was erased.On 13 July 1950, Dillema was stopped on
her way to an international meeting in France by the Dutch athletics authorities
and expelled for life from competition. She returned home to Friesland and did
not leave her house for at least one year. She lived a quiet life in her home town
afterwards and always refused to speak on the subject. Dillema, having the typical
female phenotype, was designated female at birth, raised as a girl and lived her
life as a woman. After her death a forensic test on body cells obtained from her
clothing showed signs of a Y-chromosome in her DNA.She was a chimera.
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 What doctors say:
Doctors say that once in every eight pregnancies begin as a multiple lamb .. which
began more than one early embryo,
You may be a person who is a result of the fusion of two embryonic cells without
learning and will never know if you do not have the conditions to undergo DNA
tests. Even if you have been tested for DNA, you will only know about multiple
cell samples Your body until two different cells are found in DNA synthesis.
The phenomenon of chimera does not only confuse the results of proof of
fatherhood and paternity, but may also cause serious medical problems.

Medical theories:
Some medical theories tell us that members of some organ donors may have
leftovers from their twins within the uterus and before the fusion and formation
of a single fetus. Although preoperative compatibility tests are performed by
taking samples of the donor's body and samples of the recipient's cells However,
these samples may coincide with one of the two types of cells that form the body.
Therefore, there are no other cells that may not be compatible with the patient's
future body.This is believed to be the cause of many organ transplants, where
immune systems in the bodies of receptors recognize cells that are not identical in
donor organs and are attacked and rejected, leading to deterioration of the
transmitted organ and threatening the patient's life.

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The percentage of the presence of chimera in
humans:
Although only one hundred (100) cases of kimera have been registered in the
history of human medicine, according to a Danish study, more than a third of
humans (33%) are chiemera, and in general, only one kimera is enough to open
medical and philosophical questions.

Conclusion:
"Chimera" is a famous creature in ancient Greek
mythology, consisting of three animals, the head of a lion,
the body of a goat and the tail of a snake. The "chimera" is
also a medical condition, occurring in plants, animals and
humans
Sometimes two ovaries produce two eggs in one month. In
the same way, they are fertilized by sperm cells within
millions of sperm produced by the male. Two early
embryos form and grow (in the case of the chimera). The
embryos merge together, joining into one embryo called
kimera. In growth, division and formation. These cells form
the fusion of two embryonic cells carrying two different
DNA structures. The hair cells may carry DNA synthesis of
the fetus and the liver cells carry the DNA of the other
embryo. The blood may form from two different factions At
the same time.
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References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Fairchild

https://www.britannica.com/science/chimera-genetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foekje_Dillema

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1537-
2995.2003.00515.x

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15888060/