Chapter

LOGICAL REASONING
3
LESSON 2: IMPLICATION, STATEMENT, CONVERSE, INVERSE & CONTRAPOSITIVE

3.1.4 Construct statement in the form of implication:

(i) If p, then q
(ii) p if and only q

➢ An implication is a statement having the form If p, then q

p = antecedent
q = consequence
➢ The implication p if and only if q can be written as:
Implication 1 : if p, then q
Implication 2 : if q, then p

1. Identify the antecedent and consequence of the implication below:

(a) If this morning rains, then the school (b) If y > 4, then y > 2
assembly will be cancelled.
Antecedent:
Antecedent: Consequence:
Consequence:

2. Form an implication “if p then q, with the given antecedent and consequent.

(c) Antecedent: 64 = 8 (d) Consequence: tan x = 1

Antecedent: x is 450
Consequence: 1 + 64 = 9

3. Write down two implication based on the following sentence:

(a) n = 2 if and only if 3 + n = 5 (b) the area of square is 9 cm² if and only if its sides
are 3 cm.
Implication 1:
Implication 1:
Implication 2:
Implication 2:

(c) x > 5 if and only if x + 2 > 7 (d) Water boils if and only if its temperature is
100°C
Implication 1:
Implication 1:
Implication 2:
Implication 2:

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4. Form an implication “p if and only if q” for the implication below:

(a) Implication 1: If a polygon is an octagon, then it has 8 sides.

Implication 2: If polygon has 8 sides, then it is an octagon.

Answer:

(c) Implication 1: If x > 12, then x > 10

Implication 2: If x > 10, then x > 12

Answer:

3.1.5 Construct and compare the truth value of converse,

inverse and contrapositive of an implication.

5. Given p : Today is Sunday

q : I wash the car

Construct the following implication:

Statement : If p, then q.
Converse : If q, then p
Inverse : If ~p, then ~q.
Contrapositive : If ~q, then ~p

6. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following implications.

(a) If 𝑦 = 2, then −2 × 𝑦 = −4

Statement :
Converse :
Inverse :
Contrapositive :

(b) If x < 3, then x < 0

Statement :
Converse :
Inverse :
Contrapositive :

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 LESSON 2: IMPLICATION, STATEMENT, CONVERSE, INVERSE & CONTRAPOSITIVE

The truth value of the statement, converse, inverse and

contrapositive.

➢ Lets complete the truth value of the statement, converse, inverse and contrapositive.

statement Converse
p q Tips:
if p then q if q then p ✓ Antecedent False → implication TRUE
True True ✓ Antecedent True → follow the truth
True False value of the
False True consequent.
False False

Inverse Contrapositive
p q ~p ~q
if ~p then ~q if ~q then ~p
True True
True False
False True
False False

7. Determine the truth values of statement, converse, inverse and contrapositive of the implication

(a) Antecedent Consequent Truth

“If 2 × 3 = 6, then 8 − 2 × 3 = 18”
value
Statement :
Converse :
Inverse :
Contrapositive :

(b) Antecedent Consequent Truth

“If 12 is an even number, then 12 is divisible by 2”
value
Statement : If 12 is an even number, then 12 is
divisible by 2
Converse : If 12 is divisible by 2, then 12 is an
even number
Inverse : If 12 is not an even number, then 12
is not divisible by 2
Contrapositive : If 12 is not divisible by 2, then 12 is
not an even number

(c) Antecedent Consequent Truth

“if 𝑥 2 < 0, then 𝑥 2 + 3 > 0”
value
Statement : if 𝑥 2 < 0, then 𝑥 2 + 3 > 0 False True
Converse : if 𝑥 2 + 3 > 0 , then 𝑥 2 < 0
Inverse : if 𝑥 2 > 0, then 𝑥 2 + 3 < 0
Contrapositive : if 𝑥 2 + 3 < 0 , then 𝑥 2 > 0

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3.1.6 Determine a counter-example to negate the truth of a

particular statement.

➢ The counter-example is an example to prove the statement is false.

8. Determine the truth value of the following mathematical statements. If it is false, give one counter-
example to support your answer.

(a) All animals have wings.

Truth value:
Counter-example:
(b) Some prime numbers are even number
Truth value: True
Counter-example:
(c) 4 and 8 are factors of 20
Truth value:
Counter-example:
(d) If x is a multiple of 2, then it is a multiple of 4
Truth value:
Counter-example:

9. Write the mathematical statement for each of the following. Then determine the truth value of
each statement written. If it is false, give one counter-example to support your answer.

(a) 6 ∈ {3, 6, 9}
Negation:
Truth value:
Counter-example:

(b) All multiples of 10 are multiples of 2.

Negation:
Truth value:
Counter-example:
(c) If x > 5, then x > 3.
Converse:
Truth value:
Counter-example:
(d) If 𝑥 = 4, then 𝑥 2 = 16
Inverse:
Truth value:
Counter-example:

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