CONDITIONAL

PROPOSITIONS
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

symbolized by p → q, it is an if-then statement in which p

is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion. The logical connector
in a conditional statement is denoted by the symbol → .
The conditional is defined to be true unless a true
hypothesis leads to a false conclusion.
A conditional statement is a statement that can
be written as an if-then statement. That is, as
“If _____________, then ______________.”
Example:

If you study hard

and listens to your teacher,
then you will pass the subject.
 Conditional Statements have two parts:

The hypothesis (antecedent) is the part of a conditional statement

that follows “if” (when written in if-then form.)
It is the given information, or the condition.

If a number is prime, then a number has exactly two divisors.

Leave off “if” and

Hypothesis: a number is prime comma.
 Conditional Statements have two parts:

The conclusion (consequent) is the part of a conditional statement

that follows “then” (when written in if-then form.)
It is the result of the given information.

If a number is prime, then a number has exactly two divisors.

Leave off “then”

Conclusion: a number has exactly two divisors
and period
Rewriting Conditional Statements

Conditional statements can be put into an

“if-then” form to clarify which part is the
hypothesis and which is the conclusion.

Method: Turn the subject into a hypothesis.

Example 1:

Vertical angles are congruent.

can be written as...

If two angles are vertical,

then they are congruent.
Example 2:

Seals swim.
can be written as...
If an animal is a seal, then it swims.
Example 3:

Babies are illogical.

can be written as...

If a person is a baby, then the person is
illogical.
• It students are good in programming
 IF …THEN vs. IMPLIES

Another way of writing an if-then

statement is using the word implies.
Two angles are vertical

implies they are congruent.

 Conditional Statements
can be true or false:
• A conditional statement is false only when
the hypothesis is true, but the conclusion is
false.
 Symbols for
Hypothesis and Conclusion

Lower case letters, such as p and q, are

frequently used to represent the hypothesis
and conclusion.
if p, then q
or

p implies q
 Symbols for
Hypothesis and Conclusion

Example if p, then q or p implies q

p: a number is prime

q: a number has exactly two divisors

If a number is prime, then it
has exactly two divisors.
→
is used to represent the words

“if … then”
or
“implies”
 p→q
means
if p, then q
or

p implies q
 Example

p: a number is prime
q: a number has exactly two divisors
p→q:
If a number is prime, then it has exactly
two divisors.

is used to represent the word

“therefore”
 Example

Therefore, the statement is false.

 the statement is false

 CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS
• The truth table of the conditional proposition p → q :

p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS

A conditional proposition that is true because the

hypothesis is false is said to be true by default or
vacuously true.
 CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS
Take Note:
The conditional operator → is evaluated last.
Try:
Find the truth value of each propositions: p = true ; q = false ; r = true
a. p ∧ q → r b. p V q → ¬ 𝑟 c. p ∧ (q → r) d. p → (q → r)
 Different Forms of
Conditional Statements
 Forms of Conditional Statements

Converse: Statement formed from a conditional statement by

switching the hypothesis and conclusion (q → p)

p→q If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

q→p If two angles are congruent, then they are vertical.

Continued…..
 Forms of Conditional Statements

Inverse: Statement formed from a conditional statement by

negating both the hypothesis and conclusion. (~p→~q)

p→q : If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

~p→~q: If two angles are not vertical, then they are not congruent.
 Forms of Conditional Statements

Contrapositive: Statement formed from a conditional statement by

switching and negating both the hypothesis and conclusion.
(~q→~p)

p→q : If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

~q→~p: If they are not congruent, then two angles are not vertical
Contrapositives are logically equivalent to the original conditional statement.

• If p→q is true,
then q→p is true.
• If p→q is false,
then q→p is false.
Find the truth value of each propositions:
p = False ; q = true ; r = true

¬ p ∧ (q → r )Vp
Find the truth value of each propositions:
p = true ; q = true ; r = false

¬ (p V(q ∧ r) → p)
Find the truth value of each propositions:
p = true ; q = false ; r = false

(¬ r ∧(q V r)) → p
BICONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS
 Biconditional 
• When a conditional statement and its converse are both true, the two
statements may be combined.
• A statement combining a conditional statement and its converse is a
biconditional.
• Use the phrase if and only if which is abbreviated iff

• Use the symbol 

 Definitions are always biconditional

⚫ Statement: p→q
⚫ If an angle is right then it measures 90.
⚫ Converse: q→p
⚫ If an angle measures 90, then it is right.
⚫ Biconditional: pq
⚫ An angle is right iff it measures 90.
 Biconditional 
• A biconditional is in the form:
Hypothesis if and only if Conclusion.
or
Hypothesis iff Conclusion
or

Hypothesis  Conclusion
 Biconditionals in symbols

Since p  q
means p→q AND q→p,
pq
Is equivalent to
(p→q) ∧ (q→p)
 BICONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS
• The truth table of the biconditional proposition p  q :

p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
BICONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS